Based upon the view that changes in institutional environment have an effect on transaction attributes, which will make anew the choice of economic organization, the purpose of the thesis is to explain the organization development and structure change of Mainland China's non-state-owned enterprises. It tries to modify O. E. Williamson's theory of governance structure in order to theorize China's economy more suitably. More importantly, the thesis describes a specific dimension of transaction ¡Ðthe need for "political reliance" in the transitional economy, with which we supplement and/or on substitute Williamson's (1999) concept of "probity". We find out that the need for political reliance in stead of probity, is the key to understanding why and which kind of governance mechanism is more "efficient" in managing transaction in Mainland China's non-state-owned section. The theory we establish is applied to explaining the organization development and structure change of Mainland China's non-state-owned interprises, which have experienced different need of political reliance in different stages of China's economic reform. Especially suitable for the theory to explain is about the surge and fall of the unique form of organization, i.e. the so-called "Gua-kau"(±¾¾a) enterprises. The thesis also predicts the tendency of structure change in Mainland China's non-state-owned seitor by using the same theory.

Yes / This paper investigates whether shareholder value is affected by non-compliance with the prescriptions of a principle-based ‘comply or explain’ sys-tem of corporate governance in the context of the global financial crisis of2007–2009. Using System Generalized Method of Moments estimates to controlfor different types of endogeneity, the main findings of this paper suggest thatnon-compliance with the UK Corporate Governance Code adversely affectsshareholder value. Furthermore, ex-post estimates reveal that compliance withcertain corporate governance mechanisms is more beneficial than others. Withregard to this, compliance with provisions related to board independence ismore important than complying with performance-related pay requirements ofthe code. These findings have implications for policy makers and financialinstitutions regarding the usefulness of compliance with a prescribed code ofcorporate governance, specifically during periods of financial distress.

This research investigates the relationship between supplier capabilities, inter-firm governance and buyer-supplier collaboration. The research focuses on three functional capabilities (Research and Development (R&D), Production and Support services capability), two governance mechanisms (Contractual and Relational governance) and three types of buyer-supplier collaboration (Information sharing, Collaborative product/service development and Collaborative problem solving). A theoretical framework is developed which first examines the multiple mediation effect of contractual and relational governance on the relationship between capability and collaboration type, and second, explores the relative strength of the indirect effect through contractual and relational governance. Survey based research methodology is used to empirically test the hypotheses in this research. Data are collected from a total of 120 SMEs in the UK aerospace industry. Bootstrapping based techniques are used to analyse the data and to examine the proposed relationship between capability, governance and collaboration. The empirical findings indicate that although both contractual and relational governance are important in order to link the supplier capability with collaboration, the individual effect of contractual and relational governance varies in different combinations of capabilities and collaboration types. The potential contribution of this research is twofold: first, in terms of academic contribution, this study combines the arguments of Resource Based View and Transaction Cost Economics to provide a holistic view in explaining the interrelation between capability, governance and buyer-supplier collaboration; Second, in terms of practical contribution, this study improves the understanding of practitioners in both buying and supplying firm regarding the alignment of interfirm exchange processes with capabilities to achieve better performance in collaboration.

This paper investigates governance mechanisms in international technology alliances (ITAs), firm-level innovation capabilities, and performance outcomes in the mobile computing market. This high-tech market is characterized by numerous cross-border strategic technology collaborations between hardware (HW) and software (SW) firms. Anchoring this work in the relational view, transaction cost economics, and the resource-based view, I develop a model and empirically test and validate relationships related to behavioral ITA governance mechanisms, innovation capabilities, and business performance. In the international cross-industry context, the findings explain to what extent complementary technology resources, through a relational governance mechanism, contribute to the innovation capabilities and superior business performance of high-tech firms, providing a competitive advantage. The data which is analyzed using partial least squares (PLS) path modeling, indicates technological commitment is a factor in expediting technology resource exchange in ITAs between HW and SW firms. The findings also show that the multi-dimensional business performance of firms is only influenced by market development capability, and not new product development capability in product innovation. The results are consistent, regardless of controlling for firm size, industry type, partner-specific experience, and alliance duration in the model. Thus, this research offers insights into how heterogeneous HW and SW high-tech firms in the emerging high-velocity market benefit from a relational governance mechanism in ITAs, thereby establishing competitive advantage through firm-level innovation capabilities. It also explains the relationships between firm-level product innovation mechanisms and business performance. Furthermore, this research provides evidence of the methodological usefulness of PLS path modeling in explaining new phenomena in international business, strategic management, and innovation fields.

國家原係為鞏固人民生命、身體、財產安全而存在，後為防止行政權力過度擴張，避免侵害人民權益，故有權力分立考量。在權力分立下，良善調查權往往是有效節制行政濫權、防止行政弊端的主要設計，本文以為立法院與監察院的調查權，正好扮演制衡及防弊的角色。此外，本文由治理觀點出發，主張調查權應與時俱進，隨著經濟發展，人民著重高階需求，調查權的核心價值，亦應由傳統的管制力朝向市場力及自律力為主要目的。是以，國會應結合調查權與代替人民參與政治之角色，讓調查權發揮市場監督功效，並順應多數民意需要；監察院的調查權，更應轉為積極保障人權的角色，甚至轉型為人權保障機關，以發揮積極保障人民權益功能。 本文共計六章，第一章緒論說明研究動機、目的、範圍、研究方法與限制。第二章界定調查權的內涵，由國家的存在導引出調查權的起源與目的，並將調查權劃分為制衡型調查權及防弊型調查權兩種，比較分析此二種調查權及各國作法。第三章說明我國調查權的憲政設計，包括立法院及監察院調查權，同時由歷次相關大法官解釋，說明權力分立下外部調查權爭議。第四章介紹各種治理理論，並綜整三種治理機制。第五章結合調查權與治理機制，探究調查權應予轉型，以符合人民需求。第六章提出本文的結論與建議。 本文並不涉入長久以來之三權或五權之爭，而以客觀中立的學術探討，試圖由國家成立的源頭探究調查權存在的意義與內涵，經由理論探討及比較各國作法，強調如何讓立法院及監察院的調查權發揮應有功能，降低管制成本，並達到提升政府效能、保障人民權益之最終目的。 / The purpose of a country is to strengthen and secure people’s life, body and property. However, to prevent people from abuse of the government, most country divided the government power into different section. The investigation power is therefore designed for restricting abuse of power and avoiding malpractice of the government. This research proposed that the investigation powers of the Legislative Yuan and the Control Yuan may each achieve the goal of preventing abuse and malpractice. In addition, this research introduced governance mechanism and stressed that the position of the investigation power shall transform from ruled by order and regulation into ruled by market and self compliance. The Legislative Yuan shall act for the people to monitor the conduct of the Executive Yuan, and the Control Yuan shall take more aggressive role to protect human rights. There are six chapters in this dissertation. Chapter 1 included motivation, purpose, scope, methodology and restrictions of the research. Chapter 2 defined investigation power to the government and divided this power into check and balance power and anti-fraud power. Chapter 3 explained the investigation power to the government in our country and introduced the operation of this power in the Legislative Yuan and the Control Yuan. Chapter 4 illustrated the theory of governance and concluded three pillars of government governance: ruled by order and regulation, ruled by market and self compliance. Chapter 5 integrated investigation power and governance mechanism and discussed the transformation of the investigation power. Chapter 6 described the conclusion and suggestion of the research. Regardless the argument of three or five power, this research discussed the context of the investigation power from the point of the existence of the country. After analyzing related theory and practices in different countries, this research focused on the way to strengthen the function of investigation power in the Legislative Yuan and the Control Yuan and suggested the aim to enhance government’s effectiveness and protect human’s rights.

Abstract  Background: Emerging economies, with all their positives and negatives, needs different actors to come together and play their part in order to achieve the economic growth. The concept of growth is inseparably linked to public and private sector, where a MC is formed with a distinctive fusion of private and political actors. However, the governance strategies for MCs in EE are quite different to governance mechanisms in developed economies, including the digital governance. Having said that, every digital implementation process, in the end, will be effected, not only by the political actors but also by the individual managers, CEO and boards, that are part of the governance mechanism. Purpose:      The purpose of this paper is to explore how governance mechanisms are shaped by different factors in a MC of EE, which eventually either impede of enable the process of implementation of digital strategies. Method: To get in-depth understanding of the research phenomenon, an exploratory design, qualitative study was carried out. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to gather empirical data, which included 3 directors and 3 board members from two different MCs of Pakistan. The respondents were chosen through non-probability sampling method. An abductive research approach facilitated in determining a deeper understanding between gathered empirical insights and  available literature on governance mechanisms of MC. Conclusion:  As a result, some internal and external factors were identified that shaped the governance mechanism of a MC. The internal factor included, political affiliations, accountability and digital awareness of individuals. While external factors included political interference, corruption, and digital readiness of public to adapt to digital strategies. More the disablers in the process, poorer the digital strategy implementation process which resulted in poorer and fewer digital services provided to the public of that MC.

The food industry is one of the main drivers of climate change, with serious impacts on the living and working conditions in developing countries. Due to these sustainability issues, consumers, governments, and non-governmental organizations are pressuring food companies to rethink their current business concepts of food production. Food companies rely on supply chain governance and its mechanisms to implement sustainability standards across all tiers of their supply chains. This study examines the sustainability governance at all stages of a cocoa supply chain, from the raw material production to the retailer, by using a qualitative case study approach. The results show a differentiation of the sustainability governance according to the different supply chain stages. At the raw material production stage, sustainability is mainly improved using contracts, extensive and frequent knowledge sharing, and audits. After the raw material production stage, environmental and social sustainability is almost exclusively coordinated by certificates, while other governance mechanisms are used to foster long-term economic business relationships. This study gives detailed insights into the application intentions and the functioning of sustainability governance mechanisms and provides propositions on how to efficiently improve sustainability in food supply chains.