No / Preconditioning of the cerebral cortex was induced in mice by repeated cortical spreading depression (CSD), and the major ionotropic glutamate (GluRs) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChRs) subunits were compared by quantitative immunoblotting between sham- and preconditioned cortex, 24 h after treatment. A 30% reduction in ¿-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-iso- xazolepropionate (AMPA) GluR1 and 2 subunit immunoreactivities was observed in the preconditioned cortex (p < 0.03), but there was no significant change in the NMDA receptor subunits, NR1, NR2A and NR2B. A 12¿15-fold increase in ¿7 nAChR subunit expression following in vivo CSD (p < 0.001) was by far the most remarkable change associated with preconditioning. In contrast, the ¿4 nAChR subunit was not altered. These data point to the ¿7 nAChR as a potential new target for neuroprotection because preconditioning increases consistently the tolerance of the brain to acute insults such as ischaemia. These data complement recent studies implicating ¿7 nAChR overexpression in the amelioration of chronic neuropathologies, notably Alzheimer's disease (AD).

No description available.

The IEM 1460 is a potential age-specific anticonvulsant and an indicator of the distribution of AMPA receptor subtypes among rat brain cells. It is a derivative of adamantane, that was tested in previous studies on models of human myoclonic and generalized tonic-clonic seizures with promising results. In this thesis we evaluated its effect on the motor activity of rat offspring in the age of 12, 18 and 25 days, we used 90 animals in total . The effect was evaluated 30 minutes after intraperitoneal administration of IEM 1460 in two doses, 10 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg, and was compared to the control animals with physiological solution applied intraperitoneally in amount of 20 mg/kg. To test the animals we used Open field test, righting reflex, negative geotaxis, horizontal bar test, rope climbing test, regular and irregular horizontal ladder test. The tests were applied to animals in mentioned order. There were found significant changes influencing motor behaviour, primarily in the 12 days old animals with the dose of 20 mg/kg IEM 1460 and in the 25 days old animals with both doses of IEM 1460, 10 and 20 mg/kg. In the 18 days old animals the results were less significant. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

of the thesis Glutamate is a main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain of mammals, which activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Ionotropic receptors are responsible for fast synaptic transmission leading to membrane depolarization and Ca2+ influx into the cell. On the other hand mGlu receptors play an important role in regulation of the transmission via heterotrimeric G-proteins and activation of various signaling pathways. Postsynaptically localized group I mGlu receptors (mGluR1, 5) together with ionotropic NMDA and AMPA receptors share common large receptor signaling complexes, or signalosome facilitating glutamate signal transductions. Individual mGluR1 splice variants are differently associated with signalosome including scaffold proteins like PSD-95 which organize postsynaptic density (PSD). Heterodimerization of different mGluR1 splice variants is a focal point of my thesis together with investigation of recently discovered protein IL1RAPL1 (interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein-like 1) and its role in organization of postsynaptic signalosome. Using biochemical, immunocytochemical and functional assays we showed heterodimers of mGluR1a/1b were expressed on the plasma membrane and that heterodimers are fully functional in the recombinant system. Next we showed...

A ativação excessiva dos receptores NMDA tem sido descrita no disparo da morte neuronal que ocorre em doenças, como o glaucoma. É possível que a combinação de subunidades (NR2A-D) possa ativar vias de sinalização intracelulares que resultam na morte ou sobrevivência. Nosso objetivo foi investigar o envolvimento de subunidades NR2 e Rac1, membro da família Rho GTPase, na morte de neurônios da retina. A morte induzida por glutamato in vitro foi reduzida após a inibição de Rac1 e bloqueio de NR2B, mas não das subunidades NR2C/D. Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos in vivo após injeção intravítrea NMDA, e a detecção de Rac1 ativo, principalmente, nos processos de glia de Müller foi inibida pelo bloqueio NR2B. Além disso, a produção de TNF-<font face=\"Symbol\">&#945; após a injeção de NMDA foi reduzida pelo bloqueio de NR2B e Rac1. Assim, nossos resultados sugerem que a excitotoxicidade via receptores NR2B/NMDA ativa Rac1 em células da glia de Müller, que por sua vez controla a produção de TNF-<font face=\"Symbol\">&#945 possível responsável pela morte de células ganglionares da retina. / Overactivation of NMDA receptors has been described to trigger neuronal death that occurs in diseases such as glaucoma. It is possible that the combination of subunits (NR2A-D) activate intracellular signaling pathways that result in death or survival. Our aim was to investigate the involvement of NR2 subunits and Rac1, a member of Rho GTPase family, in retinal neuronal death. Glutamate-induced neuronal death in vitro was reduced after Rac1 inhibition and by NR2B blocking, but not NR2C/D subunits. Similar results were obtained in vivo after NMDA intravitreous injection, although active Rac1 was mainly detected in Müller glia processes, and it was inhibited by NR2B blockade. In addition, TNF-<font face=\"Symbol\">&#945 level after NMDA injection were reduced by NR2B blocking and Rac1. Thus, our results suggest that excitotoxicity via NR2B/NMDA receptors activate Rac1 in Müller glia cells, which in turn controls the TNF-<font face=\"Symbol\">&#945 production that triggers retinal ganglion cell death.

As células T exercem papel crucial nas respostas imunes adaptativas e em doenças autoimunes, como a esclerose múltipla. O glutamato, neurotransmissor mais abundante no SNC, age por meio de duas famílias de receptores: metabotrópico e ionotrópico. As células T são alvo do glutamato durante a ativação e apresentação de antígenos, pois está presente nas sinapses imunológicas, porém, pouco se sabe a respeito de seu papel na função das células T. Nós estudamos o papel do NMDAR nas respostas mediadas por células T. In vitro, o uso do antagonista MK801 reduziu a linfoproliferação e a síntese de IFN-&#947; e IL-17A, bem com o NMDA reduziu a proliferação e produção de IFN-&#947; e IL-17A. In vivo, o MK801 reduziu a gravidade da EAE, resultado da menor infiltração de linfócitos Th1 e Th17 no SNC. Além disso, o MK801 reduziu a expressão de Rorc, Il17a, Stat4, Ccr4, Ccr6 e Ifna2 no SNC. Em suma, esses dados confirmam que o NMDAR exerce papel nas funções mediadas por células T, indicando que as células T são alvos do excesso do glutamato via NMDAR em doenças neuroinflamatórias. / T cells play a crucial role in adaptive immune responses and autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. Glutamate is the most abundant neurotransmitter in the CNS, and it acts through two receptor families: metabotropic and ionotropic. T cells are target of glutamate during activation and antigen presentation, because glutamate is also present in the immunological synapses, however, little is known about its role on T cell functions. We investigated the role of NMDAR in immune-mediated T cell responses. In vitro, the use of the antagonist MK801 reduced T cell proliferation and cytokine production (IFN-&#947; e IL-17A), as well as NMDA reduced lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-&#947; e IL-17A production, in a dose dependent manner. In vivo, MK801 diminished severity of EAE, result of the minor Th1 and Th17 infiltration in the CNS. In addition, MK801 reduced Rorc, Il17a, Stat4, Ccr4, Ccr6 and Ifna2 expression in the CNS. In short, our data confirm that the NMDAR play a role in T cell-mediated functions, indicating that T cells are target of glutamate excess via NMDAR in neuroinflammatory diseases.

A neuroimunologia é o ramo da imunologia que estuda a relação entre sistema imune e o sistema nervoso. Muitos estudos têm demonstrado a capacidade direta de neurotransmissores em modular a resposta imune, assim como de citocinas em influenciar funções cognitivas. Neste contexto, o glutamato possui papel de destaque, por se tratar do neurotransmissor excitatório mais importante e mais abundante no sistema nervoso central dos mamíferos. Sua função é exercida através de dois tipos de receptores principais: i) os receptores ionotrópicos (iGluR) e ii) os receptores metabotrópicos (mGluR). A descoberta da expressão de receptores de glutamato em células do sistema imune tem despertado interesse científico, levantando questões acerca de sua expressão e função. No presente trabalho, avaliamos parâmetros como viabilidade celular, linfoproliferação e ativação de MAP quinase pelo receptor NMDAR esplenócitos totais e linfócitos cultivados in vitro. Nossos resultados demonstram que linfócitos em repouso e ativados apresentam diferentes perfis de expressão do receptor NMDAR. O uso do antagonista deste receptor, o MK801, foi capaz de reduzir a proliferação de linfócitos T CD4 e T CD8 estimulados com anti-CD3 em cultura de esplenócitos. Tal redução pode ser explicada por um aumento na taxa de morte celular, o que foi avaliado através de marcação com anexina-V, indicador de apoptose, ou 7-AAD, indicador de necrose. Para entendermos um pouco a respeito da sinalização do receptor NMDAR no sistema imune, avaliamos a fosforilação da MAP quinase ERK 1,2 em linfócitos T CD4 ativados na presença do agonista (NMDA) ou do antagonista (MK801) do receptor. Observamos um aumento na ativação desta quinase na presença de NMDA, o que é revertido na presença do MK801. Ao avaliar o papel do receptor NMDAR in vivo, verificamos uma redução significativa na gravidade da encefalomielite experimental auto-imune em animais tratados com MK801. Mais interessante, esta redução se correlaciona também com uma redução na fosforilação de ERK 1,2 em esplenócitos totais obtidos ao dia 7 pós-imunização. Em resumo, nossos dados sugerem que o receptor NMDA possui o papel de ativador de vias intracelulares importantes, como as da MAP quinase ERK 1,2; e que o seu bloqueio resulta em morte celular in vitro. Logo, isso indica a importância do glutamato como modulador da intensidade da resposta e viabilidade de linfócitos T CD4 e T CD8 in vitro e in vivo. Sendo assim, nossos resultados contribuem para um melhor entendimento dos fenômenos de imunoregulação, especialmente aqueles no campo da neuroimunologia ou neuroimunomodulação. / Neuroimmunology is a field within immunology which studies the relationship between the nervous system and the immune system. Several studies have demonstrated the direct ability of neurotransmitters in modulating the immune response, as for cytokines in influencing cognitive functions. In this context, glutamate stands out for being the most important and abundant neurotransmitter in the mammal central nervous system. Its role is exerted through two main types of receptor: i) ionotropic receptors (iGluR) and ii) metabotropic receptors (mGluR). The discovery of glutamate receptor expression in immune cells has led to scientific interest, raising issues concerning its expression and function. In the present study, we evaluated parameters such as cell viability, lymphoproliferation, and activation of the MAP quinase pathway by the NMDA receptor on total splenocytes and lymphocytes cultured in vitro. Our results demonstrate that naive and activated lymphocytes present different profiles of NMDA receptor expression. The use of MK801, an antagonist for this receptor, was able to reduce the T CD4 and T CD8 lymphocyte proliferation stimulated with anti-CD3 in splenocyte culture. Such reduction may be explained by the increase of the cellular death rate, evaluated by annexin-V staining, indicator of apoptosis or 7-AAD, indicator of necrosis. With the intent of understanding part of the NMDA receptor signaling in the immune system, we evaluated the ERK 1,2 MAP quinase phosphorylation in T CD4 lymphocytes activated in the presence of the agonist (NMDA) or the antagonist (MK801) of the receptor. We observed an increase in this quinase activation in the presence of NMDA, which is reversed by the MK801. When evaluating the role of the NMDA receptor in vivo, we verified a significant reduction in the degree of experimental auto-immune encephalomyelitis in animals treated with MK801. More interesting, this reduction also correlates to a reduction on the phosphorilation of ERK 1,2 in total splenocytes obtained at the seventh day post-immunization. In sum, our data suggest that the NMDA receptor has the role of activating important intracellular pathways, such as the MAP quinases ERK 1,2; and that its blockage results in cellular death in vitro. As so, this indicates the importance of glutamate as a modulator of the intensity of response and the viability of T CD4 e T CD8 lymphocytes in vitro e in vivo. Thus, our result contribute for a better understanding of the immunoregulation phenomena, especially those in the neuroimmunology ou neuroimmunomodulation field.

The voltage gated potassium channel Kv1.2 plays a key role in the central nervous system and mutations in Kv1.2 cause neurological disorders such as epilepsies and ataxias. In the cerebellum, regulation of Kv1.2 is coupled to learning and memory. We have previously shown that blocking Kv1.2 by infusing its specific inhibitor tityustoxin-kα (TsTX) into the lobulus simplex of the cerebellum facilitates eyeblink conditioning (EBC) and that EBC itself modulates Kv1.2 surface expression in cerebellar interneurons. The metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR1 is required for EBC although the molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we show that infusion of the mGluR1 agonist (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) into the lobulus simplex of the cerebellum mimics the facilitating effect of TsTX on EBC. We therefore hypothesize that mGluR1 could act, in part, through suppression of Kv1.2. Earlier studies have shown that Kv1.2 suppression involves channel tyrosine phosphorylation and endocytocytic removal from the cell surface. In this study we report that an excitatory chemical stimulus (50mM K+-100µM glutamate) applied to cerebellar slices enhanced Kv1.2 tyrosine phosphorylation and that this increase was lessened in the presence of the mGluR1 inhibitor YM298198. More direct evidence for mGluR1 modulation of Kv1.2 comes from our finding that selective activation of mGluR1 with DHPG reduced the amount of surface Kv1.2 detected by cell surface biotinylation in cerebellar slices. To determine the molecular pathways involved we used an unbiased mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach to identify Kv1.2-protein interactions that are modulated by mGluR1. Among the interactions enhanced by DHPG were those with PKC-γ, CaMKII, and Gq/G11, each of which had been shown in other studies to co-immunoprecipitate with mGluR1 and contribute to its signaling. Of particular note was the interaction between Kv1.2 and PKC-γ since in HEK cells and hippocampal neurons Kv1.2 endocytosis is elicited by PKC activation. We found that activation of PKCs with PMA reduced surface Kv1.2, while the PKC inhibitor Go6983 attenuated the reduction in surface Kv1.2 levels elicited by DHPG and PMA, suggesting that the mechanism by which mGluR1 modulates cerebellar Kv1.2 likely involves PKC. mGluR1 has been shown to signal independently of the agonist through a constitutively active, protein kinase A-dependent pathway in the cerebellum. Using HEK293 cells we show that co-expression of mGluR1 increases the surface expression levels of Kv1.2. This effect occurs in absence of mGluR1 agonists and in the presence of a noncompetitive mGluR1 inhibitor YM298198. Co-expression of known downstream effectors of the agonist driven mGluR1 pathway such as PKC-γ, CaMKIIα, Grid2 had no effect on Kv1.2 surface expression or on the ability of mGluR1 agonist to modulate that expression. In contrast, the inverse agonist BAY 36-7620 significantly reduced the mGluR1 effect on Kv1.2 surface expression, as did pharmacological inhibition of PKA with KT5720. Therefore, mGluR1 is involved in regulation of surface Kv1.2 via dual mechanisms, the agonist dependent mechanism reduces surface Kv1.2 via PKC, while agonist independent constitutive mechanism increases surface Kv1.2 via PKA.

La survie des individus dépend de leur capacité d’anticiper la survenue d’une récompense ou d’un danger leur permettant ainsi de s’adapter à leur environnement. De considérables efforts ont été réalisés pour identifier les mécanismes cellulaires et synaptiques ayant lieu au niveau du circuit de la récompense afin d’avoir une meilleure compréhension des processus sous tendant des états motivationnels physiologiques et pathologiques tels que l’addiction et la dépression. Pour autant, ce n’est que récemment qu’on commence à comprendre les circuits capables de contrôler les systèmes monoaminergiques mésencéphaliques et leurs contributions aux comportements motivés. Dans les dernières décennies l’habénula latérale (LHb) a émergé comme un acteur majeur capable d’encoder des stimuli de valeur motivationnelle et de contrôler les systèmes monoaminergiques. La connectivité de cette structure épithalamique joue un rôle clé dans différents aspects des comportements motivationnels, comme l’approche et la fuite. Des avancées récentes ont aussi démontré que des altérations de la fonction de la LHb entrainent des états émotionnels négatifs caractéristiques de la dépression et l’addiction. Ces observations suggèrent que la LHb pourrait s’avérer une cible importante pour le traitement de ces pathologies. Au cours de mon travail de thèse, j’ai d’abord cherché à comprendre comment moduler la transmission synaptique au niveau de la LHb pouvait contrôler son activité. Pour répondre à cette question, je me suis focalisée sur le rôle des récepteurs métabotropiques au glutamate (mGluRs). Dans une seconde étude, j’ai examiné les mécanismes par lesquels les drogues d’abus modifient la transmission synaptique des neurones de la LHb. Ces modifications se produisent spécifiquement dans les neurones LHb se projetant vers le noyau tegmental rostral (RMT) et sont nécessaires pour l’émergence des états dépressifs. Dans un premier temps, nous avons démontré qu’au niveau de la LHb les mGluRs de type I sont capables d’induire une dépression à long terme de la transmission synaptique excitatrice (eLTD) et inhibitrice (iLTD). Ces deux formes de plasticité dépendent de la signalisation PKC, mais requièrent des mécanismes d’expression différents. Tandis que eLTD réduit la probabilité de libération du glutamate via l’activation de récepteurs présynaptiques aux endocannabinoides (CB1), iLTD s’exprime par la réduction de la fonction des récepteurs GABAA postsynaptiques contenant la sous-unité β2. De plus, eLTD and iLTD exercent un contrôle bidirectionnel sur la décharge des neurones de la LHb. Dans un second temps, nous avons mis en évidence qu’une exposition chronique à la cocaïne produit une augmentation persistante de la transmission excitatrice au niveau des neurones de la LHb ciblant le RMTg. Cette forme de potentialisation synaptique nécessite l’insertion membranaire de récepteurs contenant la sous-unité GluA1, ainsi que la réduction de conductances potassiques entrainant une hyperexcitabilité neuronale in vitro et in vivo dans la LHb. Ces modifications sont nécessaires pour l’établissement d’états dépressifs émergeant lors de la période de sevrage à la cocaïne. En conclusion, ce travail a contribué à la compréhension de mécanismes de plasticité synaptique ayant lieu au niveau de la LHb et leurs répercussions pour son activité contrôlant ainsi des comportements motivationnels. / The capacity of the brain to anticipate and seek future rewards or alternatively escape aversive events allows individuals to adapt to their environment. A considerable research effort has focused on unraveling the cellular and synaptic mechanisms within the meso-cortico-limbic system underlying motivational processing both in physiological conditions and in pathologies such as addiction and depression. However, only recently we begin to understand the circuit substrates capable to control midbrain monoaminergic nuclei and their contribution to motivated behaviors. The Lateral Habenula (LHb) has emerged in the last decade, as a major player encoding stimuli with motivational value and in controlling monoaminergic systems. The wiring of this epithalamic structure subserves discrete features of motivated behaviors, including preference and avoidance. Recent advances have also demonstrated that aberrant modifications in LHb function trigger negative emotional states in disorders including depression and addiction, highlighting the LHb as an important brain target for therapeutic intervention for these pathological states. In my thesis work I first sought to investigate how modulation of synaptic transmission in the LHb controls neuronal activity, especially focusing on the role of metabotropic glutamate receptors. In a second study, I expanded my work examining how drug experience changes synaptic transmission in a precise habenular circuit that we discovered to be crucial for depressive states during cocaine withdrawal. In an initial data set, we found that, in the LHb, metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 activation drives a PKC-dependent long term depression of excitatory (eLTD) and inhibitory (iLTD) synaptic transmission. Despite the common induction, eLTD and iLTD diverged in their expression mechanism. While eLTD required endocannabinoid-dependent reduction of glutamate release, iLTD expressed postsynaptically through a decrease of β2-containing GABAA receptors function. Further, eLTD and iLTD bidirectionally controlled LHb neuronal output. In a second study, we showed that chronic cocaine exposure leads to a persistent and projection-specific increase of excitatory synaptic transmission onto LHb neurons. This form of synaptic potentiation required membrane insertion of GluA1-containing AMPA receptors and a reduction in potassium channels function ultimately leading to increased LHb neuronal excitability both in vitro and in vivo. These cocaine-driven adaptations within the LHb were instrumental for depressive-like states emerging after drug withdrawal. Altogether this work demonstrates how synaptic plasticity in the LHb affects neuronal output and thereby contributes to behaviors associated with the pathology of motivation.

As células T exercem papel crucial nas respostas imunes adaptativas e em doenças autoimunes, como a esclerose múltipla. O glutamato, neurotransmissor mais abundante no SNC, age por meio de duas famílias de receptores: metabotrópico e ionotrópico. As células T são alvo do glutamato durante a ativação e apresentação de antígenos, pois está presente nas sinapses imunológicas, porém, pouco se sabe a respeito de seu papel na função das células T. Nós estudamos o papel do NMDAR nas respostas mediadas por células T. In vitro, o uso do antagonista MK801 reduziu a linfoproliferação e a síntese de IFN-&#947; e IL-17A, bem com o NMDA reduziu a proliferação e produção de IFN-&#947; e IL-17A. In vivo, o MK801 reduziu a gravidade da EAE, resultado da menor infiltração de linfócitos Th1 e Th17 no SNC. Além disso, o MK801 reduziu a expressão de Rorc, Il17a, Stat4, Ccr4, Ccr6 e Ifna2 no SNC. Em suma, esses dados confirmam que o NMDAR exerce papel nas funções mediadas por células T, indicando que as células T são alvos do excesso do glutamato via NMDAR em doenças neuroinflamatórias. / T cells play a crucial role in adaptive immune responses and autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. Glutamate is the most abundant neurotransmitter in the CNS, and it acts through two receptor families: metabotropic and ionotropic. T cells are target of glutamate during activation and antigen presentation, because glutamate is also present in the immunological synapses, however, little is known about its role on T cell functions. We investigated the role of NMDAR in immune-mediated T cell responses. In vitro, the use of the antagonist MK801 reduced T cell proliferation and cytokine production (IFN-&#947; e IL-17A), as well as NMDA reduced lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-&#947; e IL-17A production, in a dose dependent manner. In vivo, MK801 diminished severity of EAE, result of the minor Th1 and Th17 infiltration in the CNS. In addition, MK801 reduced Rorc, Il17a, Stat4, Ccr4, Ccr6 and Ifna2 expression in the CNS. In short, our data confirm that the NMDAR play a role in T cell-mediated functions, indicating that T cells are target of glutamate excess via NMDAR in neuroinflammatory diseases.