The purpose of this study was to utilize a multi-component intervention to increase confident water skills for three typically developing children, and to evaluate whether fearful behaviors decreased as the intervention progressed. The intervention, comprised of goal setting, self-monitoring, behavioral skills training and positive reinforcement, was used in community pools to teach basic water skills. Results suggest the intervention was successful in increasing confident water skills, while intervals with positive affect and fearful behaviors demonstrated variability.

Bakgrund: I Sverige är landstinget enligt hälso- och sjukvårdslagen skyldig att upprätta habiliteringsplaner över beslutade insatser för personer med funktionshinder. Planen är ett viktigt instrument inom habiliteringen för att möjliggöra en jämlik delaktig vård samt inflytande i behandling för personer med funktionshinder. Syftet och målen med insatserna ska framgå av planen, som tas fram i samverkan med personen med funktionshinder. Syfte: Syftet med undersökningen var att beskriva personalens uppfattningar och erfarenheter av arbetet med att upprätta och följa upp habiliteringsplaner samt hur habiliteringsplaner används i det dagliga arbetet med personer med funktionshinder. Metod: Designen är en beskrivande studie med en kvalitativ ansats. Totalt analyserades 16 intervjuer med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysen utmynnade i fyra kategorier och 14 subkategorier. Informanterna beskrev att det upplevdes som svårt att formulera mål och utvärderingsbara mål som var meningsfulla över tid. Det saknades kunskap om hur en aktuella habiliteringsplanen uppdaterades därför var många av de insatser som gjordes inom habiliteringen inte kopplad till befintlig habiliteringsplan. Formulär och mallar som var tillgängliga inom verksamheten var inte kliniskt praktiskt förankrade, vilket innebar att olika tillvägagångsätt tillämpades. Det saknades tydliga riktlinjer och rutiner för hur en upprättad habiliteringsplan skulle rapporteras till kollegor. Vid upprättande av habiliteringsplan behövde personalen tydliggöra arbetssättet med habiliteringsplaner för personen med funktionshinder och deras anhöriga. Delaktighet hos personen med funktionshinder beskrevs vara beroende av personens kognitiva förmåga, samt höra samman med om anhöriga förde talan för personen med funktionshinder. För att skapa förutsättningar för delaktighet använde personalen visuellt bildstöd vid behov. Att arbeta utifrån habiliteringsplaner gav struktur och tydlighet men var också en administrativ börda eftersom syftet med planen var oklart. Slutsats: Denna studie visade att det fanns flera svårigheter förknippade med att upprätta habiliteringsplaner. Det fanns identifierade behov av utveckling: tydliga riktlinjer för hur habiliteringsplaner ska uppdateras, att mallar och formulär blir kompatibla med varandra samt tydliga riktlinjer för överrapportering. Enligt intervjumaterialet upplevde informanterna att habiliteringsplan var grundförutsättning för att personalen skulle kunna utföra sitt arbete. Att få habiliteringsplaner fullt verksamma i det dagliga arbetet på habiliteringen är en utmaning som kvarstår. / Background: The Swedish County Council is under the Health Care Act required to establish habilitation plans regarding decided interventions for people with disabilities. This plan is an important implement in habilitation services in order to ensure equitable care, participation and influence in the treatment of people with disabilities.  The purpose and goals of the intervention are documented in the plan, which is created together with the person with a disability. Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe the professional’s perceptions and experiences of working with, establishing and evaluating habilitation plans. In short, the purpose was to study how habilitation plans are used in the daily work with people with disabilities. Method: This is a descriptive qualitative interview study where a total of 16 interviews were analyzed by qualitative content analysis. Results: The analysis yielded four categories containing a total of 14 subcategories: the informants experiences difficulties in goal setting, setting goals that could be evaluated and meaningful during time. The study shows that due to lack of knowledge about how a habilitation plan could be updated, many of the efforts were not connected to the existing habilitation plan. Forms and templates that were available were not clinically anchored, meaning that different approaches were applied. The results also show a lack of clear guidelines and procedures about how a habilitation plan should be reported to colleagues. In the habilitation process the professional needed to clarify the working process with the habilitation plans for the person with disabilities and their relatives.  The participation for the person with disabilities was described to confound with the person cognitive ability and relatives impact. To create conditions for participation, the professional used image support when needed. The work from the habilitation plan gave structure and clarity but was also an administrative burden because the purpose of the plan was unclear. Conclusion: This study shows that there are difficulties in the process of developing habilitation plans and difficulties in making the habilitation plan an effective instrument in the daily work. Several areas in need of development were identified: clear guidelines on how to update habilitation plans, templates and forms should be compatible with each other and clear guidelines for reporting the plan to colleagues. Also, involving habilitation plans in the daily work is a challenge that remains to be met.

Abstract: Large amounts of research have been performed regarding goal-setting and leadership and its effect on organizational performance. However, in school settings, the amount of performed research about leadership performance in relation to goal-setting is limited. The aim of the study was, therefore, to analyze specificity of locally-created goals and the principal’s performance-affecting behaviors during meetings, especially in relation to set goals. Based on Komaki’s research on managerial behavior structured observation was used to analyze the principal’s actions while leading meetings. Adding to the observations Locke & Latham’s Goal-Setting Theory was used to perform a content analysis investigating the specificity of written goals. In total, 56 goals from seven schools in a large county/municipality in Sweden were analyzed. In total, 1,235 minutes of a principal leading their staff during meetings were recorded and analyzed. A majority of the goals written in the schools’ work-plans lacked specificity. This study found that principals talked about their goals while leading their staff at meetings, and they changed their behavior towards a more performance-affecting management style while doing so.

This study attempted to discover perceptions held by public relations counsels and corporate attorneys regarding their professional relationship and whether demographics help determined perceptions. A Q-Sort mail survey asked participants to rank 52 statements. Statements were classified into six subject areas: day-to-day and corporate policy, crisis situations, communications, management, perceptions, and orientation. Five demographic questions were asked. A total of 148 surveys were mailed; 62 (41.9 percent) were returned.Q-Sort rankings, when subjected to factor analysis (Quanal), typed people with similar or dissimilar views. Quanal produced two types--Team Players and Communicators. Team Players were positive about their perception of each other, management, and communications. Communicators felt more strongly about crisis situations and day-to-day activities, especially deadlines.This study found a positive professional relationship between the two groups. Satisfaction with the relationship was indicated. Roles in the corporation were understood. Demographics did not influence perceptions in this study. / Department of Speech Communication

The objective of this study was to examine goal-setting, perceived competence, goal orientation and psychological well-being in Swedish male football players. Further it was investigated if junior players differed when compared with senior players regarding the subjects mentioned above. This was a quantitative study using the following four instruments: Goal Setting in Sport Questionnaire, Harter’s Competence Scale, Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire and General Health Questionnaire. The participants consisted of 121 male subjects who played in junior or senior teams. Achievement goal theory and a working model made by the authors based on previous research represented the theoretical framework. One-way ANOVA was used to examine differences between juniors and seniors. Pearson’s correlation test was used to examine relationships between all the variables. The results indicated that the juniors had significantly higher ego orientation when compared to the seniors. Significant differences also emerged in the importance of competence, negative selfconfidence and anxiety, where the juniors showed higher results in all. Finally, significant correlations were demonstrated between goal setting and perceived competence, task orientation and goal setting, task and positive well-being, ego and perceived competence, perceived competence and positive well-being and anxiety and negative self-confidence in both juniors and seniors. The results were discussed in relation to the working model, the theoretical framework and earlier research.

Thesis (M.S.)--Miami University, Dept. of Kinesiology and Health, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 214-234)

abstract: Multiple health-related benefits have been associated with adherence to plant-based diets, including vegan, vegetarian, and pescatarian dietary patterns. Despite a consistent body of evidence on the importance of healthy diets, Americans continue to find difficulty in establishing and adhering to dietary goals that could elicit long-term health benefits. Recent research suggests an important role for goal-setting strategies in health behavior change attempts, with some success shown in dietary behavior change, specifically. The current study thus aimed to explore whether having multiple goals alongside one primary goal of following a vegetarian, vegan, or pescatarian diet would increase the achievability of that goal. Participants of this study were broken into two groups: currently following a plant-based diet (ADHERE) and striving to follow a plant-based diet (STRIVE). Researchers hypothesized that the number of health and/or diet related alternative goals set by participants would differ between the two groups, that the ADHERE group would report that their alternative goals were more helpful and less interfering in achieving their dietary goal than the STRIVE group, and that a higher rank of importance of the dietary goal would predict being in the ADHERE group. Results showed that the number of health and/or diet related alternative goals did not differ between groups. The ADHERE group and STRIVE group did not have significantly different helpfulness and interference reports. Although, in an exploratory analysis, it was shown that those participants who reported at least 2 health/diet related alternative goals found those goals to be significantly more helpful than those who reported 0 or 1 health/diet goal. Results showed that rank of dietary goal did not predict group assignment. Overall, the results from this study showed that the type of alternative goal was very important when pursuit of multiple goals was in effect. Type of alternative goal seemed to be a higher predictor of the perceived helpfulness of the alternative goals than previous achievement of goals. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Nutrition 2018

O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar a mútua relação entre percepção de competência e aprendizagem motora. Para isso, 60 indivíduos entre 18 e 35 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos, inexperientes na habilidade forehand open space do tênis de campo foram divididos em três grupos de acordo com o preenchimento do questionário PSPP de percepção de competência: (1) alta percepção, (2) média percepção e (3) baixa percepção. Ainda, cada grupo foi subdividido de acordo com a possibilidade de controlar ou não uma determinada variável que afeta a aprendizagem motora, o estabelecimento de meta. Desta forma, os três grupos foram subdivididos em grupo escolha (auto-estabelecimento de meta) e grupo espelho (meta estabelecida pelo instrutor). A tarefa consistiu no forehand do tênis de campo com o objetivo de acertar um alvo redondo posicionado na quadra adversária. Foram três blocos de 20 tentativas durante três dias de aquisição e um teste de transferência, alterando a velocidade da bolinha, aplicado 10 minutos após o último bloco de tentativas da fase de aquisição. Os indivíduos preencheram o PSPP, todos os dias antes da prática e, no último dia antes e após a prática. Os resultados mostraram que a percepção de competência influenciou a aprendizagem motora de maneira que, indivíduos com alta percepção de competência aprenderam melhor que indivíduos de baixa percepção de competência. E, que o inverso não ocorreu, isto é, a aprendizagem motora não afetou a percepção de competência. Além disso, verificou-se que os grupos espelho obtiveram melhores desempenhos e superiores percepções de competência quando comparados aos grupos escolha / The aim of this study was to verify the mutual relationship between perceived competence and motor learning. For this purpose, 60 individuals between 18 and 35 years of age, of both sexes, inexperienced in the forehand open space skill of the tennis were divided into three groups according to the questionnaire PSPP of perceived competence: (1) high perception, (2) average perception and (3) low perception. Still, each group was subdivided by considering the possibility to control or not a particular variable that affects motor learning, the goal setting. Thus, they were divided into choice group (target of self-establishment) and yoked group (target set by the instructor). The task consisted in the forehand of the tennis field in order to hit a target positioned round the opponent\'s court. There were three blocks of 20 trials over three days of acquisition and a transfer test by changing the speed of the ball. This test was applied 10 minutes after the last block of trials of the acquisition phase. The participants answered the PSPP every day before the practice, and on the last day before and after practice. Results showed that the perception of competence influenced the motor learning so that individuals with high level of perceived competence learned better than those individuals with low levels of perceived competence. And, the inverse did not occur, i.e., motor learning did not affect the perception of competence. Furthermore, it was found that the yoked groups had better performances and higher levels of perceptions when compared to choice groups

Denna studie handlar om målkonflikter och har haft som syfte att ta reda på hur målkonflikter hanteras grundskolor. Vi har använt oss utav en kvalitativ metod där vi har gjort intervjuer med två skolchefer och tre rektorer inom skolverksamheten. Vi har använt oss av två teorier, vilka är agentteorin och målsättningsteorin. Den första teorin som vi har använt oss av var agentteorin som menar att agenten handlar i egenintresse. Den andra teorin vi använde var målsättningsteorin som handlar om att undersöka individernas motivation till att uppnå de uppsatta målen samt vad som gör att målen uppnås. Tidigare forskning menar att individer kan uppleva att det uppstått en målkonflikt på olika sätt. Det beror på hur den enskilda individen känner kring de uppsatta målen för verksamheten, men forskningen tyder även på att om målen inte är självbestämmande upplevs en målkonflikt. Tidigare forskning har visat att en konflikt kan hanteras genom att tvinga, integrera, kompromissa, påverka och omvandla. Vi har i denna studie kommit fram till att konflikterna hanteras genom att kompromissa. Vi har även i vår analys kommit fram till att målkonflikter hanteras genom dialog, öppet klimat och delaktighet. En målkonflikt mellan budget- och kvalitetsmål hanteras genom att kvalitetsmålen prioriteras högst då alla elever på en grundskola ska ha rätt till utbildning samt ska kunna klara av sina studier. En målkonflikt mellan individuella- och verksamhetsmål hanteras genom att verksamhetsmålen prioriteras högst då de personliga målen oftast är desamma som verksamhetsmålen. En målkonflikt mellan mål och motivation hanteras genom att alla i skolverksamheten är delaktiga. / This study wants to get a deeper comprehension and knowledge about goal conflicts. The aim of our study was to research how goal conflicts are managed in elementary schools. We used a qualitative approach as a method and we decided to interview three principals and two chiefs in school sector. We have used two theories, which are agency theory and goal-setting theory. The first theory that we have used was the agency theory, which means that the agent is acting in his own interest. The second theory we used was the goal-setting theory, which investigate the motivation of individuals to achieve the goals that are set. Previous research indicates that individuals can experience that a goal conflict has occurred in different ways. It depends on how the individual feel about the goals that are set, but the research also indicates that if the goals aren't self-determination it often feels like a goal conflict. Previous research have shown that a conflict is managed by forcing, integrate, compromise, affect and convert. We have, in this study, showed that goal conflicts are managed by compromise. We have also showed in our analysis that goal conflicts are managed by dialogue, open climate and participation. Our conclusion in this study showed that goal conflicts are managed in the same way in both private- and public elementary schools. A goal conflict between budget and quality are managed the way that quality priorities higher than budget because all students in an elementary school are entitled to education and to be able to complete their studies. A goal conflict between individual- and operational goals are managed the way that the operational goals priorities higher than the individual goals. A goal conflict between goal and motivation are managed the way that everyone in school participate.