Mucinas são glicoproteínas altamente O-glicosiladas cuja principal característica estrutural é a presença de -GalNAc ligado aos resíduos hidroxilados de serina e treonina. Em alterações celulares malignas, esse núcleo é exposto como um antígeno carboidrato associado a tumor (Tn) e sua alta expressão em células cancerosas faz dele um alvo para o desenvolvimento de abordagens contra o câncer. Mucinas de Trypanosoma cruzi, agente etiológico da Doença de Chagas, apresentam -GlcNAc ligado à apoproteína, envolvido no processo de sialilação catalisado pela enzima fundamental trans-sialidase (TcTS) mediadora da invasão celular. Sendo o componente glicosídico do antígeno Tn um análogo estrutural e funcional de -GlcNAc, pode influenciar na atividade de TcTS, alvo terapêutico para a Doença de Chagas. Neste contexto, foram sintetizados glicopeptídeos lineares e cíclicos derivados de GalNAc mimetizando sua ocorrência em mucinas tumorais e parasitárias. Doadores e aceptores glicosídicos convenientemente protegidos foram preparados e ligados entre si com -estereosseletividade por dois métodos de glicosilação: perclorato/carbonato de prata (promotor clássico de referência) e brometo de mercúrio (promotor pela primeira vez utilizado para doadores glicosídicos do tipo azidocloreto). Os blocos de glicoaminoácidos obtidos foram acoplados a um segundo resíduo, formando glicodipeptídeos lineares inéditos, que originaram glicodicetopiperazinas funcionalizadas com -GalNAc, igualmente inéditas a literatura, mediante a etapa de desproteção/ciclização. Glicoaminoácidos intermediários contendo -GalNAc foram desprotegidos e submetidos a ensaios de cinética enzimática em TcTS, apresentando expressiva inibição de 57% a 79% da atividade da enzima. Os mesmos blocos foram avaliados quanto à citotoxicidade em células tumorais, apresentando entre 73% e 79% de morte celular na linhagem Jurkat e cerca de 30% na linhagem B16F10. Os resultados ensaios biológicos sugerem que os compostos de interesse preparados podem atuar como inibidores da enzima TcTS e agentes de citotoxicidade seletiva em células tumorais. / Mucins are heavily O-glycosylated glycoproteins which major feature being the presence of -GalNAc bound to hydroxylated protein residues of serine and threonine. In malignant cell transformation this core is exposed as a tumor associated carbohydrate antigen (Tn), and its high-level expression in cancer cells turns it into a target for developing anticancer approaches. Mucins from Trypanosoma cruzi, aetiologic agent of Chagas Disease, display -GlcNAc linking glycans to the apoprotein, involved in the sialilation process catalized by tran-sialidase enzyme (TcTS), essential cell invasion by the parasite. Being Tn antigen an structural and functional analogue of -GlcNAc, it may interfere on TcTS, a therapeutic target Chagas Disease. In this context, linear and cyclic glycopeptides containing GalNAc were synthesized, mimicking their natural occurrence in tumoral and parasite mucins. Glycosidic donors and acceptors, conveniently protected were prepared and bound to each other with -stereoselectivity, though two glycosylation methods: silver perchlorate/carbonate (classical reference promoter) and mercuric bromide (first used as a promoter for azidochloride donors). Glycoaminoacids building blocks obtained were coupled to a second residue, furnishing novel linear glycopeptides, which generated glicodiketopiperazines functionalized with -GalNAc, equally unpublished, upon deprotection/cyclization step. Intermediate -GalNAc-containing glycoaminoacids were deprotected and subjected to kinetic enzymatic assay on TcTS, showing expressive enzyme activity inhibition from 57% to 79%. The same compounds were assessed for cytotoxicity on tumoral cells, showing from 73% to 79% of death for Jurkat cells and about 30% for B16F10 cells. Biological results sugest that the prepared compounds of interest may act as TcTS enzyme inhibitors and selective cytotoxic agents on tumoral cells.

Mucinas são glicoproteínas altamente O-glicosiladas cuja principal característica estrutural é a presença de -GalNAc ligado aos resíduos hidroxilados de serina e treonina. Em alterações celulares malignas, esse núcleo é exposto como um antígeno carboidrato associado a tumor (Tn) e sua alta expressão em células cancerosas faz dele um alvo para o desenvolvimento de abordagens contra o câncer. Mucinas de Trypanosoma cruzi, agente etiológico da Doença de Chagas, apresentam -GlcNAc ligado à apoproteína, envolvido no processo de sialilação catalisado pela enzima fundamental trans-sialidase (TcTS) mediadora da invasão celular. Sendo o componente glicosídico do antígeno Tn um análogo estrutural e funcional de -GlcNAc, pode influenciar na atividade de TcTS, alvo terapêutico para a Doença de Chagas. Neste contexto, foram sintetizados glicopeptídeos lineares e cíclicos derivados de GalNAc mimetizando sua ocorrência em mucinas tumorais e parasitárias. Doadores e aceptores glicosídicos convenientemente protegidos foram preparados e ligados entre si com -estereosseletividade por dois métodos de glicosilação: perclorato/carbonato de prata (promotor clássico de referência) e brometo de mercúrio (promotor pela primeira vez utilizado para doadores glicosídicos do tipo azidocloreto). Os blocos de glicoaminoácidos obtidos foram acoplados a um segundo resíduo, formando glicodipeptídeos lineares inéditos, que originaram glicodicetopiperazinas funcionalizadas com -GalNAc, igualmente inéditas a literatura, mediante a etapa de desproteção/ciclização. Glicoaminoácidos intermediários contendo -GalNAc foram desprotegidos e submetidos a ensaios de cinética enzimática em TcTS, apresentando expressiva inibição de 57% a 79% da atividade da enzima. Os mesmos blocos foram avaliados quanto à citotoxicidade em células tumorais, apresentando entre 73% e 79% de morte celular na linhagem Jurkat e cerca de 30% na linhagem B16F10. Os resultados ensaios biológicos sugerem que os compostos de interesse preparados podem atuar como inibidores da enzima TcTS e agentes de citotoxicidade seletiva em células tumorais. / Mucins are heavily O-glycosylated glycoproteins which major feature being the presence of -GalNAc bound to hydroxylated protein residues of serine and threonine. In malignant cell transformation this core is exposed as a tumor associated carbohydrate antigen (Tn), and its high-level expression in cancer cells turns it into a target for developing anticancer approaches. Mucins from Trypanosoma cruzi, aetiologic agent of Chagas Disease, display -GlcNAc linking glycans to the apoprotein, involved in the sialilation process catalized by tran-sialidase enzyme (TcTS), essential cell invasion by the parasite. Being Tn antigen an structural and functional analogue of -GlcNAc, it may interfere on TcTS, a therapeutic target Chagas Disease. In this context, linear and cyclic glycopeptides containing GalNAc were synthesized, mimicking their natural occurrence in tumoral and parasite mucins. Glycosidic donors and acceptors, conveniently protected were prepared and bound to each other with -stereoselectivity, though two glycosylation methods: silver perchlorate/carbonate (classical reference promoter) and mercuric bromide (first used as a promoter for azidochloride donors). Glycoaminoacids building blocks obtained were coupled to a second residue, furnishing novel linear glycopeptides, which generated glicodiketopiperazines functionalized with -GalNAc, equally unpublished, upon deprotection/cyclization step. Intermediate -GalNAc-containing glycoaminoacids were deprotected and subjected to kinetic enzymatic assay on TcTS, showing expressive enzyme activity inhibition from 57% to 79%. The same compounds were assessed for cytotoxicity on tumoral cells, showing from 73% to 79% of death for Jurkat cells and about 30% for B16F10 cells. Biological results sugest that the prepared compounds of interest may act as TcTS enzyme inhibitors and selective cytotoxic agents on tumoral cells.

Η Σωματοστατίνη (SRIF) είναι μια ορμόνη του υποθαλάμου. Ραδιοεπισημασμένα ανάλογα της χρησιμοποιούνται στη σπινθηρογραφική απεικόνιση όγκων που υπερεκφράζουν υποδοχείς της (στοχευμένη διάγνωση). Μειονεκτήματα της στοχευμένης διάγνωσης είναι η υψηλή και παρατεταμένη εντόπιση της ακτινοβολίας στους νεφρούς και η πρόσληψη των ραδιοπεπτιδίων από όργανα μη στόχους. Στόχος της παρούσας διατριβής είναι η ανάπτυξη νέων αναλόγων της SRIF τα οποία να πληρούν τις απαραίτητες προϋποθέσεις ώστε να καταστούν νέα διαγνωστικά μέσα. Αναπτύχθηκαν 33 νέα συνθετικά παράγωγα της SRIF. Σε πρώτη φάση συνετέθησαν απλά ανάλογα της SRIF. Ακολούθησε αξιολόγηση και σε αυτά τα οποία παρουσίαζαν ικανοποιητική συμπεριφορά σε σχέση με την συγγένεια τους με τον υποδοχέα και την πολικότητα τους συζεύχθηκε τετρααμινικός υποκαταστάτης για σύμπλεξη ραδιομετάλλου. Συνετέθησαν επίσης διμερή ανάλογα της SRIF και γλυκοπεπτιδικά ανάλογα. Τα πεπτίδια συντέθηκαν εφαρμόζοντας τεχνικές της Fmoc/tBu μεθοδολογίας. Ο συνδυασμός των μεθόδων που εφαρμόστηκαν οδήγησε στη λήψη των επιθυμητών δομών σε υψηλές αποδόσεις και καθαρότητα. Από τα αποτελέσματα των μελετών ανταγωνιστικής δέσμευσης τα οποία έγιναν σε μεμβράνες κυττάρων AR4-2J, αποδείχτηκε ότι όλα τα ανάλογα διαθέτουν πολύ υψηλές τιμές IC50. Ικανοποιήθηκε επίσης η απαίτηση για αύξηση της πολικότητας τους. Τα νέα ανάλογα πληρούν καταρχήν τις απαραίτητες προϋποθέσεις ώστε να καταστούν υποψήφια νέα διαγνωστικά μέσα και να βρουν κλινική εφαρμογή. Αναμένεται τα τελικά ραδιοπεπτίδια να οδηγούν σε μειωμένη πρόσληψη της ακτινοβολίας από τα όργανα μη στόχους και να εμφανίζουν αυξημένη απέκκριση από τους νεφρούς. Από προκαταρτικά πειράματα βρέθηκε ότι τα πιο πάνω επετεύχθησαν. / Somatostatin is a hyrothalamic regulatory peptide hormone with a pan-antisecretory profile. A large variety of human tumors are expressing multple somatostatin receptors. Synthetic somatostatin analogues radiolabelled with a variety of metallic radionuclide’s are used for the diagnosis and staging of sstr positive tumors but there is the main problem of high accumulation of the radiopeptides on non target organs and the high renal uptake of the radioactivity which leads to nephrotoxicity. Aim of this study was the development of new SRIF analogues as candidate useful clinical tools for the diagnosis and staging of sstr positive tumors. There have been developed thirty three new SRIF analogues and a glycoaminoacid suitable for use in SPPS. First, new analogues of [Tyr3]Octreotate were developed and the best of them, these that satisfied the relation between polarity and binding affinity to the sstr2, were coupled with a tetraaminic chelator ligand for the future complexation of a radionuclide. In other approach peptide dimers were developed. New glycopeptides were also developed. All analogues were synthesized on the solid phase applying several techniques of Fmoc/tBu strategy in high yield and purity. The binding affinity of the new SRIF analogs was checked with experiments of competitive binding with membranic preparations of AR42J cells, positive on SRIF receptors. All the new analogues are able to bind the sstr2 with high affinities. The new analogues accomplish the pre-condition to become new and useful clinical tools after their radiolabelling in the field of peptide-receptor imaging. It is expected that the new molecules will be able to have increased renal excretion via the kidneys and low non target accumulation. From preliminary experiments was shown that the above were succeeded.