Background Dementia is a leading cause of disability and dependency in elderly people, generating significant physical, psychological, and financial challenges for patients, caregivers, and healthcare systems worldwide. For Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, established treatments such as Acetyl-Cholinesterase Inhibitors (AChE) have proven to be marginally beneficial, but side effects remain. Alternatively, a standardized preparation of Ginkgo Biloba Extract (EGb-761) is a popular herbal medicine used globally and widely available in Hong Kong. This paper reviews and synthesizes the effectiveness of EGb-761 in the treatment of AD compared to placebo and AChE treatments. Methods A systematic search was performed using PubMed, ProQuest, and Google Scholar to identify all relevant randomized controlled studies in English that examined the effectiveness of EGb-761 on individuals with AD. The studies, based on expert consensus, had to have a minimum duration of 22 weeks and one of two primary outcome measures: 1. cognitive functioning, 2. functional ability in activities-of-daily-living (ADL). A secondary outcome measure, safety (drop-out rate from adverse events), was also evaluated. Quality was assessed based on indicators derived from the CONSORT 2010 checklist. Findings Ten randomized controlled trials from eight countries, with participants ranging from mild to severe AD were included. Of the ten studies, eight compared EGb-761 with placebo, three compared EGb-761 head-to-head with an AChE (two with Donepezil, one with Rivastigmine), and one compared EGb-761 and AChE stand-alone treatment with combined treatments (EGb-761 + AChE). Overall results on cognitive and functional improvements were mixed. Of the studies that demonstrated a positive association, the clinical significance is questionable. Conclusions Although results were inconsistent, EGb-761’s safety appears to be acceptable. In Hong Kong, given the widespread availability, popularity and perceived safety of EGb-761, the population needs appropriate guidance and support from the government to safeguard quality and increase awareness of potential drug-herb interactions. Concurrently, with AChE becoming an increasingly established treatment for AD, more head-to-head studies on EGb-761 and AChE on the local population are needed to increase understanding and public awareness. / published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

Summary Herbal remedies have been used for many years to alleviate various symptoms. They were used in ritual acts to reassure the Gods and as medication. Plants as rhubarb and ginseng were used in China long time ago. The Egyptians had knowledge of herbal medicine such as aloe, myrrh and henbane, 1550 BC. The father of medicine Hippocrates used a large number of herbal medicines, and had many theories on the subject. Different parts of the plant can be used to extract the active ingredients. The active ingredient is made up of essential oils, tanning substances etc. The parts that are used may be the root, stem, leaves, and flowers. In order to extract the active ingredients, you can use various strategies such as making tinctures or extracts. Echinacea has been used against various diseases, the plant now used to alleviate cold symptoms. St John's worth can be used for depression. Valerian can be used as a sedative. Ginkgo can be used for poor cerebral blood flow in the brain. The mental and physical performance can be increased with the help of ginseng. These are approved herbal medicine and the interest in them is increasing. But do they work and how safe are they? Use and safety of Echinacea and Ginkgo where reviewed in the present study. Three scientific articles on the echinacea effect were studied, as were two articles about ginkgo. The aim of the Echinacea articles was to examine whether the plant was effective against the common or not. The other two articles examined ginkgo’s effect on memory problem and on tinnitus, respectively. Echinacea studies showed no significant difference therapeutically compared to placebo. The side effects were few, and not serious. The studies on ginkgo did not demonstrate any therapeutic difference compared to placebo. The side effects were few and not serious. These are approved herbal remedies. Do they really work, or could this effect rather be referred to as placebo? The use of herbal remedies as medicines could potentially be useful as complementary to traditional medicine. To read the instructions and follow the dosage, however, is an important part of the safety. More studies are also needed on the safety of herbal remedies. / Abstrakt I många år har man använt sig av naturläkemedel för att lindra olika sjukdomssymtom. Dels användes förr dels i rituella handlingar för att blidka gudarna, och dels i medicineringssyfte. Växter som rabarber och ginseng användes i Kina. Egyptierna hade kunskaper om läkeväxter som aloe, myrra och bolmört, redan 1550 f.kr. Medicinens fader Hippokrates använde sig av ett stort antal läkeväxter och hade många teorier angående ämnet. Olika delar av växten kan utnyttjas för att utvinna de aktiva substanserna. Delarna som används kan vara t ex roten, stammen, bladen, blomman. De aktiva substanserna består av eteriska oljor, garvämnen, slemämnen, bitterämnen m.m.. För att utvinna de aktiva substanserna använder man sig av olika bredningsformer som tinktur, extrakt eller annat. Echinacea har använts mot flera olika sjukdomar. Nu används växten för att lindra förkylningssymtom. Johannesört ges mot depression. Som lugnande medel kan valeriana användas. Ginkgo kan användas vid dålig genomblödning, t ex i hjärnan. Den psykiska och fysiska prestationsförmågan kan höjas med hjälp av ginseng. Dessa är godkända naturläkemedel. Och intresset för dem ökar. Men fungerar de, och hur säkra är de? I detta arbete granskades artiklar om Echinacea och Ginkgo, deras användning och säkerhet. Tre vetenskapliga artiklar, angående echinaceas effekt studerades, samt två artiklar om ginkgo. Echinacea-artiklarnas syfte var att undersöka om växten hade effekt mot förkylning. De andra två artiklarna undersökte ginkgos effekt dels mot minnesproblem, och dels mot tinnitus. Echinaceastudierna visade ingen signifikant terapeutisk skillnad jämfört med placebo. De biverkningar som fanns var få och inte allvarliga. Studierna om ginkgo visade inte heller någon terapeutisk skillnad jämfört med placebo. Biverkningarna var även här få och inte allvarliga. Dessa godkända naturläkemedel, har i andra studier visat vetenskapligt bevisad effekt, men kan denna effekt möjligen framför allt vara en placeboeffekt? Användningen av naturläkemedel kan vara ett bra komplement till traditionell medicinering. Att läsa anvisningarna och följa doseringen är dock en viktig del av säkerheten. Flera studier behövs även kring säkerheten med naturläkemedel. 2008:F26

Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays a role in a broad array of biological processes, including drug metabolism and transport. Ginkgo biloba is an herb commonly used to improve cognitive function. In primary cultures of rat hepatocytes, Ginkgo biloba induces the mRNA expression of CYP3A23, a target gene for rat PXR. The present study tested the hypothesis that Ginkgo biloba activates PXR. Cultured HepG2 human hepatoma cells were transfected with the full-length human PXR (pCR3-hPXR), the full-length mouse PXR (pCR3-mPXR), or an empty vector (pCR3) in addition to a reporter plasmid (XREM-CYP3A4-LUC; firefly luciferase) and an internal control plasmid (phRL-TK; Renilla luciferase). At 24 h after transfection, cells were treated for 24 h with Ginkgo biloba extract and luciferase activity was measured. The extract at 200 µg/ml increased mouse and human PXR activity by 3.0-fold and 9.5-fold, respectively, indicating that Ginkgo biloba more effectively activates human PXR. Dose-response experiments showed that the extract produced a log-linear increase over the range of 200–800 µg/ml. To determine whether Ginkgo biloba extract induces human PXR target gene expression, cultured LS180 human colon adenocarcinoma cells were treated for 72 h with the extract. Total cellular RNA was isolated and reverse transcribed. CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and ABCB1 cDNAs were amplified by real-time PCR. Ginkgo biloba extract at 200, 400, and 800 µg/ml increased CYP3A4 mRNA expression by 1.7-, 2.4-, and 2.5-fold, respectively. The extract at the same concentrations increased the mRNA expression of CYP3A5 (1.3 to 3.6-fold) and ABCB1 (2.7 to 6.4-fold). To determine whether the increased expression involved PXR activation, cells were treated with a PXR antagonist, L-sulforaphane, and Ginkgo biloba extract. L-sulforaphane at 5, 10, and 20 µM decreased CYP3A4 mRNA expression by 54%, 78%, and 93%, respectively, in cells co-treated with the extract. A similar pattern of response was obtained with CYP3A5 and ABCB1. In cells co-treated with the extract, L-sulforaphane (5 and 10 µM) was not cytotoxic and did not decrease PXR mRNA expression. Our data from cell culture experiments indicate that Ginkgo biloba activates PXR and increases CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and ABCB1 mRNA expression.

Tikslas: Ištirti dviskiaučių ginkmedžių lapų tinktūros (GT) poveikį žiurkės širdies mitochondrijų funkcijoms mechanizmą. Uždaviniai: 1) Ištirti GT poveikį žiurkės širdies mitochondrijų vidinės membranos laidumui. 2) Ištirti GT poveikį žiurkės širdies mitochondrijų kvėpavimui po girdymo GT. 3) Įvertinti laisvųjų deguonies junginių susidarymą žiurkės širdies mitochondrijose po girdymo GT. Tyrimo metodai: Eksperimentiniame darbe buvo tiriamas dviskiaučių ginkmedžių lapų tinktūros (GT) poveikis žiurkės širdies mitochondrijų funkcijoms. Tyrimams naudojami Wistar veislės žiurkių suaugę patinėliai. Eksperimentinis gyvūnėlis užmigdomas anglies dioksido dujomis ir nutraukiamas stuburo kanalas kaklo srityje (leidimo, atlikti laboratorinius bandymus su gyvūnais, Nr.0006). GT poveikio žiurkės širdies mitochondrijų funkcijų tyrimui buvo pasirinkti du eksperimentiniai modeliai: 1) Tyrimai in vitro. Žiurkės širdies mitochondrijos izoliuojamos diferencinio centrifugavimo būdu, GT poveikis žiurkės širdies mitochondrijų oksidacinio fosforilinimo sistemai buvo tiriamas naudojant spektrofotometrinį bei poliarografinį metodus; 2) Tyrimai in vivo. Wistar veislės žiurkių patinėliai 7 dienas buvo girdomi GT (54 ar 108 μl/parai). Po to izoliuojamos širdies mitochondrijos ir vertinamas GT poveikis širdies mitochondrijų kvėpavimo parametrams bei H2O2 susidarymui širdies mitochondrijose. Rezultatai: Tyrimuose in vitro, nustatėme, kad GT didina mitochondrijų vidinės membranos laidumą dėl protonoforinių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Aim: To investigate the mechanism of the effect of Ginkgo leaves tincture (GT) on mitochondrias functions. The objectives: 1) To investigate the impact of GT on permeability properties of mitochondrial inner membrane; 2) To investigate GT effect on rat hart mitochondrial respiration after oral treatment with GT; 3) To evaluate reactive oxygen species production in rat harts mitochondrias after oral GT administration. Methods: In this research work we investigated the impact of Ginkgo leaves tincture (GT) on rat hart mitochondrial functions. Male adult Wistar rats were used. The experimental animal was taken to sleep by carbon dioxide gas and its spinal canal had been broken in the neck zone (number of permission of laboratory testing on animals, No. 0006). We chose two experimental models of research on GT effects on rat heart mitochondrial functions: 1) In vitro studies. Rat heart mitochondrias were isolated by differential centrifugation, the impact of GT on rat heart mitochondrial oxidative phosphorilation system was evaluated by spectrophotometric and oxygraphic methods. 2) In vivo studies. Male adult Wistar rats were given GT (54 or 108 μl/day) for 7 days. After that mitochondrias were isolated and GT effects on mitochondial respiration and H2O2 production were evaluated. Results: In vitro studies have shown that GT increases permeability of mitochondrial inner membrane, due to higher permeability of protons. This effect is related to impact on ADP/ATP translocator and... [to full text]

<p>Summary</p><p>Herbal remedies have been used for many years to alleviate various symptoms. They were used in ritual acts to reassure the Gods and as medication. Plants as rhubarb and ginseng were used in China long time ago. The Egyptians had knowledge of herbal medicine such as aloe, myrrh and henbane, 1550 BC. The father of medicine Hippocrates used a large number of herbal medicines, and had many theories on the subject.</p><p>Different parts of the plant can be used to extract the active ingredients. The active ingredient is made up of essential oils, tanning substances etc. The parts that are used may be the root, stem, leaves, and flowers. In order to extract the active ingredients, you can use various strategies such as making tinctures or extracts. Echinacea has been used against various diseases, the plant now used to alleviate cold symptoms. St John's worth can be used for depression. Valerian can be used as a sedative. Ginkgo can be used for poor cerebral blood flow in the brain. The mental and physical performance can be increased with the help of ginseng. These are approved herbal medicine and the interest in them is increasing. But do they work and how safe are they?</p><p>Use and safety of Echinacea and Ginkgo where reviewed in the present study. Three scientific articles on the echinacea effect were studied, as were two articles about ginkgo. The aim of the Echinacea articles was to examine whether the plant was effective against the common or not. The other two articles examined ginkgo’s effect on memory problem and on tinnitus, respectively. Echinacea studies showed no significant difference therapeutically compared to placebo. The side effects were few, and not serious. The studies on ginkgo did not demonstrate any therapeutic difference compared to placebo. The side effects were few and not serious. These are approved herbal remedies. Do they really work, or could this effect rather be referred to as placebo? The use of herbal remedies as medicines could potentially be useful as complementary to traditional medicine. To read the instructions and follow the dosage, however, is an important part of the safety. More studies are also needed on the safety of herbal remedies.</p> / <p>Abstrakt</p><p>I många år har man använt sig av naturläkemedel för att lindra olika sjukdomssymtom. Dels användes förr dels i rituella handlingar för att blidka gudarna, och dels i medicineringssyfte. Växter som rabarber och ginseng användes i Kina. Egyptierna hade kunskaper om läkeväxter som aloe, myrra och bolmört, redan 1550 f.kr. Medicinens fader Hippokrates använde sig av ett stort antal läkeväxter och hade många teorier angående ämnet.</p><p>Olika delar av växten kan utnyttjas för att utvinna de aktiva substanserna. Delarna som används kan vara t ex roten, stammen, bladen, blomman. De aktiva substanserna består av eteriska oljor, garvämnen, slemämnen, bitterämnen m.m.. För att utvinna de aktiva substanserna använder man sig av olika bredningsformer som tinktur, extrakt eller annat.</p><p>Echinacea har använts mot flera olika sjukdomar. Nu används växten för att lindra förkylningssymtom. Johannesört ges mot depression. Som lugnande medel kan valeriana användas. Ginkgo kan användas vid dålig genomblödning, t ex i hjärnan. Den psykiska och fysiska prestationsförmågan kan höjas med hjälp av ginseng. Dessa är godkända naturläkemedel. Och intresset för dem ökar. Men fungerar de, och hur säkra är de?</p><p>I detta arbete granskades artiklar om Echinacea och Ginkgo, deras användning och säkerhet. Tre vetenskapliga artiklar, angående echinaceas effekt studerades, samt två artiklar om ginkgo. Echinacea-artiklarnas syfte var att undersöka om växten hade effekt mot förkylning. De andra två artiklarna undersökte ginkgos effekt dels mot minnesproblem, och dels mot tinnitus. Echinaceastudierna visade ingen signifikant terapeutisk skillnad jämfört med placebo. De biverkningar som fanns var få och inte allvarliga. Studierna om ginkgo visade inte heller någon terapeutisk skillnad jämfört med placebo. Biverkningarna var även här få och inte allvarliga. Dessa godkända naturläkemedel, har i andra studier visat vetenskapligt bevisad effekt, men kan denna effekt möjligen framför allt vara en placeboeffekt?</p><p>Användningen av naturläkemedel kan vara ett bra komplement till traditionell medicinering. Att läsa anvisningarna och följa doseringen är dock en viktig del av säkerheten. Flera studier behövs även kring säkerheten med naturläkemedel.</p><p>2008:F26</p>

Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays a role in a broad array of biological processes, including drug metabolism and transport. Ginkgo biloba is an herb commonly used to improve cognitive function. In primary cultures of rat hepatocytes, Ginkgo biloba induces the mRNA expression of CYP3A23, a target gene for rat PXR. The present study tested the hypothesis that Ginkgo biloba activates PXR. Cultured HepG2 human hepatoma cells were transfected with the full-length human PXR (pCR3-hPXR), the full-length mouse PXR (pCR3-mPXR), or an empty vector (pCR3) in addition to a reporter plasmid (XREM-CYP3A4-LUC; firefly luciferase) and an internal control plasmid (phRL-TK; Renilla luciferase). At 24 h after transfection, cells were treated for 24 h with Ginkgo biloba extract and luciferase activity was measured. The extract at 200 µg/ml increased mouse and human PXR activity by 3.0-fold and 9.5-fold, respectively, indicating that Ginkgo biloba more effectively activates human PXR. Dose-response experiments showed that the extract produced a log-linear increase over the range of 200–800 µg/ml. To determine whether Ginkgo biloba extract induces human PXR target gene expression, cultured LS180 human colon adenocarcinoma cells were treated for 72 h with the extract. Total cellular RNA was isolated and reverse transcribed. CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and ABCB1 cDNAs were amplified by real-time PCR. Ginkgo biloba extract at 200, 400, and 800 µg/ml increased CYP3A4 mRNA expression by 1.7-, 2.4-, and 2.5-fold, respectively. The extract at the same concentrations increased the mRNA expression of CYP3A5 (1.3 to 3.6-fold) and ABCB1 (2.7 to 6.4-fold). To determine whether the increased expression involved PXR activation, cells were treated with a PXR antagonist, L-sulforaphane, and Ginkgo biloba extract. L-sulforaphane at 5, 10, and 20 µM decreased CYP3A4 mRNA expression by 54%, 78%, and 93%, respectively, in cells co-treated with the extract. A similar pattern of response was obtained with CYP3A5 and ABCB1. In cells co-treated with the extract, L-sulforaphane (5 and 10 µM) was not cytotoxic and did not decrease PXR mRNA expression. Our data from cell culture experiments indicate that Ginkgo biloba activates PXR and increases CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and ABCB1 mRNA expression. / Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of / Graduate

The morphogenetic changes involved with the differentiation of a unicellular fertilized egg to an organised multicellular embryo pass through a cycle of events. Manifestation of differentiation in structural diversity starts from the physiological differences In the tissue. These differences can be demonstrated through biochemical variations. These ideas are examined In the gametophyte-embryo complex of Ginkgo biloba and Pinus resinose. It is shown that the embryo experiences different physiological conditions during the various phases of development. In addition, the potentialities of embryonic cells to grow and differentiate vary during these phases. Alternative developmental sequences can occur if the nutritional environment is altered. Radiosensitivity of the embryo as measured by abortion and abnormal differentiation is shown to be dependent on the stage of embryonic development. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-07-28 / Alguns estudos apontam para o efeito benéfico do uso isolado de Ginkgo biloba ou ômega 3 na cognição de idosos. Desta forma, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar se o uso associado destas duas substâncias potencializa a melhora cognitiva em mulheres idosas (n=43), de 60 a 70 anos, saudáveis e com escolaridade igual ou superior a oito anos. Realizou-se um estudo duplo-cego, placebo controlado e randomizado. As substâncias foram administradas por 3 meses, de acordo com o grupo de tratamento: placebo+placebo (n=12), ginkgo+placebo (n=10), ômega3+placebo (n=11) e, ômega3+ginkgo (n=10). Os comprimidos continham 80 mg de extrato seco de Ginkgo biloba e as cápsulas, 1 g de óleo de peixe (rico em ômega 3). Exames laboratoriais, testes cognitivos e escalas para ansiedade, depressão e qualidade de vida foram aplicadas no início e ao final do tratamento. Não encontramos melhoras na funções cognitivas avaliadas em nenhum dos quatro grupos. A ação conjunta de uma série de fatores podem ser destacados para auxiliar a compreensão dos resultados finais, como o tempo de tratamento, doses insuficientes das substâncias, alta escolaridade das idosas e pequeno número de sujeitos em cada grupo. A comparação da literatura com nossos achados demonstrou que não há um consenso sobre os testes cognitivos a serem utilizados, as doses e tempo de uso das duas substâncias. / Several studies point to the beneficial effect of Ginkgo biloba and omega 3 on cognition in the elderly. The objective of this research was to verify whether the combined use of these substances enhances the cognitive functioning. The study was conceived as a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Altogether, 43 subjects between 60 and 70 years old, female, healthy, with more than 8 years of formal education, have ingested substances on a daily basis, for three months, according to the assigned treatment group: placebo+placebo (n=12), ginkgo+placebo (n=10), ômega3+placebo (n=11), ômega3+ginkgo (n=10), in the form of capsules that could contain 80 mg of ginkgo, 1 gram of fish oil (rich in omega 3) or placebo. Unlike other studies, we found no improvement in cognition of/in any of the four groups. The hypotheses suggested are: time of treatment or insufficient doses of substances. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Brazil is among the world's largest consumers of pesticides and their increased use is given in agriculture, especially monoculture in large areas. Research shows that the ototoxic agents, in addition to compromising the peripheral auditory and vestybular systems, they may cause changes in central auditory pathways. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os aspectos ultra-estruturais de cócleas de cobaias expostas a agrotóxico e ginkgo biloba, utilizando doses comprovadamente ototóxicas, lesivas às células ciliadas externas, avaliando-se as alterações anatômicas através da microscopia eletrônica de superfície. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ultrastructural aspects of the cochlea of guinea pigs exposed to pesticides and ginkgo biloba, using ototoxic doses, damaging the outer hair cells, to evaluate the anatomic changes by surface electron microscopy. This is a prospective experimental study, conducted in guinea pigs, wich the inclusion criterion was the presence of DPOAE. The sample was divided into five groups, in which they administered 0.9% saline solution (group 1 - control), pesticides - 0.3 mg / kg / day (group 2), Ginkgo biloba - 100mg/kg/day, 90 minutes after a pesticide 0.3 mg / kg / day (group 3), pesticides - 3 mg / kg / day (group 4) and Ginkgo biloba - 100mg/kg/day, 90 minutes after a pesticide 3.0 mg / kg / days (group 5) for seven consecutive days. The pesticide used was that of methamidophos from Fersol ®. The anatomical evaluation was performed with scanning electronic microscopy. The guinea pigs subjected to pesticides showed morphological cochlear lesions in the three turns analyzed by electronic microscopy, intensified according to the dosage received from the pesticide agent. Guinea pigs treated with pesticides and Ginkgo biloba showed a maintenance of ciliary architecture in outer hair cells in all cochlear turns, whereas in the group treated only with pesticides, there was disappearance of the cilia of outer hair cells and distortion in the architecture of cilia remaining the MoU. We conclude that the greater the exposure to pesticides increased the damage in outer hair cells of the cochlea of albino guinea pigs, while those who had previously received ginkgo biloba keep outer hair cells cytoarchitecture preserved. / O Brasil está entre os principais consumidores mundiais de agrotóxicos e sua maior utilização se dá na agricultura, especialmente na monocultura, em grandes extensões. Pesquisas demonstram que os agentes ototóxicos, além de comprometer os sistemas auditivo e vestibular periféricos, provocam ainda alterações nas vias auditivas centrais. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os aspectos ultra-estruturais de cócleas de cobaias expostas a agrotóxico e ginkgo biloba, utilizando doses comprovadamente ototóxicas, lesivas às células ciliadas externas, avaliando-se as alterações anatômicas através da microscopia eletrônica de superfície. Trata-se de um estudo experimental prospectivo, realizado em cobaias albinas, cujo critério de inclusão foi à presença de OEAPD. A amostra foi dividida em cinco grupos, nos quais se administrou soro fisiológico 0,9% (grupo 1 - controle), agrotóxico - 0,3mg/Kg/dia (grupo 2), Ginkgo biloba - 100mg/kg/dia, 90 minutos após, agrotóxico 0,3 mg/Kg/dia (grupo 3), agrotóxico 3 mg/Kg/dia (grupo 4) e Ginkgo biloba - 100mg/kg/dia, 90 minutos após, agrotóxico 3,0 mg/Kg/dia (grupo 5) durante sete dias consecutivos. O agrotóxico utilizado foi o metamidofós da Fersol®. A avaliação anatômica foi realizada com Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. As cobaias submetidas ao agrotóxico apresentaram alterações morfológicas cocleares, com lesões nas três espiras analisadas na microscopia eletrônica, intensificadas de acordo com a dosagem recebida do agente. As cobaias tratadas com agrotóxico e Ginkgo biloba, apresentaram uma manutenção da arquitetura ciliar nas células ciliadas externas em todas as espiras da cóclea, enquanto que nos grupo tratado somente com agrotóxico, houve desaparecimento dos cílios das células ciliadas externas e distorção na arquitetura dos cílios remanescentes à ME. Concluímos que quanto maior a exposição ao agrotóxico maior o dano nas CCE da cóclea de cobaias albinas, enquanto que aquelas que recebem previamente o ginkgo biloba mantêm a citoarquitetura das CCE preservadas.

Ginkgo biloba ekstrakto adjuvantinis efektas, indukuojant specifinį imuninį atsaką prieš jaučio serumo albuminą vištų bei triušių modeliuose Adjuvantai – tai yra neorganiniai ir organiniai junginiai, kurie stimuliuoja imuninę sistemą ir skatina sistemos atsaką prieš pageidaujamą antigeną, kurio imunogeniškumas savaime yra menkas. Siekiant sustiprinti organizmo atsaką į pateikiamą antigeną šie junginiai dažnai įtraukiami į vakcinų sudėtį. Šiame darbe mes įvertinome augalinio Dviskiaučio ginkmedžio (DG) ekstrakto adjuvantines savybes triušių bei vištų modeliuose. Abiejų klasių gyvūnai buvo imunizuojami per gleivines jaučio serumo albuminu. Adjuvantinis efektas buvo vertinamas pagal IgA titrus seilėse, IgG ir IgM titrus gyvūnų serume ir IgY titrus vištų kiaušinio trynyje. Gyvūnuose, imunizuotuose panaudojant DG kaip adjuvantą, pasireiškė stiprus sisteminis imuninis atsakas, ypač gleivinių (IgA pagrindu) ir humoralinis (IgG ir IgM pagrindu) palyginus su imunizacijomis be adjuvanto. Taip pat paaiškėjo, kad naudojant nepilną Freundo adjuvantą, humoralinis imuninis atsakas yra stipriausias. Įvertinus IgA titrus paaiškėjo, imuninio atsako indukcija vištų modelyje didesnė, negu triušių modelyje. IgG titrai vištų ir triušių serumuose buvo panašūs, ir jų produkcija išliko stabili 8 savaičių laikotarpyje. IgY vertė buvo nustatinėjama vištų kiaušinio trynyje; IgY lygis išliko stabilus ir panašus į IgG atsaką per visą periodą. Skirtingai nuo IgA ir IgY, IgM buvo nustatyti jau po antros... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Adjuvant effect of Ginkgo biloba Extract on Immune Response to Bovine Serum Albumin in Chickens and Rabbits Adjuvants are inorganic or organic compounds that stimulate the immune system and increase the response to a given antigen without having any specific antigenic effect in itself. They are often included in vaccines to enhance the recipient's immune response to a supplied antigen. In present study we evaluated the adjuvant capacity of a plant Ginkgo biloba (GB) extract upon the mucosal immunization of rabbits and hens with bovine serum albumin. Adjuvant efficacy was evaluated by measuring the titres of IgA in saliva, IgG and IgM immunoglobulins in serum of the animals and IgY in chicken egg yolk. Animals immunized using GB adjuvant showed strong cellular (IgA-based) and humoral (IgG and IgM) immune responses when compared to immunisations without adjuvant. It also became clear that the the immune response using Freund’s adjuvant was highest in humoral immune response. GB extract induced more important immune response in chickens when compared to rabbits as measured by IgA titres. The titres of IgG in hens and rabbits were found to be at similar levels and their production remained stable during 8 weeks. The levels of IgY were evaluated in chicken egg yolk and appeared stable over time thus resembling the IgG response. Different from IgA and IgY, the detectable levels of IgM in hens were observed after second GB extract-based immunisation, while IgA and IgY... [to full text]