This diploma thesis is related to usage of food supplements in general. It observes which food supplements are mostly used, how often and in which period they are used and also which supplements forms population prefer. Next is this diploma paper focused on supplements for the support of cerebration, concretely up to supplements containing Ginkgo biloba. It studies their vascular activity, effect on memory and concentricity in various age groups. Also HPLC method for quick analysis of selected food supplements containing Ginkgo biloba was tested.

Objective: To conduct an open label clinical pilot trial using Ginkgo biloba in the treatment of vitiligo in Toronto to test the feasibility of recruitment, patient retention, variability of outcome measures, identify safety concerns, and magnitude of treatment effect ahead of a full randomized clinical trial. Methods: 12 participants 12 to 35 years old were recruited to a prospective nonrandomized open-label pilot trial and treated with 60 mg of standardized G. biloba BID for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was the validated Vitiligo European Task Force (VETF). Secondary outcomes included the Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (VASI), photographs, and adverse reactions. Results: Ingestion of Ginkgo biloba was associated with a trend towards improvement on VETF measures of vitiligo lesion area and staging, and significant improvement in VETF spread and total VASI vitiligo measures. Conclusions: By achieving full recruitment, showing benefit, and indicating no adverse reactions the pilot study shows that a future RCT is feasible.

Objective: To conduct an open label clinical pilot trial using Ginkgo biloba in the treatment of vitiligo in Toronto to test the feasibility of recruitment, patient retention, variability of outcome measures, identify safety concerns, and magnitude of treatment effect ahead of a full randomized clinical trial. Methods: 12 participants 12 to 35 years old were recruited to a prospective nonrandomized open-label pilot trial and treated with 60 mg of standardized G. biloba BID for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was the validated Vitiligo European Task Force (VETF). Secondary outcomes included the Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (VASI), photographs, and adverse reactions. Results: Ingestion of Ginkgo biloba was associated with a trend towards improvement on VETF measures of vitiligo lesion area and staging, and significant improvement in VETF spread and total VASI vitiligo measures. Conclusions: By achieving full recruitment, showing benefit, and indicating no adverse reactions the pilot study shows that a future RCT is feasible.

Proefschrift Universiteit Maastricht. / Met lit. opg. - Met samenvatting in het Nederlands.

Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays a role in a broad array of biological processes, including drug metabolism and transport. Ginkgo biloba is an herb commonly used to improve cognitive function. In primary cultures of rat hepatocytes, Ginkgo biloba induces the mRNA expression of CYP3A23, a target gene for rat PXR. The present study tested the hypothesis that Ginkgo biloba activates PXR. Cultured HepG2 human hepatoma cells were transfected with the full-length human PXR (pCR3-hPXR), the full-length mouse PXR (pCR3-mPXR), or an empty vector (pCR3) in addition to a reporter plasmid (XREM-CYP3A4-LUC; firefly luciferase) and an internal control plasmid (phRL-TK; Renilla luciferase). At 24 h after transfection, cells were treated for 24 h with Ginkgo biloba extract and luciferase activity was measured. The extract at 200 µg/ml increased mouse and human PXR activity by 3.0-fold and 9.5-fold, respectively, indicating that Ginkgo biloba more effectively activates human PXR. Dose-response experiments showed that the extract produced a log-linear increase over the range of 200–800 µg/ml. To determine whether Ginkgo biloba extract induces human PXR target gene expression, cultured LS180 human colon adenocarcinoma cells were treated for 72 h with the extract. Total cellular RNA was isolated and reverse transcribed. CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and ABCB1 cDNAs were amplified by real-time PCR. Ginkgo biloba extract at 200, 400, and 800 µg/ml increased CYP3A4 mRNA expression by 1.7-, 2.4-, and 2.5-fold, respectively. The extract at the same concentrations increased the mRNA expression of CYP3A5 (1.3 to 3.6-fold) and ABCB1 (2.7 to 6.4-fold). To determine whether the increased expression involved PXR activation, cells were treated with a PXR antagonist, L-sulforaphane, and Ginkgo biloba extract. L-sulforaphane at 5, 10, and 20 µM decreased CYP3A4 mRNA expression by 54%, 78%, and 93%, respectively, in cells co-treated with the extract. A similar pattern of response was obtained with CYP3A5 and ABCB1. In cells co-treated with the extract, L-sulforaphane (5 and 10 µM) was not cytotoxic and did not decrease PXR mRNA expression. Our data from cell culture experiments indicate that Ginkgo biloba activates PXR and increases CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and ABCB1 mRNA expression.

Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays a role in a broad array of biological processes, including drug metabolism and transport. Ginkgo biloba is an herb commonly used to improve cognitive function. In primary cultures of rat hepatocytes, Ginkgo biloba induces the mRNA expression of CYP3A23, a target gene for rat PXR. The present study tested the hypothesis that Ginkgo biloba activates PXR. Cultured HepG2 human hepatoma cells were transfected with the full-length human PXR (pCR3-hPXR), the full-length mouse PXR (pCR3-mPXR), or an empty vector (pCR3) in addition to a reporter plasmid (XREM-CYP3A4-LUC; firefly luciferase) and an internal control plasmid (phRL-TK; Renilla luciferase). At 24 h after transfection, cells were treated for 24 h with Ginkgo biloba extract and luciferase activity was measured. The extract at 200 µg/ml increased mouse and human PXR activity by 3.0-fold and 9.5-fold, respectively, indicating that Ginkgo biloba more effectively activates human PXR. Dose-response experiments showed that the extract produced a log-linear increase over the range of 200–800 µg/ml. To determine whether Ginkgo biloba extract induces human PXR target gene expression, cultured LS180 human colon adenocarcinoma cells were treated for 72 h with the extract. Total cellular RNA was isolated and reverse transcribed. CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and ABCB1 cDNAs were amplified by real-time PCR. Ginkgo biloba extract at 200, 400, and 800 µg/ml increased CYP3A4 mRNA expression by 1.7-, 2.4-, and 2.5-fold, respectively. The extract at the same concentrations increased the mRNA expression of CYP3A5 (1.3 to 3.6-fold) and ABCB1 (2.7 to 6.4-fold). To determine whether the increased expression involved PXR activation, cells were treated with a PXR antagonist, L-sulforaphane, and Ginkgo biloba extract. L-sulforaphane at 5, 10, and 20 µM decreased CYP3A4 mRNA expression by 54%, 78%, and 93%, respectively, in cells co-treated with the extract. A similar pattern of response was obtained with CYP3A5 and ABCB1. In cells co-treated with the extract, L-sulforaphane (5 and 10 µM) was not cytotoxic and did not decrease PXR mRNA expression. Our data from cell culture experiments indicate that Ginkgo biloba activates PXR and increases CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and ABCB1 mRNA expression.

Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays a role in a broad array of biological processes, including drug metabolism and transport. Ginkgo biloba is an herb commonly used to improve cognitive function. In primary cultures of rat hepatocytes, Ginkgo biloba induces the mRNA expression of CYP3A23, a target gene for rat PXR. The present study tested the hypothesis that Ginkgo biloba activates PXR. Cultured HepG2 human hepatoma cells were transfected with the full-length human PXR (pCR3-hPXR), the full-length mouse PXR (pCR3-mPXR), or an empty vector (pCR3) in addition to a reporter plasmid (XREM-CYP3A4-LUC; firefly luciferase) and an internal control plasmid (phRL-TK; Renilla luciferase). At 24 h after transfection, cells were treated for 24 h with Ginkgo biloba extract and luciferase activity was measured. The extract at 200 µg/ml increased mouse and human PXR activity by 3.0-fold and 9.5-fold, respectively, indicating that Ginkgo biloba more effectively activates human PXR. Dose-response experiments showed that the extract produced a log-linear increase over the range of 200–800 µg/ml. To determine whether Ginkgo biloba extract induces human PXR target gene expression, cultured LS180 human colon adenocarcinoma cells were treated for 72 h with the extract. Total cellular RNA was isolated and reverse transcribed. CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and ABCB1 cDNAs were amplified by real-time PCR. Ginkgo biloba extract at 200, 400, and 800 µg/ml increased CYP3A4 mRNA expression by 1.7-, 2.4-, and 2.5-fold, respectively. The extract at the same concentrations increased the mRNA expression of CYP3A5 (1.3 to 3.6-fold) and ABCB1 (2.7 to 6.4-fold). To determine whether the increased expression involved PXR activation, cells were treated with a PXR antagonist, L-sulforaphane, and Ginkgo biloba extract. L-sulforaphane at 5, 10, and 20 µM decreased CYP3A4 mRNA expression by 54%, 78%, and 93%, respectively, in cells co-treated with the extract. A similar pattern of response was obtained with CYP3A5 and ABCB1. In cells co-treated with the extract, L-sulforaphane (5 and 10 µM) was not cytotoxic and did not decrease PXR mRNA expression. Our data from cell culture experiments indicate that Ginkgo biloba activates PXR and increases CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and ABCB1 mRNA expression. / Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of / Graduate

The morphogenetic changes involved with the differentiation of a unicellular fertilized egg to an organised multicellular embryo pass through a cycle of events. Manifestation of differentiation in structural diversity starts from the physiological differences In the tissue. These differences can be demonstrated through biochemical variations. These ideas are examined In the gametophyte-embryo complex of Ginkgo biloba and Pinus resinose. It is shown that the embryo experiences different physiological conditions during the various phases of development. In addition, the potentialities of embryonic cells to grow and differentiate vary during these phases. Alternative developmental sequences can occur if the nutritional environment is altered. Radiosensitivity of the embryo as measured by abortion and abnormal differentiation is shown to be dependent on the stage of embryonic development. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-07-28 / Alguns estudos apontam para o efeito benéfico do uso isolado de Ginkgo biloba ou ômega 3 na cognição de idosos. Desta forma, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar se o uso associado destas duas substâncias potencializa a melhora cognitiva em mulheres idosas (n=43), de 60 a 70 anos, saudáveis e com escolaridade igual ou superior a oito anos. Realizou-se um estudo duplo-cego, placebo controlado e randomizado. As substâncias foram administradas por 3 meses, de acordo com o grupo de tratamento: placebo+placebo (n=12), ginkgo+placebo (n=10), ômega3+placebo (n=11) e, ômega3+ginkgo (n=10). Os comprimidos continham 80 mg de extrato seco de Ginkgo biloba e as cápsulas, 1 g de óleo de peixe (rico em ômega 3). Exames laboratoriais, testes cognitivos e escalas para ansiedade, depressão e qualidade de vida foram aplicadas no início e ao final do tratamento. Não encontramos melhoras na funções cognitivas avaliadas em nenhum dos quatro grupos. A ação conjunta de uma série de fatores podem ser destacados para auxiliar a compreensão dos resultados finais, como o tempo de tratamento, doses insuficientes das substâncias, alta escolaridade das idosas e pequeno número de sujeitos em cada grupo. A comparação da literatura com nossos achados demonstrou que não há um consenso sobre os testes cognitivos a serem utilizados, as doses e tempo de uso das duas substâncias. / Several studies point to the beneficial effect of Ginkgo biloba and omega 3 on cognition in the elderly. The objective of this research was to verify whether the combined use of these substances enhances the cognitive functioning. The study was conceived as a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Altogether, 43 subjects between 60 and 70 years old, female, healthy, with more than 8 years of formal education, have ingested substances on a daily basis, for three months, according to the assigned treatment group: placebo+placebo (n=12), ginkgo+placebo (n=10), ômega3+placebo (n=11), ômega3+ginkgo (n=10), in the form of capsules that could contain 80 mg of ginkgo, 1 gram of fish oil (rich in omega 3) or placebo. Unlike other studies, we found no improvement in cognition of/in any of the four groups. The hypotheses suggested are: time of treatment or insufficient doses of substances. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Brazil is among the world's largest consumers of pesticides and their increased use is given in agriculture, especially monoculture in large areas. Research shows that the ototoxic agents, in addition to compromising the peripheral auditory and vestybular systems, they may cause changes in central auditory pathways. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os aspectos ultra-estruturais de cócleas de cobaias expostas a agrotóxico e ginkgo biloba, utilizando doses comprovadamente ototóxicas, lesivas às células ciliadas externas, avaliando-se as alterações anatômicas através da microscopia eletrônica de superfície. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ultrastructural aspects of the cochlea of guinea pigs exposed to pesticides and ginkgo biloba, using ototoxic doses, damaging the outer hair cells, to evaluate the anatomic changes by surface electron microscopy. This is a prospective experimental study, conducted in guinea pigs, wich the inclusion criterion was the presence of DPOAE. The sample was divided into five groups, in which they administered 0.9% saline solution (group 1 - control), pesticides - 0.3 mg / kg / day (group 2), Ginkgo biloba - 100mg/kg/day, 90 minutes after a pesticide 0.3 mg / kg / day (group 3), pesticides - 3 mg / kg / day (group 4) and Ginkgo biloba - 100mg/kg/day, 90 minutes after a pesticide 3.0 mg / kg / days (group 5) for seven consecutive days. The pesticide used was that of methamidophos from Fersol ®. The anatomical evaluation was performed with scanning electronic microscopy. The guinea pigs subjected to pesticides showed morphological cochlear lesions in the three turns analyzed by electronic microscopy, intensified according to the dosage received from the pesticide agent. Guinea pigs treated with pesticides and Ginkgo biloba showed a maintenance of ciliary architecture in outer hair cells in all cochlear turns, whereas in the group treated only with pesticides, there was disappearance of the cilia of outer hair cells and distortion in the architecture of cilia remaining the MoU. We conclude that the greater the exposure to pesticides increased the damage in outer hair cells of the cochlea of albino guinea pigs, while those who had previously received ginkgo biloba keep outer hair cells cytoarchitecture preserved. / O Brasil está entre os principais consumidores mundiais de agrotóxicos e sua maior utilização se dá na agricultura, especialmente na monocultura, em grandes extensões. Pesquisas demonstram que os agentes ototóxicos, além de comprometer os sistemas auditivo e vestibular periféricos, provocam ainda alterações nas vias auditivas centrais. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os aspectos ultra-estruturais de cócleas de cobaias expostas a agrotóxico e ginkgo biloba, utilizando doses comprovadamente ototóxicas, lesivas às células ciliadas externas, avaliando-se as alterações anatômicas através da microscopia eletrônica de superfície. Trata-se de um estudo experimental prospectivo, realizado em cobaias albinas, cujo critério de inclusão foi à presença de OEAPD. A amostra foi dividida em cinco grupos, nos quais se administrou soro fisiológico 0,9% (grupo 1 - controle), agrotóxico - 0,3mg/Kg/dia (grupo 2), Ginkgo biloba - 100mg/kg/dia, 90 minutos após, agrotóxico 0,3 mg/Kg/dia (grupo 3), agrotóxico 3 mg/Kg/dia (grupo 4) e Ginkgo biloba - 100mg/kg/dia, 90 minutos após, agrotóxico 3,0 mg/Kg/dia (grupo 5) durante sete dias consecutivos. O agrotóxico utilizado foi o metamidofós da Fersol®. A avaliação anatômica foi realizada com Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. As cobaias submetidas ao agrotóxico apresentaram alterações morfológicas cocleares, com lesões nas três espiras analisadas na microscopia eletrônica, intensificadas de acordo com a dosagem recebida do agente. As cobaias tratadas com agrotóxico e Ginkgo biloba, apresentaram uma manutenção da arquitetura ciliar nas células ciliadas externas em todas as espiras da cóclea, enquanto que nos grupo tratado somente com agrotóxico, houve desaparecimento dos cílios das células ciliadas externas e distorção na arquitetura dos cílios remanescentes à ME. Concluímos que quanto maior a exposição ao agrotóxico maior o dano nas CCE da cóclea de cobaias albinas, enquanto que aquelas que recebem previamente o ginkgo biloba mantêm a citoarquitetura das CCE preservadas.