Grab-bars and transfer poles are common sit-to-stand aids for older adults with mobility limitations. This study investigates differences in kinematics and kinetics in the lower limbs across different transfer pole configurations and positions. Configurations tested are a single pole, two poles and a pole with a horizontal grab-bar at near and far positions. Three-dimensional biomechanics were used to calculate kinetics and kinematics of the lower extremities. Forces were also recorded from the pole. This study found horizontal pole forces were an effective replacement for trunk generated horizontal momentum. Reduced vertical pole forces were applied by participants using the `far' poles which resulted in increases in non-dominant hip moments when using the single and double pole configurations. Horizontal pole use introduced non-dominant directed lateral COM trajectory throughout the movement. This coincided with increased horizontal forces in the dominant foot to balance moments about COM in the transverse plane as a motor control strategy.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2003--Bonn.

Three recent global economic trends are shifting forest livelihoods and ‘development’ intervention in Mozambique. These trends are China’s growing influence in Africa, large–scale land grabbing and climate change politics. Based on eighteen months of mixed–methods research between 2009 and 2011, this dissertation examines the interactions of these global trends with day–to–day social, political and ecological processes in two rural communities in Zambézia Province (central Mozambique)—one in the miombo woodlands of Maganja da Costa district and the other near expanding timber plantations in Gurué district. The community in Maganja da Costa is at the center of clashes between conservation groups and illegal loggers selling precious hardwoods to China. The community in Gurué is responding to a Presidential mandate for every local leader to establish ‘forests’ (predominantly exotic monocultures) that represent a dispersed form of land grabbing. Drawing on recent agendas within the field of feminist political ecology, the author highlights key encounters or ‘place–events’ (following Doreen Massey) that explain the complex historical, political and ecological dynamics shaping contemporary forest transformation in Zambézia. These place–events can only be understood through attention to bodies and identity performance, key sites where assemblages of power and meaning are enacted and negotiated. This approach provides insight into less visible dimensions of landscape change by moving beyond commodity chain analysis and local/national/global hierarchies of causality. Examples of place–events examined include: girls becoming women through scarification with battery acid in a forest grove; men singing about their boss’ wife as they haul timber; NGO staff distributing pesticide spray information pamphlets in an anti–malaria campaign and elite women beating their husbands for planting ‘government’ trees. Attention to bodily performances that fundamentally constitute these place–events demonstrates how interventions in the name of sustainable development play out and often fail. It also elucidates how some loggers are able to extract valuable timber more than others. In fact, local community members see all of these outsiders—despite their distinct ideologies—as equally foreign based on similar ‘outsider’ bodily comportment. Such embodied dynamics are political and cultural, and they should be a key concern for anyone involved in shaping the future of Mozambique’s forests. / 10000-01-01

Submitted by Pós graduação Relações Internacionais (ppgri@ufba.br) on 2018-09-26T20:42:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SANTOS, 2018.PPGRI.UFBA. Dissertação.pdf: 2000676 bytes, checksum: 1595693e6dbced3bf3a2819901dff9de (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Setor de Periódicos (per_macedocosta@ufba.br) on 2018-09-28T18:56:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 SANTOS, 2018.PPGRI.UFBA. Dissertação.pdf: 2000676 bytes, checksum: 1595693e6dbced3bf3a2819901dff9de (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-28T18:56:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SANTOS, 2018.PPGRI.UFBA. Dissertação.pdf: 2000676 bytes, checksum: 1595693e6dbced3bf3a2819901dff9de (MD5) / FAPESB - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia / As crises alimentar, energética e financeira entre 2007 e 2008 potencializaram uma corrida pelo controle de terras agricultáveis, principalmente direcionada a países de renda baixa e média situados do Sul global. Este processo, movido por corporações, fundos de investimento, de pensão e governos, se popularizou pelos termos “land grab” e “land grabbing”, enquanto em português costuma atender pelas expressões “apropriação” ou “estrangeirização de terras”. Trata-se de uma dinâmica violenta associada a diversos episódios de expulsão de comunidades rurais e povos tradicionais de seus territórios, além da imposição de ameaças à segurança alimentar, ao acesso à terra e a impactos diversos sobre o meio ambiente. Com base em autores vinculados à Teoria Crítica Neogramsciana de Relações Internacionais, o estudo se concentra no processo de governança do land grabbing, buscando compreender, especificamente, como os agentes e estruturas interessados na continuidade desse processo buscaram sua legitimação por meio de dispositivos neoliberais de governança global. De caráter qualitativo e exploratório, a pesquisa se utilizou de documentos e relatórios disponibilizados por organizações internacionais, governos, ONGs e movimentos sociais rurais, além de bibliografia encontrada em livros e journals acadêmicos especializados. Ao fim, sugere-se que a legitimação da apropriação de terras se dá, em larga medida, através da despolitização do próprio fenômeno e dos mecanismos de regulação propostos para lidar com suas contradições. Palavras-chave: Land grab; Governança global; Neoliberalismo; / The food, energy and financial crisis between 2007 and 2008 potentialized a race for the control of agricultural land, mainly directed to middle and low-income countries of the global South. This process, moved by corporations, investment and pension funds, and governments, became popular by the terms of “land grab” and “land grabbing”, while in portuguese were translated into the expressions “apropriação” or “estrangeirização de terras”. This is a violent dynamic linked to a diversity of episodes of rural and traditional communities’ expulsions from their territory, as well as the imposition of threats to the food security, the access to land and a variety of impacts to the environment. Based on some authors and concepts associated with the Neogramscian Critical Theory of International Relations, the thesis focus on the governance of land grabbing, aiming to comprehend, specifically, how the agents and structures who have an interest in the maintenance of this process have worked to legitimize it through neoliberal global governance mechanisms. With a qualitative and exploratory profile, the research made use of documents and reports from international organizations, governments, NGOs and rural social movements, along with bibliography found in books and specialized academic journals. At the end, the thesis suggests that the legitimation of land grabbing occurs, largely, through the de-politization of the phenomena itself and through the mechanisms of regulation proposed to deal with its contractions. Keywords: Land grab; Global Governance; Neoliberalism.

Magister Artium (Sport, Recreation and Exercise Science) - MA(SRES) / In swimming, a swimmer’s performance is mostly determined by the time spent on starts, stroking and turning. The start of a swimming races, especially sprint races, can account for almost a quarter of race time

Doctor Educationis / Background: In swimming, a swimmer’s performance is mostly determined by the time spent on starts, stroking and turning. The start of a swimming races, especially sprint races, can account for almost a quarter of race time. Aim: The aim of this study was to analyse the biomechanics and performance of three start techniques off the OSB11 starting platform over 15-meters to determine which of the three is most effective when looking at the three parts that constitute the start: block time, flight time and underwater time. Methods: A Quasi-experimental cross over trial-based study design was used to determine which of three starting techniques (Grab, Track & Kick) was the most effective off the OSB11 starting block. Ten Swimmers who qualified for junior nationals from Vineyard Swimming Club participated in the study. Each participant acted as their own control and were required to perform each start once. All trials were filmed and analysed on Dartfish pro suite 10. The following variables were analysed: shoulder angle, hip angle, knee angle, reaction time, movement time, total block time, flight distance, flight time, flight velocity, entry angle, underwater time, underwater distance, time to 15-meters.

The subject of this thesis is a design of an aluminium scrap handling device. This device works in a roofed-over hall and it is stationary. Introduction to this thesis brings the usual machines used for handling of metal waste as alternatives to this device, and the reasons why these do not fulfil the customer’s demands. The work contains kinematics lay-out and force analysis. The shape and dimensions of the design derive from these chapters. The following part deals with the description of the major parts including the hydraulic system which provides all the working movements of the device. The conclusion comprises of the retroactive check of the device’s tipping load, calculation of the rollover resistance, stress analysis of the boom and the stick. The work includes the general assembly drawing and subassembly drawings of the boom and the stick.

La localisation des objets dans l'espace est l'une des fonctions centrales du système visuel. Lorsqu'un observateur ou une cible se déplace, le mouvement de l’œil ou de l'objet peut être pris en compte pour calculer la position de l'objet à n'importe quel moment. Il a été démontré à plusieurs reprises que le mouvement visuel peut fortement influencer la position perçue d'un objet. Par exemple, la position d'un stimulus contenant une texture en mouvement (De Valois & De Valois, 1991; Ramachandran & Anstis, 1990), celle d'un flash présenté sur (Cavanagh & Anstis, 2013) ou à côté (Whitney & Cavanagh, 2000) d'une texture en mouvement, et même les positions d'apparition et de disparition d'objets en mouvement (Fröhlich, 1923) sont perçus comme étant déplacées dans le sens du mouvement. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons exploré la relation entre ces changements de position provoqués par le mouvement et différentes formes d'attention visuelle: 1) l'attention spatiale temporaire, 2) l'attention globale et locale, 3) l'attention spatiale maintenue, et 4) l'attention centrée sur les objets. Dans une première série d'expériences, nous avons étudié dans quelle mesure et de quelle manière l'attention module l'effet Fröhlich (i.e la position perçue du début du mouvement est déplacée dans le sens du mouvement). Dans les expériences 1 et 2, nous avons mesuré l'effet Fröhlich dans différentes conditions de d'indiçage et nous avons montré que les indices non valides ou tardifs entraînent des déplacements perceptifs plus importants. Dans l'expérience 3, nous avons comparé les déplacements provoqués par le mouvement lorsque les sujets portaient leur attention sur un ensemble d'objets en mouvement qui formaient un groupe à quand ils portaient leur attention à un seul stimulus parmi cet ensemble. Les résultats montrent que l'effet Fröhlich n'était présent que lorsque l'attention sélectionne un seul objet et qu'il disparaît lorsque le stimulus est perçu dans un contexte de groupe (global). Ainsi, ces résultats suggèrent que l'attention sélective est à la fois à l'origine de et module l'effet Fröhlich. Ayant établi que les délais temporels de l'attention augmentent les changements de la position provoqués par le mouvement, l'étude suivante était conçue pour explorer si la distribution spatiale de l'attention a le même effet. Dans cette étude, nous avons utilisé le « flash grab » - un changement de position illusoire aperçu quand une cible est brièvement présentée brièvement sur un fond en mouvement au moment de l'inversion du sens du mouvement (Cavanagh & Anstis, 2013). Les essais étaient regroupés en différents blocks au début desquels un indice indiquait la région de l'espace dans laquelle la cible était susceptible d'apparaître. Nos résultats mettent en évidence une diminution du flash-grab quand la distribution spatiale des cibles était limitée à une plage de 90° ou moins. Dans la dernière étude, nous nous sommes demandés si l'effet du mouvement sur la position perçue affecte l'objet dans son ensemble ou si il affecte les caractéristiques distinctes d'un même objet indépendamment les uns des autres. Pour cela nous avons utilisé le paradigme flash grab en présentant brièvement une forme sur un fond en mouvement au moment de l'inversion du sens du mouvement. Les résultats indiquent que les attributs de la cible orthogonaux au mouvement du fond étaient déplacés, alors que les attributs parallèles au mouvement restaient intacts. Ceci suggère que le mouvement interagit avec la position des attributs de l'objet (et que l'attention focale sélectionne) avant que ces attributs ne soient regroupés en un objet. En conclusion, nous avons utilisé une variété de manipulations attentionnelles à des changements de position provoqués par le mouvement pour étudier le lien entre l'amplitude de l'illusion et les caractéristiques attentionnelles utilisé. / Localizing objects in space is one of the central functions of the visual system. When an observer or a target is moving, the motion of the eye or the object can be taken into account to compute the current object locations. It has been shown many times that visual motion can strongly influence the perceived position of an object. For example, a stationary patch containing moving texture (De Valois & De Valois, 199; Ramachandran & Anstis, 1990), a flash presented on (Cavanagh & Anstis, 2013) or next to (Whitney & Cavanagh, 2000) a moving texture, and even the onset and offset positions of the moving targets (Fröhlich, 1923) are perceived as shifted in the direction of motion. In this thesis we explore the relationship between these motion-induced position shifts and visual attention in the following forms: 1) transient spatial attention, 2) global and local attention, 3) sustained spatial attention, and 4) object-based attention. In the first series of experiments we looked at whether and how attention modulates the shift in localization of motion onset (Fröhlich effect). In Experiments 1 and 2 we measured Fröhlich effect under different cueing conditions and established that invalid or late cues produced larger perceptual shifts. In Experiment 3 we compare the motion-induced shifts when the subjects attended to a set of moving stimuli as a group and when they attended to an orientation singleton. We showed that the Fröhlich effect was only present when the target was individuated and disappeared when the stimulus was perceived globally. Thus, the Fröhlich effect appeared to be both produced and modulated by focal attention. Having established that temporal delays of attention increase motion-induced position shifts, the next study explored if spatial distribution of attention has a similar effect. In this study we used flash grab - an illusory position shift seen when a target is briefly flashed on top of a moving background that abruptly changes direction (Cavanagh & Anstis, 2013). Trials were presented in blocks and before each block a cue indicated a range of possible target locations. We found that the flash grab was reduced if the spatial distribution of targets was limited to a range of 90° or less. The final study asked whether motion shifts the perceived position of an object as a whole or if separate features of a single object are shifted independently. To test this we used the flash grab paradigm and briefly presented a shape on top of a moving background at the moment it changed direction. The results showed that the features of the target that were orthogonal to the background motion were shifted, whereas the features parallel to the motion were intact. This suggests that motion interacts with the position of the object's features (and focal attention selects them) before they are bound together into an object. In conclusion, we applied a variety of attentional manipulations to motion-induced position shifts, and examined the link between the strength of the illusion and the characteristics of attention used in a particular task. We found that 1) motion-induced position shifts require focused attention and the possibility to track an individual motion trajectory; 2) allowing attention to be allocated more efficiently in space reduces the illusion; and 3) motion-induced shifts operate on the feature-based and not object-based level.

Observing the current wave of large scale land acquisitions in Sub-Saharan Africa, many have found it easy to call the situation land grab, the new form of neo colonialism in Africa. In Ethiopia, few underlining socio-economic and political currents have shaped the leasing of its arable land to both national and international investors in recent years. The Agricultural Development Led Industrialization strategy the country adopted in the early 1990s, followed with consecutive short-term strategic plans focused primarily on agriculture as the driver for the nation’s economic growth and structural transformation, have acted as the main underpinnings in the commercialization of its agricultural sector. These plans, though national in their making, have also been constructed in the context of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, which put the deadline of 2015 to cut poverty in half of signee countries, of which Ethiopia is one. The Food Crisis of 2007/08, coupled with the global financial crisis of 2008, has meant that foreign direct investment in farmland has become the new phenomenon for long-term investment with speculation of substantial returns in the current uncertainty of food security and financial climate. There is a new food world order under way, one in which feeding one’s own population doesn’t necessarily mean it has to be cultivated at home. For a country like Ethiopia, one of the most food insecure and poorest country on earth, gambling on development based on foreign use of its most needed natural assets, both land and water, should not be looked over so passively.

This thesis is concerned with social policy during structural transformation, focusing on the case of Ethiopia. The thesis takes a realist, case-based approach to the study of social policy, which recognises that political actors construct the domain of 'social' policy within legitimising discourses in specific national-historical contexts. Social policy is a key aspect of state-society relations and an inherently political field of study. Consequently, the study integrates analysis of cleavages in domestic society along class and ethnic lines, the role of state organisations and international influences, and their impact on the social policy pronouncements by senior government officials and implementation of those policies on the ground. In the Ethiopian case, this approach highlights the centrality of land to social policy and state• society relations. In particular, state land ownership is a key part of the government's development strategy that aims to combine egalitarian agricultural growth with security for smallholders. Nevertheless, the failure to expand the use of productivity-enhancing agricultural inputs, which constitute key complements to the use of land for social objectives, has led to differentiation in social policy provision along class, gender, age and ethnic lines. Micro-level case studies link the land question to food security, including the Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP), and processes of agricultural commercialisation, notably the so-called 'global land grab'. A main argument of the thesis is that the Ethiopian government is attempting to manage social processes in order to minimise the social and political upheaval involved in structural transformation, and that social pol icy is a central means by which it does so. The development strategy requires social policies that enable the government to control the allocation of factors of production, necessitating restrictions on the rights of individuals and groups. As such, this strategy is intricately intertwined with political authority.