Bakground : A new kind of birthing center, providing a new concept of maternal care is about to open in a city located in the eastern part of India. Being part of a new concept in maternal care and having the opportunity to work at a new advanced multispecialty hospital as well as being a newly graduated nurse can create a lot of expectations in which we aim to explore. Aim : The aim was to explore newly graduated nurse's expectations before the opening of a natural birthing center in the eastern part of India. Method : Qualitative interviews were chosen as a data collecting method. The participants were five newly graduated nurses. A qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach and a manifest content was selected for analyzing the collected data. Findings: Four categories with sub-categories were found. They were Unknown future, In relation with patients and relatives, Opportunities to develop as a nurse and to become a good nurse. Conclusion : In this study it was seen that the nurses felt unsure in their role and about their future. To be able to care for patients and relatives as a newly graduated nurse in a professional manner (and make them feel safe), it is important to have the confidence to feel safe in the nursing role. It is also of importance that the organization allows the nurse to develop by creating attuned climates for this, all to become a good nurse.

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Objective: In 2010, motor vehicle crashes were the leading cause of death among 13 – 19 year-old males and females in the United States (National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 2014). The overall goal of this research is to differentiate between measures associated with crashes for young teen drivers, age fourteen to fifteen years on urban and rural roads. Methods: A retrospective study of motor vehicle crashes among 14 and 15-year old drivers in the state of Iowa was conducted using crash information obtained from the Iowa Department of Transportation for the years of 2001 to 2013. Crash rates were calculated by rurality using Urban Influence Codes (UIC). The total number of crashes and crashes resulting in injury were divided by the population of young teen drivers aggregated at the UIC level. Crash and driver characteristics were analyzed for measures of association to the main outcome, injury using logistic regression. Crash and driver characteristics that were associated with injury at the p ≤ 0.20 level were eligible for model inclusion. Results: For every 1,000 young teen drivers age fourteen to fifteen years, nearly 8 were involved in a crash statewide from 2001 - 2013. Half of all crashes in the dataset occurred in an urban area (n = 4327, 51%), while 7% occurred in a suburban area, 29% in a town and 13% in a remote rural area. Results show, for all crashes and crashes resulting in injury, that as the level of rurality increases, rates of crash also increase. Remote rural crashes have the highest crash rate ratio (RR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.22), relative to urban crashes. The presence of multiple teen passengers in the vehicle increased the odds of having a crash that resulted in injury 10.73 times, compared to no passengers being present (95% CI: 7.10, 16.22). Characteristics with the strongest association with injury were single vehicle collisions, crashes that occurred on rural roads, crashes were the driver lost control and crashes were multiple teen passengers were present. Conclusions: Results from this study highlight the dangerous circumstances that young teen drivers face, especially when driving on rural roads. In order to protect young teen drivers from crashes, there is a need for more restrictions on the number of passengers and the development of prevention methods to make young teen drivers safer.

Image smoothing and segmentation algorithms are frequently formulatedsas optimization problems. Linear and nonlinear (reciprocal) resistivesnetworks have solutions characterized by an extremum principle. Thus,sappropriately designed networks can automatically solve certainssmoothing and segmentation problems in robot vision. This papersconsiders switched linear resistive networks and nonlinear resistivesnetworks for such tasks. The latter network type is derived from thesformer via an intermediate stochastic formulation, and a new resultsrelating the solution sets of the two is given for the "zerostermperature'' limit. We then present simulation studies of severalscontinuation methods that can be gracefully implemented in analog VLSIsand that seem to give "good'' results for these non-convexsoptimization problems.

Background: The transition and retention of newly graduated nurses are worldwide problems. With the nursing shortage and 33-61% of newly graduated nurses leaving their job within the first year, newly graduated nurses need to be work ready. Work readiness of new nurses is a new concept developed in Australia. Significance: New nurses are a vulnerable population that is dependent upon experienced nurses for knowledge, skills, and socialization into the profession. However, new nurses often experience rudeness, humiliation and conflict influencing professional success, patient care, and retention. Purpose: To apply the Work Readiness Scale – Graduate Nurses (WRS-GN) to a population of Baccalaureate (BSN) and Master’s Entry into the Profession of Nursing (MEPN) graduates from a southwestern university and determine if there is a relationship between the variables of work readiness, individual experiences of graduates, and the two groups. Research questions included: 1) What is the relationship between work readiness (social intelligence, personal work characteristics, work competence, and organizational acumen) and individual experiences? 2) Do newly graduated BSN and MEPN degree nurses differ on the WRS-GN constructs of social intelligence, personal work characteristics, work competence, and organizational acumen? Method: Descriptive correlational study with a convenience sample of graduates from a southwestern university. Participants received a survey through their school email account and a message was placed on the Alumni Facebook page. Results: Thirty participants (9.2% response rate), 93.3% were female, and 76.7% work in Arizona. None of the participants were planning to leave the profession of nursing in the next year. A statistically significant relationship was detected between work competency and length of nurse residency (r=.44, p=0.02) and a negative relationship was detected between personal work characteristics and nurse residency (r=-.41, p=0.02). No relationship was detected between the two groups and constructs of work readiness. Implications/conclusions: Work readiness is complex. Longer nurse residency is associated with greater work competence. Academia and employers should collaborate and provide courses that enhance the work readiness of newly graduated nurses. The WRS-GN has been tested once in a population of Australian graduate nurses therefore further research is needed to validate the WRS-GN.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka nyutbildade sjuksköterskors gemensamma upplevelser av att börja arbeta efter examen. Detta undersöktes genom åtta intervjupersoner varav två män och sex kvinnor, valdes ur ett handplockat urval och intervjuades utifrån en semistrukturerad intervju. Deltagarna intervjuades om sina unika upplevelser av att vara nyutbildade sjuksköterskor. Resultaten av en tematisk analys påvisade fyra kategorier, att känna osäkerhet, att känna stress, självständighet och att få stöd. Första kategorin bestod av subkategorierna ensamhet, att begå misstag, och kunskapsbrist. Andra kategorin hade subkategorierna oförmåga, tidsbrist, brist på stöd och att hantera svåra lägen. Tredje kategorin hade subkategorierna att känna självtillit, att bli stark och att få rutiner. Sista kategorin hade subkategorierna att få bekräftelse och feedback, att få uppskattning och bli vägledd. Studien kan ge bredare perspektiv på framtida studier gällande nyutbildade sjuksköterskors upplevelse av stress. Slutsatsen av studien är att nyutbildade sjuksköterskors upplevelser är individuella och kan vara både positiva och negativa.

Bakgrund: År 2020 uppskattar Europarådet att det kommer saknas cirka 590 000 sjuksköterskor i Europa, vilket kan påverka kvalitéten på vården. Omvårdnaden är sjuksköterskans ansvarsområde vilket innebär att följa riktlinjer och ge individanpassad omvårdnad. Sjuksköterskestudenterna såg framemot att komma ut i arbetslivet och få applicera den teoretiska kunskapen med det praktiska arbetet.   Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva upplevelser av att vara nyexaminerad sjuksköterska under det första året i yrket.   Metod: Studien är en litteraturstudie som har en deskriptiv design där elva artiklar inkluderades.   Huvudresultat: Fyra huvudrubriker identifierades och fyra underrubriker. Huvudrubrikerna var: glappet mellan skola och arbetsliv, upplevelsen av stöd och handledning, brist på tid och eget lärande. Underrubrikerna var: upplevelsen av brist på kunskap, komma ut som ny på arbetsplatsen, vikten av stöttning och kommunikation på arbetsplatsen.   Slutsats: De nyexaminerade sjuksköterskorna upplevde att de negativa upplevelserna dominerade jämfört med de positiva. Att vara medveten om upplevelsen av att vara nyexaminerad sjuksköterska är viktigt både för studenter och de blivande kollegorna. / Background: In the year of 2020, the European council estimated that there is a shortage of approximately 590 000 nurses in Europe, which could affect the quality of care. Nursing is the area of responsibility in which includes following guidelines and give individual care. The nursing students looked forward to getting into working life and apply the theoretical with the practical.   Aim: The aim of the study was to describe the experience of newly graduated registered nurses during the first year of work.   Methods: The study is a literature review with a descriptive design which includes eleven studies.   Main result: Four themes were identified with four subthemes. The themes were: The gap between school and working life, the experience of support and guidance, lack of time and own learning. The subthemes were: the experience of lack of knowledge, new employee in the workplace, the importance of support and communication at work.   Conclusion: The experience of newly graduated registered nurses was often experienced in a negative manner rather than positive. To be aware of newly graduated registered nurses is important for both students and prospective colleagues.

Background: Work-related stress among newly graduated nurses is a problem that results in ill health for the nurses and negatively impacts patient care, risking patient safety. For newly graduated nurses to provide quality and safe nursing care despite work-related stress, it is necessary to understand their experience regarding how work-related stress affects their nursingpractice. Purpose: The aim was to shed light on newly graduated nurses' experiences of work-related stress. Method: A general literature review, including ten original articles, was analysed using Graneheim & Lundmans method of qualitative content analysis. Results: The results of the literature study identified two categories and five subcategories: The transition from theory to practice with the subcategories of Managing unexpected workload, Being clinically ignorant, and Fear of making mistakes. New to the team with subcategories, Adapting to the healthcare team and Meeting expectations. Conclusions: The experience of work-related stress among newly graduated nurses affects their nursing practice and jeopardizes patient safety. With support from experienced nurses, colleagues, and adequate preparation, the transition process can be facilitated, enabling newly graduated nurses to provide quality and safe nursing care more easily. Further research: A longitudinal study would enable investigation of possible patterns and trends regarding stress levels, coping strategies and their impact on nurses' well-being, with a specific focus onnursing work and patient safety.

It is being built at an ever-increasing pace at the same time as there is a shortage of skills in theconstruction industry. As construction companies have difficulty finding competent staff,attraction, recruitment and the introduction of new employees will be a crucial issue forcompanies. This report, which is carried out together with JM AB, examines crucial factors fora good introduction of a newly hired, newly graduated supervisor. In addition, it is examinedwhat three different categories of employees consider to be important in a good introduction andwhether their opinions agree or not.The empirical part of the report consists of an interview and a survey. During the interview, itappeared that JM works to develop its leaders and create a sustainable working life and that therespondent has seen the results of a good introduction in one of JM's regions. During the survey,supervisors, site managers and business unit managers were asked to rank what is important inan introduction of a newly graduated, newly hired supervisor. It emerged that there is a relativelylarge spread, both within each group and in a comparison of the groups, regarding what isconsidered important in a good introduction.Together with the empirical part, a literature study has been carried out where two theories,Learning and Self-Determination Theory, have been studied and linked to how they cancontribute to improving an introduction.The study showed that a good introduction has a positive impact on the new employee's wellbeingand performance and contributes to the new employee becoming part of the communitymore quickly. All three groups of employees considered it important that the workplace isestablished on arrival and with reoccurring supervision meetings.

This thesis has evaluated the effectiveness of GDL programs both in New Jersey and across the United States using several metrics. The New Jersey GDL program was analyzed because it is considered one of the most stringent programs in the country. It was found that GDL indeed reduces the per capita rate of crashes for teen drivers in New Jersey. However, no statistical difference was seen in the rate of fatalities in teen driver crashes. The per capita rate of violations for 16 and 17 year old drivers was lower after GDL, but the rate of point-carrying violations increased for 19 and 20 year old drivers who were licensed under GDL. The September, 2008 directive by the New Jersey Attorney General banning plea-agreements for teens significantly reduced the rate of violations further for 16 and 17 year old GDL drivers. The factors that led to teen crashes did not change in the United States after GDL. Teen drivers are still prone to distractions and inappropriate behavior while driving. Teen drivers also have higher rates of control loss and road departure crashes when compared to adults. Finally, it was found changes in the number teen driver crashes and fatalities are associated with similar changes in travel exposure. Teen crashes and fatalities have dropped with the implementation of GDL but teen VMT has also dropped. Graduated driver's licensing did not change the reasons for teen driver crashes. Also, it is likely that any reductions in the number of teen crashes or fatalities are associated with reductions in exposure and not changes in teen driver behavior. / Ph. D.