Governing documents for the schools are politically produced documents which constitute instructions from the government for how teaching in the school should be conducted. The purpose of this essay has been to investigate how, why and to what degree teaching plans and curriculum and course plans in the subject of history for the compulsory school came to influence the factual content of history textbooks and historiography during the 20th century. To answer this purpose, a qualitative text analysis of four governing documents and six textbooks, as well as a quantitative content analysis of the textbooks, has been carried out. The focus of the analysis has been defined by selecting a theme, "The Middle Ages". Furthermore, a theory based on Jörn Rüsen's four levels of historical awareness has been applied to the results of the analysis of the governing documents, this to provide a better insight into how and why the governing documents came to influence history textbooks during the 20th century. The results of the survey showed that the instructions of the governing documents affected the content of the textbooks, the exception being a textbook published in 1929 which turned out to be a textual copy of an earlier edition. The teaching plan from 1955 was the guiding document in the survey that most clearly, or in the highest degree, influenced the textbooks. Furthermore, the results have shown that the history writing and factual content in the textbooks have changed over time in accordance with the instructions of the governing documents and the currently prevailing level of history awareness.

Samhället försöker ställa om från en linjär ekonomi, som varit normen, till en cirkulär ekonomi (CE): en ekonomi som genomsyras av att förlänga produkters livslängd, konsumera mindre och ta tillvara på de ändliga naturresurser som finns kvar. Avfall är något som inte ska ses som avfall, men som resurs i det cirkulära. Till hjälp finns styrdokument, lagstiftning och verktyg att ta del av, på internationell, nationell och lokal nivå, ett av dem är EUs avfallshierarki. I fallstudien undersöks hur medarbetare på Malmöbaserade Sysav (Sydskånes avfallsaktiebolag) arbetar med cirkulära flöden och CE i sitt vardagliga arbete, hur de ser på avfallshierarkin och hur de förhåller sig till styrdokument. Semistrukturerade intervjuer användes som metod och totalt intervjuades tio anställda på företaget. Resultatet visar att medarbetarna på Sysav, på grund av deras olika erfarenheter och yrkesroller, arbetar väldigt olika med cirkulära flöden, och har olika tankar kring vad det innebär. Det framkommer en rad nya idéer till förbättringar och effektiviseringar som skulle kunna implementeras. Slutligen visar Sysav som företag att det finns en rad åtgärder som kan tillämpas för skapa fler cirkulära flöden. / The society is actively trying to change from a linear economy, which has been the norm, to a circular economy: a society permeated by extending the life of products, consuming less and making use of the finite natural resources that remain. Waste is something that should be seen as resources. There are guiding documents, legislation and tools, like the EU’s waste hierarchy, to follow and make use of, at an international, a national and a local level. This case study examines how employees at Malmö-based Sysav (Sydskånes avfallsaktiebolag) work with circular flows and circular economy in their everyday work, how they view the waste hierarchy and how they relate to governing documents. Semi-structured interviews were used as the method and ten employees at the company were interviewed. The result shows that the employees at Sysav, due to their different experiences and professional roles, work very differently with circular flows, and have different ideas about what it means. A number of new ideas for improvements and efficiencies emerge that could be implemented. Finally, Sysav as a company shows that there are a number of measures that can be applied to create more circular flows.