Thesis (M.S.)--University of Delaware, 2005. / Principal faculty advisor: Gregory D. Binford, Dept. of Plant & Soil Sciences. Includes bibliographical references.

Golf courses can expand hundreds of acres, making scouting for both pests and beneficial insect populations a time-consuming task. Scouting for insects is labor-intensive, potentially damaging, but is an integral part of an integrated pest and pollinator management (IPPM) plan. Virginia golf courses are currently using remote sensing and light reflectance to detect non-insect pests in turfgrass. This thesis aims to develop remote sensing and light reflectance methods to aid in a turfgrass IPPM plan, to document the phenology of ABW weevil (Listronotus maculicollis Kirby, Coleoptera: Curculionidae, ABW), and to catalogue pollinator-friendly out-of-play areas. Light reflectance, the measurement of the amount of light reflected, of plants can be used as a proxy for the health of a plant. The light reflectance of turfgrass affected by ABW stress and plants in the out-of-play areas of golf courses was collected proximally and remotely, using a backpack spectrometer and an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), respectively. Mathematical light reflectance indices were applied and compared to insect populations in both areas to determine the correlation. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), which uses red and near-infrared wavelengths to indicate stress, was found to highlight ABW stressed turfgrass. The Structure Intensive Vegetation Pigment Index (SIPI), which uses red and green wavelengths to highlight flowering plants, was found to highlight potential pollinator- friendly habitats in out-of-play areas. When applied to flights, NDVI could help in the targeted application of insecticides to combat the annual bluegrass weevil, therefore reducing their presence in the environment. The use of SIPI could highlight potential pollinator friendly habitats and therefore assist superintendents in the development of their IPPM plan. / Master of Science in Life Sciences / Scouting, such as completing visual monitoring or taking soil core samples, is an important part in the development of an integrated pest and pollinator management (IPPM) plan for Virginia golf courses; an IPPM plan focuses on control of a pest, while considering the needs of pollinators. The size of golf courses makes scouting for insect pests and beneficial insects a time-consuming task. Golf courses are currently using remote sensing, the use of drones in combination with other technology, to scout for other pests or disease. Light reflectance, the measurement of the amount of light reflected, is often used in combination with remote sensing as a proxy for the health of plants. This thesis developed remote sensing and light reflectance techniques not only to detect a common turfgrass pest, the annual bluegrass weevil (Listronotus maculicollis Kirby, Coleoptera: Curculionidae, ABW), but to also predict the presence of potential pollinator habitats in the out-of-play areas of Virginia golf courses. Instruments such as a spectrometer and a drone were used to collect light reflectance at the ground level and aerially, respectively. Ground data was collected through soap water flushes to detect adult ABW, and visual monitoring of potentially pollinating bees, beetles, butterflies, and flies. The light reflectance and ground data were compared using mathematical indices to determine if there was a relationship between the presence of insects and a particular index. Indices could be applied to drone flights that golf course superintendents are already performing, and they can use this information to highlight potential areas of insect presence. This will help them to take care not to apply insecticides in areas with pollinators or to only apply necessary insecticides where there is likely a presence of ABW. This will reduce the labor, other costs, and the environmental impact of insecticides.

“Greening Golf” explores how and why many golfers and tourists have come to see Pinehurst, and thousands of courses like it, as naturally-occurring landscapes and to what degree they should. It examines the tightly bound environmental and cultural history of the Sandhills to explain both the rise of the resort within a very particular environmental context in the post-Civil War rural South, and the surprising ways that golf came to have intense influence over it. Rather than viewing the growth of the sport as the result of cultural and environmental changes in American history, this dissertation treats golf as a historical force of its own. It has shaped individuals like golfers, caddies, and tourists, groups like country clubs, labor organizations, and political parties, and broad entities like economies, agriculture, and ecology. Golf as a force molded every input needed to create the physical space where it was played. Golf not only shaped the golf course but those who constructed it, maintained it, and enjoyed it. It simultaneously normalized and mystified the environment, especially at Pinehurst. Golf imposed new ideas about how landscapes should look, yet, obscured their making. Golf insisted that a course should be wherever its owner decided to build it and disassociated the intensive agricultural practices needed to maintain it. This process of shaping, imposing, and obscuring transformed the Sandhills landscape and its occupants. In the process, golf naturalized grass, the golf course, and Pinehurst in the North Carolina Sandhills.

Reprinted 1994.

Magistro darbe tiriama azotinių medžiagų dinamikos dėsningumai skirtingo amžiaus ir priežiūros sąlygų golfo laukų dirvožemiuose. Darbo objektas – seniai naudojamo ir naujai įrengto golfo laukų dirvožemiai. 2009-2010 m. laikotarpyje senojo golfo lauko (16 ha) dirvožemiams tręšti sunaudota 3303,2 kg ha-1, o naujojo golfo lauko (140 ha) dirvožemiams – 5006 kg ha-1 trąšų, t.y. 1,5 karto daugiau. Darbo rezultatai. Atlikus tyrimą nustatyta, kad vidutiniai suminiai (Nb) ir mineralinio azoto (Nmin) kiekiai tirtuose senojo ir naujojo golfo laukų dirvožemiuose buvo 2-2,6 karto didesni nei vidutiniškai Lietuvos dirvožemiuose ir kito nuo 0,11 % naujojo iki 0,19 % senojo golfo laukų dirvožemiuose. Nmin senojo golfo lauko dirvožemyje vidutiniškai sudarė 17,98 mg kg-1 arba 0,94 % bendrojo N kiekio (Nb+Nmin), o naujojo golfo lauko dirvožemyje – 13,58 mg kg-1 arba 1,22 % Nb+Nmin. Amonio azoto (NH4-N) senojo golfo lauko dirvožemyje nustatyta vidutiniškai 1,69 ± 0,91 mg kg-1 arba 9,4 % Nmin. Naujojo golfo lauko dirvožemyje NH4-N sudarė 8,5 % Nmin ir buvo statistiškai reikšmingai (p<0,05) mažiau negu senojo golfo lauko. Nitritų azotas (NO2-N) sudarė 1,91 % Nmin naujojo golfo lauko dirvožemyje ir 2,11 % senojo golfo lauko dirvožemyje (skirtumai nereikšmingi, p>0,05). Nitratų azoto (NO3-N) senojo golfo lauko dirvožemyje nustatyta 88,5 % Nmin, o naujojo golfo lauko dirvožemyje – 89,6 % Nmin , tačiau DLK (130 mg kg-1 pagal NO) neviršijo. Priklausomai nuo vegetacijos sezoniškumo senojo golfo lauko... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Dynamics of nitrogen substances in soil of golf courses of various age and management conditions are investigated in the Master’s Thesis. Object of the work – soils of long-used and newly installed golf courses. In the year 2009-2010 3303.2 kg ha-1 of fertilizers were used to fertilize the soils of the old golf course (16 ha) and 5006 kg ha-1 of fertilizers were used for the soils of the new golf course (140 ha). Results of the work. The research disclosed that total (Nb) and mineral nitrogen (Nmin) contents in the soils of investigated old and new golf courses were 2-2,6 times more than mean Lithuanian soil Nb contents and varied in the range 0.11-0.19% . The Nmin content in the soil of the old golf course was 17.98 mg kg-1 or 0.94% of the total amount of N (Nb + Nmin), while the amount in the soil of the new golf course was 13.58 mg kg-1 or 1.22% Nb+Nmin. The mean amount of ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) in the soil of the old golf course was 1.69 ± 0.91 mg kg-1 or 9.4%. NH4-N constituted 8.5% of the Nmin in the new golf course, and it was significantly less (p<0.05) than in the old one. The amount of nitrite nitrogen (NO2-N) constituted 1.91% of Nmin in the soil of the new golf course and 2.11% in the old golf course, but difference insignificant (p>0.05). Amount of nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) in the soil of the old golf course constituted 88.5% of Nmin, and in the new golf course – 89.6%of Nmin, but it did not exceed the MPC (130 mg kg-1 according to NO) (HN 60:2004)... [to full text]

Submitted by SAMARA AZEVEDO DE OLIVEIRA null (samaranematologia@gmail.com) on 2016-01-26T15:36:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira, S.A. Dissertação._pdf: 2425906 bytes, checksum: e8dd0c0a0c5a8d3577dc7b76b4e8f071 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-01-28T17:15:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_sa_me_bot.pdf: 2425906 bytes, checksum: e8dd0c0a0c5a8d3577dc7b76b4e8f071 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-28T17:16:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_sa_me_bot.pdf: 2425906 bytes, checksum: e8dd0c0a0c5a8d3577dc7b76b4e8f071 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O cultivo de gramas no Brasil está em expansão. O maior mercado consumidor de gramados é a indústria do esporte, principalmente campos de futebol e golfe. A qualidade do gramado nessas áreas esportivas é fundamental, principalmente quando se trata de campos de golfe, nos quais, qualquer imperfeição pode prejudicar o resultado do jogo. Os nematoides parasitos de plantas do gênero Meloidogyne, também conhecidos como nematoides formadores de galhas, são considerados os de maior importância econômica devido à intensidade dos danos que causam às plantas cultivadas. As principais espécies associadas às gramas em campos de golfe são M. graminicola, M. graminis, M. marylandi, M. naasi, M. minor e M. sasseri. No Brasil, a ocorrência de espécies de Meloidogyne associadas a gramas restringe-se aos relatos de Meloidogyne sp. em raízes de grama esmeralda (Zoysia japonica) no Estado do Paraná e M. graminicola em raízes de arroz irrigado no Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina. No ano de 2006, a espécie M. graminis foi detectada pela primeira vez na América do Sul, parasitando raízes de grama Tifdwarf bermuda em campo de golfe na Venezuela. Até o momento esta espécie ainda não foi relatada no Brasil. Assim, o objetivo foi identificar o nematoide das galhas encontrado parasitando raízes de gramas de campos de golfe no Estado de São Paulo. Visando a correta diagnose dessa espécie, foram realizados estudos detalhados englobando o conceito de taxonomia integrativa, que incluiu estudos de morfologia, morfometria, biologia, estudos bioquímicos, moleculares e filogenéticos. Todas as análises realizadas confirmaram que a espécie presente nos campos de golfe das cidades de Araras e São Paulo - SP trata-se de M. graminis, que caracteriza o primeiro relato desta espécie no Brasil. / Currently, the grasses growing in Brazil is expanding. The biggest consumer market for lawns is the industry of sports, especially football and golf courses. The quality of the lawn in these sports areas is crucial, especially when it comes to golf courses, where any imperfection can prejudice the outcome of the game. The nematode parasites of plants of the genus Meloidogyne, also known the root-knot nematodes, are considered the most economically important because of the intensity of the damage they cause to crops. The main species associated with grasses on golf courses are M. graminicola, M. graminis, M. marylandi, M. naasi, M. minor and M.sasseri. In Brazil Meloidogyne sp. has been reported in esmerald grass roots (Zoysia japonica) in the State of Paraná. The species M. graminicola was detected in rice roots in Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. In 2006 the species M. graminis, was first detected in South America parasitizing grass roots Tifdwarf shorts on golf course in Venezuela. So far this species has not been reported in Brazil. The objective of this project is to identify the root-knot nematodes found parasitizing roots of grasses of golf courses in the state of Sao Paulo. For this were carried out detailed studies of integrative taxonomy, including morphological and morphometric studies, biology, biochemical, molecular and phylogenetic. All analyzes have confirmed that the species in golf courses in São Paulo state is M. graminis, that characterized the first report of the species in Brazil.

The degree work leads off from theoretical terms, profile of czech golf tourism, treats of current situation of incoming golfers and institutions supporting the growth of czech golf tourism in the first chapter. In the second chapter, there is an analysis of the potencial, all of the golf courses in Czech republic are mentioned. The comparison of golf courses and evaluation of the potencial are in the last, third, chapter.

Title: Golf trends in the Czech republic and in the world- their comparison with the situation and operating of the Golf Resort Karlštejn Leader: Doc. RNDr. Bohumír Štědroň, CSc. Goals: The aim of the diploma thesis is to critically analyse the golf surrounding in the Czech republic and generally in the world. Further goal of this thesis is to analyse the work of a specific czech golf club the Golf Resort Karlštejn, especially is going to be aimed at it`s marketing. The conclusions are going to be mainly made out of the secondary dates. The acquired information will be consequently used for outlinig of recommendations for the golf area generally and formerly mentioned golf resort. Methods: Quantitative method in the form of golf trends analyses and qualitative methods in the form of personal survey and interwiev Results: The golf surrounding is in a dechne currently, neverthelles the czech golf member base, in the contrary to the worlds one, is still growing. However, the increase of golfers is still smaller. The strongest mutual trend is the unequal number of men, women and juniors beeing registered in the golf member base. According to the analyses of the czech and world golf trends it was made a comparison with the situation of Golf Resort Karlštejn. Almost all negative tendencies were confirmed...

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Juday Creek, in St. Joseph County, Indiana, has been designated a salmonid stream due to its reproducing population of brown trout (Salmo trutta). Increasing development in the watershed in recent years has been accompanied by deterioration of the stream habitat. The purpose of this project is to analyze a proposed golf course project and develop a set of recommendations for best management practices (BMP's) which will mitigate the effects of the golf course on the trout habitat of Juday Creek.Site features were inventoried, and the design program was formulated to include aesthetics, playability, impact to fisheries and wildlife, and groundwater quality. Current stormwater best management practices were assessed for their applicability to this project. Additionally, cultural best management practices currently utilized in the golf course industry were reviewed. BMP recommendations include: 1. Use of temporary erosion control practices during construction to avoid sedimentation of the stream.2. Use of Integrated Pest Management including selection of low maintenance grass species.3. Use of vegetated swales to filter and divert golf course runoff to out-of-play areas for further filtering.4. Use of vegetated storm filter/infiltration/wetland retention areas as stormwater filters in out- of-play areas.5. Supplemental tree planting along the stream corridor to provide additional shading of the stream.6. Restoration of structure such as logs, boulders, and cobble in the stream to improve fish habitat. / Department of Landscape Architecture