Robôs móveis autônomos dependem da informação obtida de seus sensores para processos de tomada de decisão durante a realização de suas tarefas. A utilização de sistemas de visão permite a aquisição de um grande volume de dados sobre o ambiente no qual o robô se encontra. Particularmente, um sistema de visão omnidirecional é capaz de fornecer informações sobre todo o espaço ao redor do robô numa única imagem. Através do processamento de um par ou mais de imagens omnidirecionais pode-se obter as distâncias entre o robô e os objetos no seu ambiente de trabalho. Devido às incertezas inerentes a qualquer sensoriamento, um modelo probabilístico do mesmo faz-se necessário para que a informação sensorial adquirida possa ser utilizada para os processos de decisão internos do robô durante a execução de sua tarefa. Assim, tendo como único sensor um sistema de visão estéreo omnidirecional utilizado como fonte de informação para uma representação estocástica espacial do ambiente, conhecida como Grades de Evidência, o robô é capaz de determinar a probabilidade da ocupação dos espaços ao seu redor e assim navegar autonomamente no ambiente. Este artigo mostra um algoritmo estéreo com imagens omnidirecionais e um modelo do sistema de visão estéreo omnidirecional para atualização das Grades de Evidência. Este é a primeira etapa de um trabalho que visa a realização de tarefas de navegação e exploração de ambientes desconhecidos e não-estruturados tendo como base de conhecimento para o robô um modelo probabilístico baseado nas Grades de Evidência. / Autonomous mobile robots depend on information acquired with its sensors to make decisions during its task. The use of vision systems provide a large amount of data about the environment in which the robot is. Particularly, an omnidirectional vision systems provide information in all directions of the environment to the robot with just one image. Through the processing of a pair of omnidirectional images it is possible to obtain the distances between the robot and the objects in its work environment. Because of the uncertainty of all sensors, a probabilistic model is necessary so that the information acquired could be used in decision make processes. Having just an omnidirectional stereovision system as a source of information to an stochastic representation of the environment, known as Evidence Grids, the robot can determine the probability of occupation of the space in the environment and navigate autonomously. This article shows a stereo algorithm and a model of the omnidirectional stereovision system to update the Evidence Grid. This is the beginning of a work that have as objective make navigation and exploration of unknown and unstructured environment having as knowledge base a probabilistic model as Evidence Grids.

As condições do setor eólico internacional em crise e a subsequente instalação de fornecedores no Brasil tem auxiliado no aumento de instalações de Centrais de Geração Eólica (CGE) no Brasil. A quantidade de projetos de detalhamento e implantação de centros geradores de energia eólica cresceram na mesma proporção. Os projetos dos parques eólicos no Brasil são concebidos, projetados, detalhados e implantados por um conjunto de profissionais de diferentes disciplinas e especialidades que, a partir de informações de referência e delimitações do escopo de trabalho, realizam suas atribuições em momentos distintos dentro do ciclo de implantação de um CGE. Durante a concepção, são considerados parâmetros, tais como interferências físicas, especificação de equipamento, estudos básicos, análise da distribuição, transmissão de energia e capacidades de geração de energia elétrica. Durante toda a fase de desenvolvimento do projeto, um dos principais pontos de atenção são as análises de risco do projeto que avalia o andamento do projeto e visa reduzir os riscos de fracasso da empreitada. Caso estes índices sinalizem problemas ou barreiras intransponíveis, as atividades de detalhamento do projeto eólico devem ser interrompidas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver uma metodologia que auxilie na análise de riscos de projetos de detalhamento eólico. Esta metodologia auxiliará profissionais menos experientes ou que não atuem no mercado eólico e precisam de subsídios técnicos para elaborar relatórios aos responsáveis pelo planejamento estratégico de futuros empreendimentos eólico. / The crisis of the international wind industry and the subsequent installation of suppliers in Brazil has helped in the increase of the central premises of wind generation (CGE) in Brazil. The amount of detailing projects and deployment of wind energy generating centers grew in proportion. The wind farms projects in Brazil are designed, engineered, detailed and implemented by a group of professionals from different disciplines and specialties, that perform their duties at different times within the cycle development of a CGE using different reference informations and delimitations of scope of work. During design, are considered parameters such as physical interference, equipment specification, basic studies, analysis of the distribution, power transmission and generation capacity of electricity. Throughout the development phase of a project, one of the main points of attention is the project risk analysis that evaluates the progress of the project and aims to reduce the risk of failure of the venture. If these indices to signal problems or insurmountable barriers, detailing the activities of the wind project should be stopped. This work aims to develop a methodology that assists in the analysis of wind power detailed project risks. This methodology will assist less experienced professionals or professionals that are not used to work in the wind energy power market and need more information for reporting technical issues to those responsible for strategic planning of future wind projects.

O termo grade computacional faz referência a uma classe de sistemas distribuídos que permitem a associação e a integração de múltiplos domínios em organizações virtuais. Um serviço de controle de acesso coerente a sistemas com estas características deve ser flexível para integrar múltiplas políticas, permitindo que administradores, sítios e usuários determinem as regras e os mecanismos para proteger seus recursos. Esta tese apresenta o GridMultiPolicy, um sistema flexível para o gerenciamento e a integração de múltiplas políticas e mecanismos para a efetivação de controle de acesso em ambientes de grade computacional. Adicionalmente, foram desenvolvidas políticas para demonstrar a capacidade do sistema proposto em oferecer respostas às necessidades presentes em cenários de uso de uma grade computacional. O impacto da utilização do GridMultiPolicy e das políticas desenvolvidas foi avaliado por meio de testes de desempenho. Palavras-chave: Grade computacional. Grades. Sistemas distribuídos. Políticas de segurança em organizações virtuais. GridMultiPolicy. / The term computational grid refers to a class of distributed systems that allows for the association and integration of multiple independent domains in virtual organizations. A coherent access control services in such a system should be flexible to integrate multiple polices so as to permit administrators, sites, and users to determine roles and mechanisms to protect their resources. This thesis introduces the GridMultiPolicy, a flexible system that manages and integrates multiple policies and mechanisms to enforce access control in grid environments. Additionally, policies have been developed to show how the proposed system is able to offer answers to security needs present in grid use scenarios. The impact of the GridMultiPolicy and the developed policies was evaluated by performance tests. Key-words: Computational grid. Grid. Distribuited system. Virtual organization. Policy and security for virtual organization. GridMultiPolicy.

Avaliaram-se os efeitos de quatro sistemas de preparo do solo sobre algumas propriedades físicas de um latossolo roxo distrófico do centro experimental de Campinas. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: preparo com arado de discos; preparo com arado escarificador; preparo com grade pesada e plantio direto. O estudo foi realizado em talhões coletores de enxurrada com 6,5% de declive com a rotação soja no verão e aveia preta no inverno. Avaliou-se durante três anos a perdas de solo e água por erosão; densidade, porosidade total e curvas de retenção de água, em amostras indeformadas; água no solo ao longo do tempo; resistência à penetração, cobertura morta e produção. Os resultados obtidos mostraram uma melhor resposta dos preparos reduzidos tanto nas propriedades físicas determinadas como em outros fatores. Dos sistemas de preparo estudados aqueles que preservaram a cobertura morta sobre o solo foram os que apresentaram menores perdas por erosão. Em algumas fases do experimento, os dados de produção não foram condizentes com os índices de perdas por erosão, denotando a necessidade de realizar mais pesquisa nesta área, buscando correlações correntes entre produtividade e sistemas de manejo / not available

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:47:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo_ Camicia.pdf: 2300821 bytes, checksum: e3dce104d0c0f97a5aff314d8619b013 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-07 / The adoption of precision agriculture in weed control constitutes an alternative to traditional agriculture, which causes environmental impacts and unnecessary costs when your control is deficient. The maps of spontaneous plants represent the spatial variability of weeds that compete with crops of cultivated fields. The location survey of these plants allows optimizing process control in differentiated application of inputs. The different infestations mapping and location are difficult tasks to be performed on a large scale and require appropriate methodologies. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the degree of similarity presented by thematic maps generated by different sampling weed grids in three commercial farming areas, comprising a total area of 23.45 hectares. A counting of monocots and dicots in the 2012/2013 and the 2013/2014 harvests was done before planting soybeans in the town of Realeza, in the west of the state of Paraná, in the fallow period done after a harvest of wheat of both years. A regular grid of 10 x 10 m for invasive sampling was done, which was used as a reference, being made a counting at 1 m² of each sample point, a total of 2344 samples each year, which was compared to regular grids of 30 m and 50 m, generated from deleting data from the standard grid. For soil samples a regular grid of 50 x 50 m was established, comprising 70 composite soil samples, which were submitted to physical and chemical analysis. For the generation of thematic maps, the inverse interpolation of the squared distance, in comparison of maps generated from each grid with the reference map, using the kappa statistic to assess the loss in quality of the maps while reducing the number of sample points. It was observed a poor spatial correlation of the physical and chemical attributes analyzed, with the type of plant wide and narrow leaves; the loss of quality of the maps were lower in 2013 compared to 2012, when reduced the density of sample points. The 30 x 30 m grids described in a satisfactory way the data of wide leaf infestation, and the 50 x 50 m grids described appropriately the infestations of spontaneous narrow leaves, when compared to the standard grid (10 x 10 m). / A adoção da agricultura de precisão no controle de plantas daninhas constitui-se em alternativa à agricultura tradicional, que provocam impactos ambientais e custos desnecessários, quando seu controle é deficiente. Os mapas de plantas espontâneas representam a variabilidade espacial das plantas infestantes que competem com as culturas de uma área cultivada. O levantamento da localização destas plantas permite otimizar o processo de controle na aplicação diferenciada de insumos. A localização e mapeamento de diferentes infestações são tarefas difíceis de serem executadas em larga escala e requerem metodologias adequadas. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o grau de semelhança apresentado pelos mapas temáticos gerados por diferentes grades amostrais de plantas espontâneas em três áreas agrícolas comerciais, compondo uma área total de 23,45 hectares. Foi feita a contagem de monocotiledôneas e dicotiledôneas nas safras 2012/2013 e 2013/2014, antes do plantio da soja no município de Realeza, Sudoeste do estado do Paraná, período de pousio após a colheita de trigo de ambos os anos. Foi gerada uma grade regular de 10 x 10 m para amostragem das invasoras, utilizada como referência, sendo feita a contagem em 1 m² de cada ponto amostral, totalizando 2344 amostras em cada ano, comparadas com grades regulares de 30 e 50 m, geradas a partir da exclusão de dados da grade padrão. Para as amostras de solo foi estabelecida uma grade regular de 50 x 50 m, perfazendo 70 amostras compostas de solo, as quais foram submetidas a análises físicas e químicas. Para a geração dos mapas temáticos, utilizou-se o interpolador inverso do quadrado da distância, na comparação dos mapas gerados a partir de cada grade com o mapa referência, utilizando-se o índice kappa para avaliar a perda de qualidade dos mapas ao se diminuir o número de pontos amostrais. Observou-se correlação espacial dos atributos físicos e químicos analisados, com as plantas do tipo folhas largas e estreitas; as perdas de qualidade dos mapas foram menores no ano de 2013 em relação ao de 2012, quando reduzida a densidade amostral de pontos. As grades de 30 x 30 m descreveram de forma satisfatória os dados de infestação das folhas largas e as grades de 50 x 50 m descreveram adequadamente as infestações de espontâneas de folhas estreitas, quando comparadas com a grade padrão (10 x 10 m).

Students who complete homework generally do better on measures of academic performance such as quizzes, exams, and overall course grades. We examined the effects of contingent access to second quiz attempts on the percentage of undergraduate students completing homework to mastery. The study was conducted in an Introduction to Behavior Analysis course that, historically, had only 70% of students on average completing homework. An adapted multiple baseline design across sections was used for four sections of the course. Students could access a second quiz attempt contingent by meeting the following criteria: the student received a 16 out of 20 on the first quiz attempt or by meeting the mastery criterion of the homework (45 out of 50). We also examined the relation between homework accuracy and scores on first quiz attempts. Two sections did not show a difference in homework completion with and without the second quiz attempt contingency. One section showed more sensitivity toward the contingency once it was withdrawn, and one section never had the removal of the contingency and had the highest percentages of students completing their homework. When analyzing the relation of homework accuracy to the corresponding first quiz attempts, homework accuracy appeared to be related to higher scores on first quiz attempts across all sections. Quiz scores were typically a letter grade higher for students who completed homework compared to students who did not complete homework to mastery. Although there are limitations to the current study, the results suggest the second quiz contingency may impact homework completion.

Robôs móveis autônomos dependem da informação obtida de seus sensores para processos de tomada de decisão durante a realização de suas tarefas. A utilização de sistemas de visão permite a aquisição de um grande volume de dados sobre o ambiente no qual o robô se encontra. Particularmente, um sistema de visão omnidirecional é capaz de fornecer informações sobre todo o espaço ao redor do robô numa única imagem. Através do processamento de um par ou mais de imagens omnidirecionais pode-se obter as distâncias entre o robô e os objetos no seu ambiente de trabalho. Devido às incertezas inerentes a qualquer sensoriamento, um modelo probabilístico do mesmo faz-se necessário para que a informação sensorial adquirida possa ser utilizada para os processos de decisão internos do robô durante a execução de sua tarefa. Assim, tendo como único sensor um sistema de visão estéreo omnidirecional utilizado como fonte de informação para uma representação estocástica espacial do ambiente, conhecida como Grades de Evidência, o robô é capaz de determinar a probabilidade da ocupação dos espaços ao seu redor e assim navegar autonomamente no ambiente. Este artigo mostra um algoritmo estéreo com imagens omnidirecionais e um modelo do sistema de visão estéreo omnidirecional para atualização das Grades de Evidência. Este é a primeira etapa de um trabalho que visa a realização de tarefas de navegação e exploração de ambientes desconhecidos e não-estruturados tendo como base de conhecimento para o robô um modelo probabilístico baseado nas Grades de Evidência. / Autonomous mobile robots depend on information acquired with its sensors to make decisions during its task. The use of vision systems provide a large amount of data about the environment in which the robot is. Particularly, an omnidirectional vision systems provide information in all directions of the environment to the robot with just one image. Through the processing of a pair of omnidirectional images it is possible to obtain the distances between the robot and the objects in its work environment. Because of the uncertainty of all sensors, a probabilistic model is necessary so that the information acquired could be used in decision make processes. Having just an omnidirectional stereovision system as a source of information to an stochastic representation of the environment, known as Evidence Grids, the robot can determine the probability of occupation of the space in the environment and navigate autonomously. This article shows a stereo algorithm and a model of the omnidirectional stereovision system to update the Evidence Grid. This is the beginning of a work that have as objective make navigation and exploration of unknown and unstructured environment having as knowledge base a probabilistic model as Evidence Grids.

This thesis examines the association between religiosity and academic achievement among adolescents. Recent research demonstrates a positive association between religiosity and academic success. However, some studies show that this is due to family and community factors; for example, variation in levels of family capital among religious affiliates may explain this association. Yet, whether religious factors affect academic achievement among adolescents may also be due to the concordance or discordance of religiosity among parents and their children. Using two years of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) (n=8,051), I examine the association between adolescent religiosity, parent religiosity, and academic achievement, in light of the effects of family and community capital. The results indicate that the association between student religiosity and academic achievement is largely due to family social capital, but the association between academic achievement and religious homogamy between parents and adolescents is largely independent of family and community social capital. In particular, the highest achievement is predicted when parents and adolescents report similar levels of religiosity; the lowest when parents report high religiosity and adolescents report low religiosity.

The purpose of this study was to learn from kindergarten- through 8th-grade principals in East Tennessee (a) what policies guide their decisions regarding classroom placement for multiple-birth children; (b) what postsecondary training they have; (c) what sources guide their decisions; (d) what knowledge they have of the needs, relationships, and bonds of multiples; and (e) what their perceptions are regarding how to best meet the needs of multiples. Data were collected through interviews with a purposeful sample of 10 principals of kindergarten- through 8th-grade schools. Five themes emerged forming constructs for organizational framework: (a) learning environment, (b) meeting individual needs, (c) communication, (d) culture, and (e) perceptions. Based on the research, the following conclusions were presented: Prior to Tennessee Code Annotated, Section 49-6-3102, effective July 1, 2010, none of the school systems had placement policies. Most principals had no postsecondary or graduate school training specific to and were not knowledgeable of the educational psychology of multiples or implications regarding their developmental, emotional, and academic issues. Most said on-the-job training was their only instruction. Few principals were aware of the needs, relationships, and bonds of multiples. Principals stated their conviction that separating multiples would promote individuality and foster independence. Findings from this study might result in colleges modifying their teachers' education curriculum to include the educational psychology of multiples and implications regarding their developmental, emotional, and academic issues. Principals currently serving should enlighten themselves regarding the educational psychology of multiples to include the dynamics of the multiples' relationships and the bond that exists between them. School districts should provide education for staff regarding the development of multiples. Principals should recognize parents of multiples as their best source of guidance and look to school psychologists as resources. It is recommended that principals work with families, become more acquainted with multiples, and seek their opinions when making decisions that affect them. It is recommended that if principals want to help multiples become independent and develop as individuals, they should learn to tell them apart and call them by their individual names rather than twin or triplet.

The purpose of this study was to determine if an association existed between student achievement scores and classroom practices used among third-grade teachers in Upper East Tennessee. The variables included classroom environment, instructional context, and social context, employing developmentally appropriate practices (DAP). Teacher characteristics, including type of degree, highest degree, years of experience, level of DAP knowledge, and degree granting institution, were analyzed for characteristics influencing developmentally appropriate practices. The instrument, Assessment of Practices in Early Elementary Classrooms (APEEC), was used to gather information; the Tennessee Comprehensive Assessment Program (TCAP/CRT) Reading/Language and Mathematics scores were used to determine student' achievement level. A demographic survey was used to collect teacher characteristic information. An initial analysis of data incorporated simple descriptive statistics in the form of frequency tables. Independent samples t tests, analyses of variance (ANOVAs), and Pearson Product moment correlation coefficients were used to determine if there were associations in DAP levels among teacher characteristics. Finally, one-way-analysis of variance assessed the associations between the dependent variables (TCAP/CRT scores) and independent variables (environment, instruction, and social context). The analysis of the data indicated that the majority of the third-grade teachers were certified in elementary education. Over half of the sample had master's degrees or above. Six had not taught any grades except third. The third-grade teachers had less experience in teaching kindergarten and more experience in first and second grades. An independent-samples t test indicated no significant differences in APEEC scores between teachers with early childhood degrees and teachers with other degrees; no significant differences in APEEC scores between teachers with a bachelor's degree and teachers with a master's or higher degree; and no significant differences between degree granting institutions. Correlation coefficients indicated APEEC scores were not significantly affected by teachers' years of experience. ANOVAs indicated significant differences in APEEC physical environment and social environment scores among teachers having a great deal of DAP knowledge but not in classroom instruction. ANOVAs indicated significant differences in classroom instruction and student achievement scores in Reading/Language, but not in Math. No significant differences were found in APEEC social and physical context scores.