Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-01-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:00:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_re_me_guara.pdf: 1208729 bytes, checksum: 2854754f0b6c0780fe2bc698975e0817 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Desde a Revolução Industrial, tem-se observado um aumento significativo na concentração dos gases de efeito estufa (GEE) na atmosfera, especialmente o dióxido de carbono (CO2), que aparece como o principal “vilão” do aquecimento global. Neste contexto, o Estado de São Paulo instituiu a Política Estadual de Mudanças Climáticas (PEMC), estabelecendo o compromisso do Estado com relação às mudanças climáticas globais, notadamente o aquecimento global. Esta lei estabelece, entre outros, a meta de reduzir em 20% as emissões de gases de efeito estufa do Estado de São Paulo até 2020, tendo como base as emissões do ano de 2005. Neste trabalho é apresentado um estudo de caso do setor industrial, a partir da análise de cinco unidades fabris de uma empresa localizada no Estado de São Paulo. Inicialmente foi elaborado o inventário de emissões de GEE da empresa, e seu desenvolvimento seguiu as diretrizes do Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudança do Clima (IPCC). São identificadas no trabalho as ações e políticas internas que podem ser desenvolvidas pela empresa estudada a fim de alcançar a meta de redução das emissões de GEE estipulada pela PEMC. Também são apresentadas as análises dos impactos ambientais e econômicos das ações sugeridas para implantação. Sugerem-se ainda as políticas que os governos federal e estadual podem estabelecer com o intuito de incentivar o setor industrial na redução das emissões / Since the Industrial Revolution, it is being observed a higher elevation in the concentration of the greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere, specially the carbon dioxide (CO2), which is the main global warming “villain”. In this context, the State of São Paulo promulgated the State Policy on Climate Change (SPCC), which has established the commitment of the State towards the global climate changes, notoriously the global warming. This act establishes, among others, a target of 20% in the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions in São Paulo State until 2020, having as a reference the emissions along 2005. This work presents a case study on industrial sector, as from the analysis of five manufacturing plants of a company located in the State of São Paulo. Firstly, the company’s greenhouse gases emissions inventory was built, following the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines. After, the actions and internal policies that could be developed by the studied company in order to reach the target of reduction in the GHG emissions established in SPCC are identified. Also, are presented the environmental and financial assessment analysis of the actions recommended for implementation. Finally, are suggested the policies that the federal and state governments could establish in order to encourage industries to reduce emissions

Para medir o impacto de mudanças climáticas, acompanhadas variações do investimento agrícola, sobre a atividade agrícola brasileira, foram estimadas conjuntamente funções de receita e de custo de produtos e insumos agrícolas. Estas foram derivadas de uma função de lucro restrita, condicional a variáveis de clima e investimento. A pesquisa inova pela metodologia, diferente das demais empregadas anteriormente para o caso brasileiro, pela maior precisão dos dados de clima e pela inclusão do investimento agrícola como variável de mitigação dos efeitos gerados pela variação climática. Os resultados mostraram uma redução da lucratividade agrícola para o Brasil com o aumento da temperatura e precipitação no longo prazo, apesar de variarem conforme regiões. Saíram beneficiadas regiões mais ricas, em detrimento das mais pobres, cuja maior parte da produção agrícola é voltada para a subsistência. O investimento agrícola atuou como redutor desta tendência, de crescimento da desigualdade agrícola, ajudando a reverter apenas parcialmente o efeito do aquecimento. / To measure the impact of climate changes along with changes in agricultural investments in Brazil\'s agricultural sector, this paper jointly estimates revenue functions for the outputs and cost functions for the inputs. These equations were derived from a restricted profit function conditional to climate and investment variables. The paper innovates by using the profit function approach to study Brazils agricultural sector. It also brings more precise data and adds investment as a relevant variable in the model. Results show a reduction in profitability as temperature and precipitation grow, but they are not homogeneous amongst the different regions. Richer regions seem to do better than the poor ones, which have a large part of their production focused on subsistence. Investment seems to act as a counterbalance to this trend of increasing agricultural inequality, partially reverting the global warming effects.

Esta pesquisa procura reunir provas e evidências científicas contrárias à hipótese do aquecimento global antropogênico e elucidar seu significado na atualidade. Argumentamos que o clima está em permanente transformação, não podendo ser reduzido a um produto de variações das concentrações atmosféricas de dióxido de carbono e que a preocupação com mudanças climáticas não é uma novidade histórica mas, apesar disso, nosso desconhecimento sobre o funcionamento do sistema climático é ainda desafiador. Concluímos que a hipótese do aquecimento global antropogênico não é consensual e exerce hoje a função de ideologia legitimadora do capitalismo tardio, perpetuando a exclusão social travestindo-se de compromisso com as gerações futuras. / This research aims to gather scientific proofs and evidences against anthropogenic global warming hypothesis and to elucidate its meaning in the present. We argue that climate is in a permanent transformation, not resuming itself to a product of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration variations and that worries about climatic changes are not new but, despite this, our ignorance on the functioning of the climate system is still challenging. We conclude that anthropogenic global warming hypothesis is not consensual and exerts nowadays the function of late capitalism legitimating ideology, perpetuating social exclusion transvestiting itself as a commitment to future generations.

In Brazil, country with the fifth largest world production of milk, diets formulations are also carried out on the basis of nutritional requirements established in other countries, especially those from predominantly temperate climate. Research validation nutritional systems have evidenced application incompatibility of systems generated in temperate conditions at tropical conditions. Thus, the aim of this study was to determinate energy requirements, energetic partition and methane (CH4) enteric emission from growing Holstein, Gyr and F1 Holstein-Gyr dairy heifers in tropical conditions. The trial was conducted at The Multi-use Livestock Complex of Bioefficiency and Sustainability at Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Coronel Pacheco - MG, Brazil. Were evaluated 36 heifers, 12 Holstein, 12 Gyr and 12 Holstein-Gyr in 3 distinct experiments. In the first one, the 36 heifers were distributed in 12 latin squares, in a 3x3 factorial arrangement which was 3 nutritional plans and 3 genotypes. The nutritional plans were (1) 1.0x maintenance; (2) 1.5x maintenance and (3) 2.0x maintenance and the heifers were fed a diet consisting of 85.0% of corn silage and 15.0% of concentrate on a dry matter (DM) basis. Enteric CH4 emission was evaluated by SF6 tracer technique. Dry matter intake (DMI) and nutrients presented interaction among genotype and nutritional plan. Gyr heifers demonstrated higher crude protein (CP) digestibility (76.55%), F1 Holstein-Gyr intermediary value (75.14%) and Holstein animals presented the lowest value (74.59%). Daily CH4 production (g/d) was influenced by nutritional plan and differed as well between genotypes whereas Gyr heifers compared to the others had lesser CH4 emissions. Heifers fed at lower nutritional plan presented highest (85.5%) CH4 emissions by average daily gain (g/ kg of ADG) when compared to heifers fed at the higher nutritional plan. We found annual emissions of 45.84 kg of CH4. The second experiment has as objective measure the heat production (HP) and the enteric CH4 emission from dairy heifers using face mask (FM) method. The same animals, treatments and diets that were used in the first study were used in this second and third one. The HP expressed in Mcal by metabolic body weight (Mcal/BW0.75) was affect by genotype and Gyr heifers presented lower HP (163.2) when compared to Holstein (201.0) while F1 Holstein-Gyr heifers did not differ (181.3). Observed interaction among genotype and nutritional plan to CH4 emission in (g/d) and grams per kilo of metabolic body weight (g/kg of BW0.75). When expressed in dry matter ingested was not found genotype or nutritional plans effects to CH4 production. In the third study, our objective was to determine energy requirements, energetic partition and enteric CH4 emission using the \"gold standard\" methodology as calorimetric respirometry. Each heifers spent one 24 hours period in an open-circuit respirometric chamber (RC) to measurements. The CH4 emission was influenced by genotype and nutritional plan. Holstein and F1 Holstein-Gyr heifers demonstrated 73.4% superior emissions when compared to Gyr heifers. The net energy requirements for maintenance (NEm/kcal BW0.75) was 103.9 for Holstein heifers, 79.86 for Gyr heifers and 103.8 for F1 Holstein-Gyr heifers. The metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance (MEm/kcal BW0.75) was 132.6 for Holstein heifers, 116.0 for Gyr heifers and 138.2 for F1 Holstein-Gyr heifers. Were not found differences among Holstein and F1 heifers on NEm and MEm, so was formulated a combined equation for both, where the net and metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance were 105.2 and 135.0 kcal/BW0.75, respectively. We concluded that our results about nutritional requirements had similarity with available literature from respirometric chambers. These generated data from dairy cattle will be used for a future data base vising the establishment of feed patterns for representative dairy cattle genotypes in national herd composition. Also, the enteric methane emission data obtained in this study will be used in the greenhouse gases national inventory. / No Brasil, país com a quinta maior produção mundial de leite, as formulações de dietas ainda são realizadas com base nas exigências nutricionais estabelecidas em países de clima predominantemente temperado. Pesquisas de validação de sistemas nutricionais têm evidenciado incompatibilidade de aplicação dos sistemas gerados em condições temperadas às condições tropicais. Assim, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho determinar as exigências de energia, a partição da energia consumida e emissão de metano (CH4) entérico de novilhas leiteiras em crescimento das raças Holandês, Gir e F1 Holandês-Gir, em condições tropicais. O experimento foi realizado no Complexo Experimental Multiusuário da Embrapa Gado de Leite, localizado no Campo Experimental José Henrique Bruschi, em Coronel Pacheco - MG. Foram avaliadas 36 novilhas leiteiras, sendo 12 da raça Holandês, 12 da raça Gir e 12 F1 Holandês-Gir em 3 experimentos distintos. No primeiro experimento, as 36 novilhas foram distribuídas em 12 quadrados latinos, em arranjo fatorial 3x3, ou seja, 3 planos nutricionais e 3 grupos genéticos. Os planos nutricionais foram (1) 1.0x mantença; (2) 1.5x mantença e (3) 2.0x mantença e as novilhas foram alimentadas com uma dieta constituída de 85.0% de silagem de milho e 15.0% de concentrado com base na matéria seca (MS). A metodologia empregada para mensuração de CH4 foi a técnica do gás traçador SF6. O consumo de matéria seca (CMS) e nutrientes apresentou interação entre genótipo e plano nutricional. Novilhas da raça Gir apresentam maior digestibilidade da proteína bruta (76,55%), as F1 Holandês-Gir valor intermediário (75,14%) enquanto que os animais da raça Holandês apresentaram o menor valor (74,59%). A produção diária de metano em grama dia (g/d) foi influenciada pelo plano nutricional e também diferiu entre grupo genético, sendo que novilhas da raça Gir quando comparadas às demais tiveram menor emissão de CH4 entérico. Novilhas alimentadas sob o menor plano nutricional apresentaram maior emissão de CH4 (85,5%) por ganho de peso diário (g/kg de GPD) quando comparada as novilhas sob o maior plano nutricional. A produção média de CH4 anual encontrada no presente estudo foi de 45,84 kg. O segundo experimento teve como objetivo mensurar a produção de calor (PC) e a emissão de CH4 entérico por novilhas leiteiras através do método da máscara facial. Os mesmos animais, tratamentos e dietas que foram utilizadas no primeiro estudo foram utilizados neste estudo e no estudo que será descrito posteriormente a esse. A PC expressa em Mcal por peso vivo metabólico (Mcal/PVM) foi afetada por genótipo e novilhas da raça Gir apresentaram menor PC (163,2) quando comparada as novilhas Holandês (201,0) enquanto que as novilhas F1 Holandês-Gir não diferiu das demais (181,3). Observou-se interação entre genótipo e plano nutricional para emissão de CH4 em grama dia e em grama por quilo de peso vivo metabólico. Quando expresso em relação à matéria seca ingerida, não foram encontrados efeitos de genótipo ou plano nutricional para emissão de CH4. O terceiro estudo objetivou determinar as exigências de energia, a partição energética e a emissão metano entérico pela metodologia padrão de respirometria calorimétrica. Cada novilha permaneceu por um período de 24 horas no interior da câmara para as mensurações. A emissão de CH4 (g/d) foi influenciada por genótipo e plano nutricional. Novilhas Holandês e F1 Holandês-Gir demonstram emissões superiores em 73,4% quando comparadas as novilhas da raça Gir. A exigência de energia líquida para mantença (ELm/kcal BW0,75) foi 103,9 para novilhas Holandês, 79,86 para novilhas Gir e 103,8 para novilhas F1 Holandês-Gir. A exigência de energia metabolizável para mantença (EMm/kcal BW0,75) foi 132, 6 para novilhas Holandês, 116,0 para novilhas Gir e 138,2 para novilhas F1 Holandês-Gir. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre novilhas Holandês e F1 Holandês-Gir para exigências de ELm e EMm, então foi formulada uma equação combinada para ambas, onde ELm e EMm foram 105,2 e 135,0 kcal/BW0,75, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que os atuais resultados de exigências em energia tiveram similaridade com a literatura disponível e serão utilizados para inclusão no banco de dados de gado de leite, a ser formado com trabalhos já existentes e outros que ainda serão desenvolvidos, visando ao futuro estabelecimento das normas e padrões nacionais de alimentação para bovinos leiteiros dos grupos genéticos mais representativos do rebanho nacional. Os dados de emissão de metano entérico obtidos poderão ser utilizados na elaboração do inventário nacional de emissão de gases de efeito estufa pelas atividades pecuárias.

Global Warming (GW) is a recognised fact, the implications of which have far reaching impacts on almost all aspects of existence of life on Earth. The impacts of GW to humans will be felt socially, economically and environmentally. The aim of this research was to understand the probable effects GW will have on maize production in South Africa. This was done by taking climatic data for Vereeniging (situated in a maize growing region) and analysing it to determine climatic trends. These trends were used alongside the critical values1 used to determine NRHA2 for field crop production. The difference between the winter rainfall values (critical and actual) was found to be 238mm (390mm – 152mm) and summer to be 66.4mm, therefore, the summer rainfall period for Vereeniging was found to be more sensitive to change than the winter rainfall period. This has the implication of affecting the sowing and growing period for maize. The sowing period may shift from October (in the summer sowing season) to early March or April (in the winter sowing season). The average was calculated for the maximum temperature and minimum temperature in order to get an average temperature for the summer and winter months (the same as for rainfall discussed earlier) for Vereeniging. The average temperatures of 13.4°C and 20.1°C for winter and summer respectively are close to the critical values3 for maximum NRHA. This indicates that maize is susceptible to marginal changes. It was also concluded that maize is more susceptible to marginal changes in temperature than for rainfall. The results of this paper show only marginal changes in the variables and that the production of field crops is sensitive to such changes. This susceptibility to changes will result in numerous impacts caused by Global Warming. / Professor. J. T. Harmse

Magister Legum - LLM / The methods of energy use and production in South Africa are currently unsustainable, and have dire environmental and health impacts. This is largely due to fossil fuel based energy generation and use. Currently 89% of energy generated in South Africa is derived from fossil fuels including coal, oil and gas. This figure is likely to increase in the near future with the construction of new coal-fired electricity generation and coal/gas to liquid fuels stations. South Africa has an abundance of both non-renewable and renewable energy resources.Renewable energy technologies will be key in the battle to reduce carbon and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as they do not produce the large amounts of carbon and GHG emissions that conventional fossil-fuel based methods do. Renewable energy, as the name indicates, can be considered an infinite reserve. Most renewable energy is generated from solar power it can be relied upon as long as the sun keeps shining. Energy efficiency as well as improvements in technologies relating to energy generation can play a significant role in reducing carbon and GHG emissions. For example, the 'Basa njengo Magogo' method used to ignite coal in coal-fired power stations makes use of a 'top-down ignition process' which reduces smoke emissions by 80-90 percent, heats up quicker and uses less coal than the conventional method. The barriers to the implementation of sustainable and renewable energy measures are: the relatively cheap cost of coal based energy, due to the abundance of the resource in South Africa, as well as the uncoordinated nature of legislation dealing with energy, and the implementation of sustainable energy practices. However the means and resources do exist for South Africa to reduce its carbon and GHG emissions and reliance on carbon based energy. Therefore this paper will examine the legislative and international obligations government has to sustainable and renewable energy and what policies have been developed to give effect to these obligations. Section 24 of the Constitution explicitly recognises the obligation to promote justifiable 'economic and social development', which is essential to the well-being of human beings. Development both social and economic require energy, however South Africa's energy is derived mainly from fossil fuels, which when used have a significant detrimental effect on the environment.

Thesis advisor: Jeremy D. Shakun / Glaciers in the tropics have retreated over recent decades, but whether the magnitude of this retreat has exceeded the bounds of past Holocene fluctuations is unclear. In this study, we measure cosmogenic 10Be and 14C concentrations from recently exposed bedrock at the margin of five glaciers in the tropical Andes, including four small glaciers and the Quelccaya Ice Cap, the world’s largest tropical ice mass. Concentrations at the Quelccaya Ice Cap margin suggest there was extended exposure during the first half of the Holocene, but that the site was covered by ice for the last 5 kyr. In contrast, nuclide concentrations are strikingly low in all samples at the margins of the four small glaciers, equivalent to ~200 years of 14C and 50 years of 10Be accumulation at surface production rates. These data suggest that the small tropical glaciers are now smaller than they have been at any point during the Holocene, whereas the Quelccaya Ice Cap has not yet retreated to its smallest extent of the Holocene, likely due to its larger size and slower response time. / Thesis (MS) — Boston College, 2021. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Earth and Environmental Sciences.

In most previous studies that have been conducted on converting waste heat energy from exhaust gases into useful energy, the engine waste heat recovery system has been placed along the exhaust flow pipe where the temperature differs from the temperature just behind the exhaust valves. This means that an important fraction of the energy from the exhaust gases is still lost to the environment. The present work investigates the potential thermodynamic analysis of an integrated exhaust waste heat recovery (EWHR) system based on a Rankine cycle on an engine's exhaust manifold. The amount of lost energy contained in the exhaust gases at the exhaust manifold level, at average temperatures of 500 °C and 350 °C (for petrol and diesel), and the thermodynamic composition of these gases were determined. For heat to occur, a temperature difference (between the exhaust gas and the working fluid) at the pinch point of 20°C was considered. A thermodynamic analysis was performed on different configurations of EWHR thermal efficiencies and the selected suitable working fluids. The environmental and economic aspects of the integrated EWHR system just behind the exhaust valves of an internal combustion engine (ICE) were analysed. Among all working fluids that were used when the thermodynamic analysis was performed, water was selected as the best working fluid due to its higher thermal efficiency, availability, low cost and environmentally friendly characteristics. Using the typical engine data, results showed that almost 29.54% of exhaust waste heat can be converted. This results in better engine efficiency and fuel consumption on a global scale by gaining an average of 1 114.98 Mb and 1 126.63 Mb of petrol and diesel respectively from 2020 to 2040. It can combat global warming by recovering 56.78 1 011 MJ and 64.65 1 011 MJ of heat rejected from petrol and diesel engines, respectively. A case study of a Volkswagen Citi Golf 1.3i is considered, as it is a popular vehicle in South Africa. This idea can be applied to new-design hybrid vehicles that can use the waste heat to charge the batteries when the engine operates on fossil fuel. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering / MSc / Unrestricted

The energy industry is facing serious pressure to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The purpose of this study was to investigate if there is a statistically significant correlation between certain institutional factors and type of environmental strategy employed by companies in the energy industry. The academic foundation upon which strategy was studied is Institutional Theory. Institutional theory is embedded in the school of sociology and prescribes that behaviour is a function of social norms and routines. At the organisational level, this translates to a high degree of interdependency between organisations and the environment which they operate in. The institutional factors selected for analysis in this study were economic growth, gross domestic product per capita, unemployment, poverty, income inequality, human development index, and national competitiveness. The environmental strategy of energy companies was categorised in two broad measures namely; carbon dioxide reduction and carbon independence. The study has found that there is no significant correlation between any of the institutional factors and combination of carbon reduction and independence strategies. However, an important finding is that the statistical significance of the bi-variate regression analysis increased considerably when national competitiveness was used as an explanatory variable of strategy.From this, it is concluded that it is critical to understand which institutional factors are expected to be determinants of strategy in the energy industry. More importantly, it is concluded that as energy is a primary requirement for national competitiveness, strategy in the energy industry is determined by a combination of factors and not just a single variable. This is an important distinction which must be clear in the mind of both policy makers and business leaders in the energy industry especially those who are seeking to expand into new markets. Copyright / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

This thesis concerns the causes and consequences of magma emplacement in the Earth’slithosphere during the formation of Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) and continental rifts. Motivated by geological, geophysical, geochemical and paleoclimate data, I formulate geodynamic models to address the following questions: (1) How were the massive volumes of subaerially erupted lava, described in multi-channel seismic data as seaward-dipping reflectors (SDRs), formed and what can SDRs tell us about the rifting processes? (2) What thermal and rheological conditions are required to produce the contrast in topography of the two youngest LIPs: namely that the Columbia Plateau sits ~0.7 km lower than the surrounding region while the Ethiopian Plateau is ~1.5 km higher than its surroundings? (3) Why does significant global warming occur a few hundred-thousand years prior to the main phase of eruptions of the Columbia River Basalts and the Deccan Traps? The major results of my thesis are: (1) The first two-dimensional thermo-mechanical treatment of SDR formation shows how the lithosphere thickness affects the deformation in response to magmatic loads during volcanic margin formation. I provide a quantitative mapping between the shape of SDRs and the strength of the lithosphere and this mapping reveals weak continental margin lithosphere during the initial continental breakup. (2) Cold and strong crust results in slow lower crustal flow and a persistent high plateau like the Ethiopian Plateau. In contrast, a combination of three things can produce a low plateau like the Columbia Plateau. First, hot and weak lower crust flows fast in response to topographic and magmatic loads. Second, a significant fraction of the magma intruded in the crust freezes onto and becomes part of the strong upper crust. Finally, the bulk of the intrusions occur before the main phase of extrusion to explain the geometry of the Columbia River Basalt lava flows. (3) I argue that the major eruptions of continental flood basalts may require densification of the crust by intrusion of larger volumes of magma than are extruded. Simple models show that magma crystallization and release of CO² from such intrusions could produce global warming before the main phase of flood basalt eruptions on the observed timescale.