TORRES, José William Craveiro. Além da cruz e da espada: acerca dos resíduos clássicos d'a demanda do Santo Graal. 2010. 363f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Letras, Fortaleza (CE), 2010. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-05-16T17:15:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_jwctorres.pdf: 2684846 bytes, checksum: c050f1fb46938241c8a759dee030b082 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-05-16T17:32:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_jwctorres.pdf: 2684846 bytes, checksum: c050f1fb46938241c8a759dee030b082 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-16T17:32:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_jwctorres.pdf: 2684846 bytes, checksum: c050f1fb46938241c8a759dee030b082 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / The present work has as main objective to point the passages of classic content presented in the medieval novel A Demanda do Santo Graal (portuguese edition of The Quest for the Holy Grail), a novel about chivalry of the first half of the thirteenth century, in order to explain the reason why exist these passages in the novel in question. Another objective is to show how the Middle Ages realize a retaking of values of classical Antiquity, especially with regard to the attitude of the medieval knight: this was the greek hero (or roman hero) as the ideal of bravery, virtue and loyalty; the imaginary of medieval cavalier (or "the imaginary created around of the medieval knight") was practically the same imaginary of greek hero (or roman hero), because of the similarity between the historical and literary contexts in which they both arose. The theory that underpins this work is the Teoria da Residualidade, created by Roberto Pontes, critic, essayist and professor of Literature of the Universidade Federal do Ceará – UFC. During the research, the concepts of imaginary and residual, proposed respectively by the École des Annales and Raymond Williams, a marxist literary critic, are also present. With regard to the methodology, it must be said that the research was conducted, at first, through readings of classics of the ancient Literature (Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, Vergil’s Aeneid and Ovid’s Metamorphoses) and portuguese novels about chivalry (Amadis de Gaula and, especially, A Demanda do Santo Graal) and through comparative literature, since there was a work of comparison between these texts. Finally, this research is relevant to the academic community because it mentions, in a medieval and christian novel (A Demanda do Santo Graal), an important aspect of the novels about chivalry: the classic, so much neglected by most scholars which deal with the novels of the breton cycle. / O presente trabalho tem como principais objetivos apontar os trechos de teor clássico presentes n' A Demanda do Santo Graal (edição portuguesa), novela de cavalaria da primeira metade do século XIII, e explicar o porquê de excertos dessa natureza no âmbito da obra literária em questão. Procura, ainda, mostrar de que modo a Idade Média realiza uma retomada de valores da Antigüidade clássica; sobretudo no que concerne à postura do cavaleiro medieval: chegou-se à conclusão de que este tinha o herói que se movimenta nas epopéias e nos mitos greco-romanos como ideal de bravura, de virtude e de lealdade, bem como à de que o imaginário deste (ou “criado em torno deste”) era praticamente o mesmo daquele, por conta da semelhança existente entre os contextos histórico-literários em que surgiram ambos. A teoria que serve de base para a realização deste trabalho é a da Residualidade, elaborada por Roberto Pontes, crítico, ensaísta e professor da graduação e do programa de pós-graduação em Letras da Universidade Federal do Ceará – UFC. Durante a pesquisa, os conceitos de imaginário e residual, propostos, respectivamente, pela École des Annales e por Raymond Williams, crítico literário de orientação marxista, fazem-se também presentes. No que concerne à metodologia, deve-se dizer que a pesquisa foi realizada, basicamente, por meio da leitura de clássicos da Literatura das antigas Grécia e Roma (Ilíada e Odisséia, de Homero; Eneida, de Virgílio; e Metamorfoses, de Ovídio) e de novelas de cavalaria portuguesas (Amadis de Gaula e, principalmente, A Demanda do Santo Graal), bem como por meio da Literatura Comparada, visto que houve um trabalho de confronto entre esses textos. Por fim, esta investigação mostra-se relevante à comunidade acadêmica porque aborda, numa novela tipicamente medieval e cristã (estamos falando d‟A Demanda do Santo Graal), um importante aspecto das novelas de cavalaria: o clássico, tão negligenciado pela maioria dos estudiosos que se debruçam sobre as novelas do ciclo bretão.

A figura da mulher ocupa significativo papel nas novelas de cavalaria do Ciclo Bretão. Emergindo como um elemento que traz liga às narrativas do lendário artúrico, constitui-se adjuvante essencial e multifacetada na construção dos episódios, numa interação constante com o masculino representado, principalmente, pelos cavaleiros. O Medievo traz à tona uma imagem matizada do feminino: a mulher socialmente vista sob clivagens diversas é refletida na literatura de cavalaria, conforme se pode verificar em A Demanda do Santo Graal. A presença feminina é importantíssima na narrativa, sobretudo na sua tensa relação com a cavalaria, agora ligada ao elemento religioso - monastizada, celibatária e ascética. O objetivo precípuo de nossos estudos é investigar de que maneira a fôrma sociocultural medieva, na qual foi moldada A Demanda do Santo Graal, se relaciona com seu substrato: as narrativas provindas da cosmovisão inerente ao imaginário céltico. Desta feita, nosso viés analítico verticaliza-se no elemento feminino presente na obra. Mais especificamente, toma-se por escopo a imagem de personagens que refletem a ideologia clerical moralístico-didatizante do século XIII, mas, sobretudo, resgata-se a imagem de personagens imbuídas de singular dualidade; ambigüidade esta que é marca não só do medievo paradoxal concernente ao feminino, mas também de personas literárias concebidas entre dois mundos, dois pólos ideológicos distintos. Em outros termos, fala-se de personagens que são seres ficcionais bifrontes: personagens localizadas entre as herdades e as identidades. Foram tomados como corpora de pesquisa os episódios em que estas damas polidimensionais aparecem e se tornam adjuvantes na ação literária, seja para cooperar, confundir ou prejudicar os cavaleiros que empreendem a sagrada, inefável e venturosa busca do Santo Cálix que dará fim às aventuras do Reino de Logres / The figure of woman takes leading role in the novels of chivalry Cycle Breton. Emerging as an element that links the narratives of the legendary Arturo, it constitutes a vital and multifaceted adjuvant in the construction of the episodes in an ongoing interaction with the male represented mainly by knights. The Medieval brings up a nuanced picture of the female: the woman socially viewed under various divisions is reflected in the literature of chivalry, as it can be seen in The Quest for the Holy Grail. The female presence is important in the narrative, especially in its tense relationship with the chivalry, now linked to the religious element monasticated, ascetic and celibaterian. The main objective of our study is to investigate how the sociocultural medieval mold, in which was shaped The Quest for the Holy Grail relates to its substrate, the narratives originated of the worldview inherent in the Celtic imagination, thus our analytical bias uprights in the female element in this work. More specifically, it becomes a scope which the image of characters reflects the ideology of clerical didactic and moralistic of the thirteenth century. However it redeens the image of characters imbued with singular duality; that ambiguity which is not only a mark of the medieval paradoxical concerning the female, but also of literary characters designed between two worlds, two distinct ideological poles. In other words, it is about personas who are "bifront fictional beings". Characters located between the inheritances and identities. The research bases were the episodes in which these polidimensionals ladies appear and become adjuvants in literary action, either to cooperate, confuse or impair the knights who undertake the sacred, ineffable and "fortunate" quest for the Holy Chalice which will end the adventures of the Kingdom of Logres

Rédigée dans la première moitié du XIIIe siècle, la Suite Vulgate est une continuation du Merlin en prose qui constitue la dernière pièce du cycle du Graal. Partagée entre le déroulement de la vie de Merlin, qui lui donne une unité de type biographique, et la peinture de la jeunesse héroïque du roi Arthur, cette suite rétrospective sert de transition vers le Lancelot. Son succès s'affirme aux dépens d'autres continuations du Merlin dont la transmission manuscrite semble par comparaison marginale, et dont le projet demeure parfois inabouti. Ces différentes rédactions exposent la dynamique d'écriture et l'émulation suscitées par le développement de la prose arthurienne et l'effort de mise en cycle. L'étude de la mise en recueil, de la mise en page et de l'illustration des manuscrits comprenant le Merlin et ses suites éclaire le mode de production et de réception de ces oeuvres qui continuent d'être copiées et enluminées tout au long du Moyen Age. Le Merlin et la Suite Vulgate, le plus souvent intégrés à des compilations centrées sur l'histoire du Graal, entretiennent un lien particulier avec le Joseph d'Arimathie, l'Estoire del saint Graal et les Prophéties de Merlin, mais circulent aussi dans des recueils d'ambition didactique ou historique. Si l'écriture de la Suite Vulgate favorise l'intégration cyclique du Merlin propre, ces textes et leurs programmes iconographiques développent une veine militaire et historique qui interroge leur appartenance générique et tranche avec l'orientation religieuse ou courtoise des autres oeuvres de la Vulgate arthurienne. / The Vulgate Sequel to the French prose Merlin was composed in the first half of the XIIIth century and is the last piece of the Grail cycle. It creates a wider story encompassing the life of Merlin and the beginnings of King Arthur’s reign and serves as a prequel to the prose Lancelot. The Vulgate Sequel is the most widespread, but the existence of different sequels demonstrates the poetic dynamism and the rivalry produced by the development of Arthurian prose romances and their cyclification. Our study of the manuscript collections including Merlin and its sequels, of their mise en page and illuminations sheds new lights on the production and reception of works which were copied throughout the Middle Ages. Merlin and its Sequel are mostly transmitted in compilations focusing on the history of the Grail: they have a particular relationship to the Joseph of Arimathia, the Estoire del saint Graal and the Prophecies of Merlin. In some manuscripts, Merlin and its Sequel are copied with texts which do not belong to the Arthurian tradition, such as hagiographies or pastoral works, demonstrating their religious and didactic interest. Other compilations stress their historical and chivalric aspect. The Vulgate Sequel and its illumination accentuate the historical aspect of Merlin while giving an epic flavour to the beginnings of King Arthur's reign. This spirit might contradict the perspective of its integration in the romance Vulgate cycle, but it echoes the missionary dimension of the Estoire del saint Graal and resonates with the military conflicts of Lancelot and of the Mort le roi Artu.

Le cycle Lancelot-Graal, et le Perlesvaus, écrits dans la première moitié du XIIIe siècle, sont construits autour d’un temps horizontal, organisé autour de la figure du roi Arthur, ce qui rend toute idée de succession problématique. Mais dans le même temps, la société a subi de profonds bouleversements. Qu’il s’agisse de l’institution du mariage, des règles de transmission de l’héritage, ou encore de l’ancrage du lignage dans des lieux géographiques très précis, les relations entre les individus se sont lentement modifiées. Les auteurs doivent donc faire coexister des éléments disparates, voire même contradictoires. La généalogie entre dans le roman arthurien par le biais du cycle de la Vulgate. Ce temps vertical influe sur le roman, et les relations de parenté sont déterminantes dans les constructions narratives des personnages. / The cycle Lancelot-Graal, and the Perlesvaus, written in the first half of the thirteenth century, are built around a horizontal time, organized around the figure of King Arthur, which makes any idea of succession problematic. But at the same time, society has undergone profound changes. Whether it is about the institution of marriage, rules of transmission of the inheritance, or the anchoring of the lineage in very specific geographic locations, relationships between individuals have slowly changed. Authors should therefore ensure the coexistence of disparate elements, even contradictory. Genealogy get in Arthurian romance through the Vulgate Cycle. The vertical time affect the novel, and relationships are crucial in narrative constructions of characters.

No description available.

Ce mémoire présente les résultats et la réflexion d’une recherche qui avait pour but d’analyser les liens entre la Bible médiévale et les romans du Graal écrits au XIIIe siècle. À cet effet, nous avons eu recours aux paraphrases et aux traductions bibliques en prose écrites en ancien français afin de montrer comment les romans à l’étude réécrivaient l’héritage biblique qu’ils comportaient. Le mémoire s’articule en trois chapitres. Le premier chapitre présente les corpus principal et secondaire et en les mettant en contexte. Ce chapitre traite également de la Bible au Moyen Âge, c’est-à-dire de son statut et de sa diffusion dans la société. Le deuxième chapitre s’attache à l’analyse des réécritures bibliques présentes dans le corpus principal en traitant les questions de l’allégorie et de l’exégèse et en analysant la Légende de l’Arbre de Vie. Enfin, le troisième chapitre étudie la mise en récit du rêve comme processus d’écriture commun à la Bible et aux romans du Graal. Cette recherche montre comment les auteurs médiévaux reprennent non seulement les récits de la Bible, mais aussi ses procédés d’écriture. Cette dynamique de reprise permet également de voir comment les textes traitent la matière biblique dans le développement spécifique du roman du Graal, en s’intéressant particulièrement au phénomène de christianisation du roman. / This MA thesis introduces results of a research which is analysing links between the medieval Bible and the Grail novels written during the 13th century. For that purpose, we had recourse to biblical paraphrases and translations in prose written in old French as a secondary corpus. This dissertation is divided in three chapters. The first chapter introduces the main and secondary corpuses by putting them into context. This chapter also deals with the Bible in the Middle Ages, that is to say with its status and with its diffusion in the society. The following chapter analyses the biblical rewritings found in the corpus by dealing with the questions of allegory and exegesis, mainly in the Legend of the Tree of Life. Finally, the third chapter studies the writing of the dream as a common process of writing found in the Bible and taken back by the Grail novels. In the end, medieval authors took back not only the tales of the Bible, but also its writing processes. The study of this dynamic of resumption also allows demonstrating how texts incorporate biblical material in the specific development of romance, a literary genre in emergence at that time.

Ce mémoire présente les résultats et la réflexion d’une recherche qui avait pour but d’analyser les liens entre la Bible médiévale et les romans du Graal écrits au XIIIe siècle. À cet effet, nous avons eu recours aux paraphrases et aux traductions bibliques en prose écrites en ancien français afin de montrer comment les romans à l’étude réécrivaient l’héritage biblique qu’ils comportaient. Le mémoire s’articule en trois chapitres. Le premier chapitre présente les corpus principal et secondaire et en les mettant en contexte. Ce chapitre traite également de la Bible au Moyen Âge, c’est-à-dire de son statut et de sa diffusion dans la société. Le deuxième chapitre s’attache à l’analyse des réécritures bibliques présentes dans le corpus principal en traitant les questions de l’allégorie et de l’exégèse et en analysant la Légende de l’Arbre de Vie. Enfin, le troisième chapitre étudie la mise en récit du rêve comme processus d’écriture commun à la Bible et aux romans du Graal. Cette recherche montre comment les auteurs médiévaux reprennent non seulement les récits de la Bible, mais aussi ses procédés d’écriture. Cette dynamique de reprise permet également de voir comment les textes traitent la matière biblique dans le développement spécifique du roman du Graal, en s’intéressant particulièrement au phénomène de christianisation du roman. / This MA thesis introduces results of a research which is analysing links between the medieval Bible and the Grail novels written during the 13th century. For that purpose, we had recourse to biblical paraphrases and translations in prose written in old French as a secondary corpus. This dissertation is divided in three chapters. The first chapter introduces the main and secondary corpuses by putting them into context. This chapter also deals with the Bible in the Middle Ages, that is to say with its status and with its diffusion in the society. The following chapter analyses the biblical rewritings found in the corpus by dealing with the questions of allegory and exegesis, mainly in the Legend of the Tree of Life. Finally, the third chapter studies the writing of the dream as a common process of writing found in the Bible and taken back by the Grail novels. In the end, medieval authors took back not only the tales of the Bible, but also its writing processes. The study of this dynamic of resumption also allows demonstrating how texts incorporate biblical material in the specific development of romance, a literary genre in emergence at that time.

Based on a thesis submitted to the Université des lettres de Grenoble, 1980. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [247]-252).

Thesis--Université de Paris I. / Published in 1979 under title: La pensée alchimique et le Conte du Graal. Includes index. Bibliography: p. 625-639.

À l’orée du XIIIe siècle, Joseph d’Arimathie fait son entrée dans les romans du Graal. Lors la mise au tombeau du Christ, il aurait recueilli le saint sang dans un Vessel dont nous connaissons la postérité. L’étude d’un tel personnage permet d’interroger les liens que peut entretenir le corpus graalien avec les Écritures. La figure biblique fait entrer le Graal dans l’Histoire sainte. Par sa présence, les œuvres prétendent éclairer des vérités chrétiennes tout en restant malgré tout des fictions. Dès lors, le statut du personnage demande à être précisé. Acquiert-il des caractéristiques romanesques ? Dans quelle mesure réfère-t-il aux temps de la Passion mais aussi au monde arthurien ? Ces questions n’appellent pas toujours les mêmes réponses. Joseph d’Arimathie garantit l’unité des romans du Graal tout en instaurant des différences entre eux. Son histoire et sa poétique varient et reflètent par leurs changements les enjeux de chaque œuvre. Elles donnent à voir comment la prose se distingue du vers et comment la matière de Judée prend une forme nouvelle dans les textes graaliens. Les auteurs assument une prétention à dire vrai et à écrire l’Histoire tout en l’adaptant aux besoins du récit et d’un lectorat aristocratique. Instrument de légitimation du fait son origine biblique, Joseph d’Arimathie valorise le roman. Il révèle également comment l’aristocratie laïque reprend et infléchit le discours des clercs à son propre compte afin de s’accorder une nouvelle place dans le domaine spirituel. Il en ressort que le personnage répond à des enjeux tout à la fois poétiques, littéraires et sociohistoriques qu’il convient de mettre en lumière. / In the early XIIIth century, Joseph of Arimathea starts making an appearance in the Holy Grail stories. When Christ was laid to rest, Joseph of Arimathea is supposed to have collected the Holy Blood in a Vessel whose posterity is well-known. The study of such a historical figure leads us to assess how intertwined the Grail corpus and the Scriptures can be. The biblical figure ushers the Grail into the Sacred History. Through his existence, the literary works mean to highlight some Christian truths while eventually remaining works of fiction. From then on, the status of the character calls for clarification. Does he get bestowed with fictional features ? To what extent does he relate to the time of Passion as well as to the Arthurian legends ? These questions do not always call for the same type of answer. Joseph of Arimathea safeguards the unity of the Grail Romances, while delineating differences between them. His life story and poetic persona vary and these changes reflect the literary intent in each of the literary works. They go to show the distinction between prose and verse and how the Judea matter takes a new shape in the Grail texts. The authors claim responsibility for stating the truth and for recording History, while adjusting to the requirements of the narrative and to their upper-class readership. Thanks to his biblical origin, Joseph of Arimathea is instrumental in giving legitimacy to the story, thereby giving it additional value. He also reveals how the secular aristocracy take up and inflect the clerics’ discourse to their own benefit, in order to grant themselves a new stance in the spiritual real. What is emerging is that this figure invites various levels of analysis, be they of poetic, literary and socio-historical nature, which all need to be brought to light.