Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Terry Houser / Crossbred yearling steers (n = 144 initial BW 367 ± 18.46 kg) were randomly allotted by BW to a randomized complete block design with a 2x3 factorial treatment arrangement to 1) assess the impact of supplementing dried distiller grain with solubles (DDGS) while grazing late season forage for 90 d and 2) the impact of a short feeding period on animal performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality traits. Treatments consisted of DDGS supplementation during grazing (0 or 1% of BW as DDGS; DM basis) and finishing days on feed (DOF;75, 100, 125). During grazing supplemented cattle had greater (P < 0.01) ADG than un-supplemented cattle but un-supplemented cattle had greater ADG than supplemented cattle during the finishing period. There were no differences between grazing treatments for DMI (P = 0.91) during the finishing period. Supplemented cattle had decreased (P = 0.02) G:F during the finishing period compared to un-supplemented cattle. Supplemented cattle had heavier (P < 0.01) HCW and larger (P = 0.02) LM area than un-supplemented cattle. Increasing DOF linearly increased (P ≤ 0.03) HCW, 12th rib fat thickness, LM area and USDA marbling score. No differences were observed for USDA yield grade. Increasing DOF decreased (Linear; P < 0.01) carcass protein %, moisture %, and increased (Linear; P < 0.05) carcass fat %. Increasing DOF increased (Quadratic; P = 0.01) L* values, while decreasing (Quadratic; P < 0.01) a* and b* values for external fat color. No differences were observed with respect to the percentages of any fatty acids for any treatment. Increased (P = 0.01) sensory off-flavors were present at 100 DOF when compared to 125 DOF. No other differences among treatments were observed for any sensory traits, instrumental tenderness, lean color or fatty acid profile for any treatment. In conclusion, supplementing cattle with 1 % DDGS during grazing altered grazing and feedlot performance as well as impacted carcass characteristics. In addition, utilizing a shortened feeding period had minimal effects on meat quality traits, but increasing DOF resulted in a greater amount of whiter external fat.

Demand for organic food products has grown at rates as high as 20% since the 1990s. Organic grains compose 11% of total organic food demand, and are used in livestock production which represents 43% of organic food demand. Though the demand for organic grains is arguably increasing, domestic production of organic grains is lagging. Producers in the U.S. are hesitant to transition to certified organic grain production for a number of reasons. However, a lack of information pertaining to the organic grains market is one of the most prominent barriers to entry. One method that may provide insight into marketing opportunities available to organic grain producers is to create classifications of organic grain buyers. These classifications may allow for the comparison of business demographics, perceptions of the organic grain market, relationship formation and maintenance factors, and characteristics of purchasing agreements across buyer classifications. These comparisons would allow producers to identify potential marketing opportunities by providing insight regarding types of assistance offered by buyers, how to form a relationship with buyers, types of purchasing agreements used, and purchasing agreement characteristics and requirements. Producers would then be able to identify appropriate buyers for their respective situations based on times contracts are signed, payment timing, storage and transportation requirements, and the amount of organic practice documentation buyers require. Similar classifications have been proposed for organic producers, but, to date, no such classification exists for organic buyers. This work proposes two classifications of organic buyers. First, a classification of committed organic buyers versus pragmatic organic/pragmatic conventional buyers is motivated by similar classifications of organic producers found in previous works. Secondly, this work also introduces a classification of buyers that are sellers versus end-users of organic grains. Literature has suggested that the type of organic grain buyer (seller or end-user) gives rise to differences in functionality regarding interacting with producers and purchasing agreement characteristics. A sample of 45 organic grain buyers in the Midwest was utilized to characterize business demographics, perceptions of the organic grain market, relationship factors, and purchasing agreement characteristics on the two aforementioned categorization of organic grain buyers. A mixed methodology approach was utilized involving data collection via phone interviews and an online questionnaire. Initial data analysis suggests that data from the two data collection methods statistically differed in some measures of business demographics, perceptions of the organic grains market, and types of assistance offered to producers. This suggests that buyers responding to a phone interview may be more willing to assist producers and have more positive perceptions of the organic market. Thus, each analysis separates phone interview and online questionnaire responses. Due to a small sample size, means comparisons were utilized for the proposed categorizations of buyers. Data were found to not adhere to the normality assumption, requiring the use of nonparametric methods. A Chi-square test was conducted for binary variables, while a Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test was utilized for continuous and categorical variables. Results suggest that committed organic grain buyers are smaller in terms of gross sales than pragmatic organic/conventional buyers. Fewer committed organic grain buyers require the grain supplier to pay for grain delivery when compared to pragmatic buyers. Both the comparison of committed organic versus pragmatic buyers and the comparison of sellers versus end-users suggest that there is a bifurcation in organic grain buyers, indicating potential conventionalization within the organic grain industry. Additionally, both categorizations also indicate the buyers anticipate future supply and demand to both increase, but do not expect future price to increase. Thus, it can be concluded that buyers believe future supply will increase at a greater rate than demand, decreasing price. Alternatively, buyers may expect future supply and demand to grow proportionally, keeping price constant. Though the sample is representative of the population of buyers present, the small sample size suggests results of this work should be interpreted with caution.

En ce qui concerne la crise de 1816-1817, sans doute moins brutale que les crises d'avant la révolution, notamment sur le plan démographique, un certain nombre d'auteurs, y compris Colette Girard, Pierre-Paul Viard, Maurice Vergnaud et Louis Guéneau, ont publié des articles tels que « La disette de 1816-17 dans la Meurthe » , «Les conséquences démographiques de la famine de 1816-1817 dans le département de la Meurthe » , « la crise de 1816-17 , particulièrement en Côte-d’Or » , « Agitation politique et crise de subsistances à Lyon de septembre 1816 à juin 1817 » , « La disette de 1816-1817 dans une région de production de blé, la Brie » . Le plus souvent, ils ont essayé d'associer les analyses de Labrousse ou de Chabert avec les observations spécifiques relevées au niveau local. Les angles, sous lesquels les historiens traitent le sujet des crises varient beaucoup: étude des conséquences politiques, description des phénomènes démographiques, dépouillement de sources inédites sur la justice. . Grâce au recours aux archives locales, ces auteurs ont pu tirer des conclusions originales, mais dans le cadre de monographies limitées à l'histoire locale. Ce travail repose sur l'étude du contexte politique et climatique de la crise, qui en explique, en général, les causes principales et les plus directes. Les mesures de la crise dans l'agriculture suppose une analyse précise fondée sur l'emploi des nombreuses statistiques que recèlent les archives tant nationales que provinciales. La comparaison des prix permet de compléter les travaux d'Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie , ou de Nicolas Bourguinat, qui ont essayé d'examiner le système de circulation des grains sous l'angle de l'idéologie du gouvernement sans mettre suffisamment en valeur, pour le second, l'influence des éléments naturels. Ces deux auteurs présentent chacun des avantages respectifs. Si l'on se place d'abord dans une perspective internationale, l'ouvrage d'Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie consacré à l'histoire du climat depuis l'an 1000 aide à identifier les pays qui, avant de souffrir de la disette, ont d'abord été touchés par des dérèglements climatiques. Si, au contraire l'on se concentre sur la France, Nicolas Bourguinat, grâce à des dépouillement précis d'archives et de registres, apporte de nombreux éclairages sur la micro-histoire post-révolutionnaire. / The crisis in 1816-17 is regarded as the last crisis of the “Ancien régime économique” in this thesis, because with many particular characteristics, it started at the first time in the agriculture and developed most of the time in this sector. The crisis, provoked by an anomaly climate at the beginning of 1816, has shaken the french society The poor harvest caused a lot of troubles to the circulation of the grains. The wheat was in that epoch the principal food to the French people, and the government took feeding his people as a bounden duty. So we can say that, the problem concerning the food supply was an interface between the government and the people's livelihood. In a word, this subject involves not only the historical techniques, but also the knowledges of sociology, economics, statistics and so on. With the help of all these techniques, we will have a glance of the reality in this period which seems far from us. What’s more, this research tries to figure out the elements of the nature of the crisis: the last crisis of “ancien régime”, in order to clear some suspicions and to remove some misunderstandings.

This Thesis had as objectives to study the hydration process of grains with sigmoidal behavior, evaluating ultrasound technology to improve it, the possible effects on germination, cooking and a possible incorporation of nutrients. The work was developed in three parts. The first part consisted of describing the hydration kinetics of many grains to have a data bank of hydration kinetics, allowing further selections. Furthermore, this part compared the differences among grains hydration kinetics, associating them with the intrinsic properties of the grains and questioning some inferences previously published in the literature. The second part was related to study the effect of ultrasound on the hydration kinetics of grains with sigmoidal behavior, being studied Andean lupin, mung beans and white kidney beans. Further, the effect of ultrasound in combination with soaking water at high temperatures was studied to demonstrate if they have additive, synergic or antagonist effect. The effect of ultrasound technology was evaluated in the water uptake, extraction of components, germination and cooking kinetics. The third part consisted of studying and describing the incorporation of a nutrient inside the grains, taking advantage of the hydration process. Further, ultrasound was used to improve this incorporation. The main results of this work corroborate that the hydration process is a complex phenomenon, and many intrinsic properties of the grains causes the kinetics differences. In addition, the fact that only legume grains have sigmoidal behavior of hydration was proved. Further, the ultrasound accelerated the hydration process of grains with sigmoidal behavior without affecting the grain starch, improving the extraction of undesirable components, enhancing or hindering the germination (depending on the grain), but without affecting the cooking process. Another result was that the higher the soaking water temperature is, the lower the ultrasound effect on hydration is. Finally, regarding nutrient incorporation, a hydrophilic nutrient (iron) was incorporated in a grain during hydration process demonstrating that it is possible. The iron incorporation had the same behavior as the water uptake, suggesting similar mechanisms and phenomena of mass flow. In addition, the incorporated iron was attached not only to the bean cotyledon, but also mostly in the seed coat. Furthermore, ultrasound technology enhanced this process. The cooking process of the studied grains was improved, and its germination was hindered by the incorporated iron. In conclusion, ultrasound technology can be used for improving the hydration process of grains with sigmoidal behavior, being also practical for nutrient incorporation into grains. / A presente Tese teve como objetivos estudar o processo de hidratação de grãos com comportamento sigmoidal de hidratação, avaliar a tecnologia de ultrassom para a sua melhora, os possíveis efeitos na germinação, cozimento e possível incorporação de nutrientes. O trabalho foi feito em três etapas. A primeira etapa consistiu em realizar uma prospecção de hidratação de diversos grãos, auxiliando na escolha dos futuros grãos a serem estudados. Ainda, comparou-se as cinéticas de hidratação associando-as com as propriedades intrínsecas dos grãos, avaliando diversas inferências publicadas sobre o processo. Na segunda etapa estudou-se o efeito do ultrassom de alta potência no processo de hidratação de três grãos com comportamento sigmoidal: tremoço andino, feijão moyashi e feijão branco. Também foi avaliado o efeito combinado do ultrassom e a temperatura da água de hidratação. O efeito da tecnologia de ultrassom foi avaliado na cinética de absorção de água, extração de compostos, germinação e cozimento. A terceira etapa consistiu em aproveitar o longo tempo do processo de hidratação para incorporar um nutriente hidrossolúvel dentro do grão. O ultrassom foi também usado para acelerar este processo. Os resultados mais importantes da Tese foram que se corroborou que a hidratação de grãos é um processo complexo e que há muita dificuldade em correlacionar as propriedades intrínsecas dos grãos com as características da hidratação. Ainda, foi demonstrado que o comportamento sigmoidal de hidratação é somente encontrado em grãos da família das leguminosas. Também foi demostrado que o ultrassom acelera a hidratação de grãos com comportamento sigmoidal e que esta tecnologia não afeta o amido dos grãos, melhora ou piora a germinação (dependendo do grão), e não afeta o cozimento. Corroborou-se que quanto maior a temperatura da água, menor é o efeito do ultrassom na cinética de hidratação. Finalmente, demonstrou-se que é possível incorporar nutrientes solúveis dentro dos grãos, aproveitando assim o longo tempo de hidratação. Encontrou-se que a incorporação de nutrientes segue mecanismo similar que a entrada de água, e que pode ser acelerado usando ultrassom. Também, foi demonstrado que o ferro foi incorporado no cotilédone e no tegumento (em maior quantidade), e que este composto melhora o cozimento do feijão, porém prejudica a sua germinação. Em conclusão, o ultrassom pode ser usado para melhorar o processo de hidratação de grãos e para a incorporação de algum nutriente.

Gesneriaceae é uma das famílias mais antigas da ordem Lamiales e possuí aproximadamente 150 gêneros, entre eles, Sinningia Nees, com um grande número de espécies endêmicas do Brasil. Foram estudados os grãos de pólen de 27 espécies brasileiras de Sinningia com o objetivo de caracterizar e identificar dados polínicos que possam auxiliar na taxonomia da família, ampliando os conhecimentos sobre a diversidade polínica do gênero, a fim de fornecer subsídios para o melhor entendimento das relações entre as espécies e da evolução dos caracteres polínicos, assim como relacionar os dados obtidos nesse trabalho com as síndromes de polinização descritas para o gênero. O material analisado foi obtido a partir de espécimes depositados nos herbários SP, MBM, MBML, ESA, UEC e INPA e de material de cultivo do Sítio Primavera em Mogi das Cruzes SP. Os grãos de pólen foram acetolisados, medidos, fotografados em microscopia óptica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e transmissão e descritos qualitativamente. Os dados quantitativos foram analisados por meio de estatísticas descritiva e multivariada. Para as espécies brasileiras de Sinningia estudadas foram observadas variações entre os grãos de pólen, principalmente quanto ao tamanho, âmbito, forma, comprimento dos colpos e ornamentação. Foram encontrados grãos de pólen pequenos, pequenos à médios e médios; isopolares; âmbito circular, circular-lobados, subcircular e subtriangular; oblato-esferoidais, prolato-esferoidais, subprolatos e prolatos; área polar muito pequena, pequena ou grande; 3-colporados; colpos muito curtos, curtos, longos e muito longos e estreitos; colpos às vezes contritos na região mediana; endoabertura lolongadas; exina microrreticulada heterobrocada e homobrocada. Os dados obtidos confirmam o caráter estenopolínico do gênero, uma vez que as diferenças encontradas nos grãos de pólen são discretas e não permitem a identificação intragenérica. / Gesnericeae is one of the oldest families of the order Lamiales and has approximately 150 genera, among them, Sinningia Nees, that owns a great number of species endemic of Brazil. We studied the pollen grains of 27 Brazilian Sinningia with the objective of characterizing and identifying pollen data that could aid in family taxonomy, knowledge on pollen diversity of the genus,in order to provide support for a better understanding of the relationships between species and the evolution of pollinic characters, as well as to relate the data obtained in this work to the pollination syndromes described for the genus. The material analyzed was obtained from the specimens deposited in the herbaria SP, MBM, MBML, ESA, UEC and INPA and of cultive material of the Sítio Primavera in Mogi das Cruzes SP. The pollen grains were acetolysed, measured, photographed under light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy and described qualitatively. The quantitative data were analyzed by descriptive and multivariate statistics. For the Brazilian Sinningia species studied, variations were observed between pollen grains, mainly in the size, amb, shape, length colpi and ornamentation. The pollen grains are small, small to medium and medium; isopolar; circular, circular-lobate, subcircular and subtriangular amb; oblate-spheroidal, prolate-spheroidal, subprolate and prolate; polar area is very small, small or large; 3-colporate; very short, short, long and very long colpi and narrows; sometimes contrite in the median region; lolongate endoaberture; heterobrocate and homobrocate microrreticulate ornamentation. The data obtained confirm the stenopalynous character of the genus, since the differences found in the pollen grains are discrete and do not allow intrageneric identification.

O manuseio de grãos durante as operações de carga e descarga geram materiais particulados que são liberados para a atmosfera interferindo na qualidade do ar da região. Essa pesquisa identificou a presença de material particulado proveniente de grãos na cidade de Santos utilizando dados disponibilizados pelos satélites da NASA, índices de qualidade do ar fornecidos pela CETESB e dados obtidos pela técnica LIDAR. / Grain handling during loading and unloading operations generates particulate materials that are released into the atmosphere by interfering with the air quality of the region. This research identified the presence of particulate matter from grain in the city of Santos using data provided by NASA satellites, air quality indexes provided by CETESB and data obtained by the LIDAR technique.

A utilização de novas tecnologias e a adoção de inovações na agricultura são fundamentais para o estabelecimento dos padrões de produção, pois, além de mitigarem riscos específicos associados a este ramo de atividade, impactam nos resultados agronômicos, econômicos e financeiros do negócio rural. Diversos aspectos derivam dessa discussão e suscitam questões como: Quais são os condicionantes de adoção de Agricultura de Precisão (AP) por produtores de grãos? Qual é o grau de adoção e uso de Agricultura de Precisão? Quais são as características do produtor rural e da fazenda, as principais tecnologias utilizadas e os fatores de maior influência na adoção de Agricultura de Precisão? Qual é a influência das características do produtor, características da fazenda e fontes de informação na adoção de Agricultura de Precisão? Partindo dessas questões de pesquisa, o objetivo geral do trabalho foi identificar os condicionantes de adoção de Agricultura de Precisão por produtores de grãos. Os objetivos específicos foram: mensurar o grau de adoção e uso de AP; caracterizar o produtor rural e a fazenda, as principais tecnologias utilizadas e os fatores de maior influência na adoção de AP; analisar a influência das características do produtor, características da fazenda e fontes de informação na adoção de Agricultura de Precisão. Essa pesquisa é caracterizada como estudo exploratório e descritivo, com aplicação de técnicas de análise quantitativas. Foram realizadas 404 entrevistas presenciais com produtores de soja e milho. A análise dos dados foi feita com a técnica de regressão logística. Constata-se que os condicionantes encontrados são relacionados a características do produtor, como educação e importância da renda da agricultura, a características da fazenda, como área de safrinha de milho, a fontes de informação, como assistência técnica e extensão rural - Emater/Cati, e aos meios de comunicação, como palestras e publicações de universidades. As tecnologias no estágio de Maioria Inicial (Até 50% da população) são análise de solos, aplicação de corretivos e fertilizantes em taxa variável, amostragem de solo em grade (Georreferenciada), mapa de aplicação, piloto automático, aplicação de defensivos em taxa variável, GPS com barra de luz, monitor de colheita e mapa de produtividade. As tecnologias adotadas pelos Pioneiros (Até 16% da população) são semeadura em taxa variável, GPS com correção RTK, sensoriamento remoto (aéreo/satélite/outros) e irrigação de precisão. A única tecnologia somente adotada pelos Inovadores (até 2,5%) foram os sensores de plantas daninhas, pragas e doenças. Por fim, o trabalho sugere temas para estudos futuros. / The use of new technologies and the adoption of innovations in agriculture are critical for the establishment of production standards, because they mitigate specific risks associated with this field of activity, impact on the agronomic, economic and financial results of the rural business. Several aspects derive from this discussion: What are the determinants of adoption of precision agriculture (PA) of grain producers? What is the level of adoption and use of Precision Agriculture? What are the characteristics of the farmer and the farm, the main technologies used and the most influential factors in the adoption of Precision Agriculture? What are the influence of producer characteristics, farm characteristics and sources of information on the adoption of Precision Agriculture? Based on these research questions, the main objective of this study was to identify the determinants of adoption of Precision Agriculture of grain producers. The specific objectives were to measure the level of adoption and use of PA; characterize the farmer and the farm, the main technologies used and the most influential factors in the adoption of PA; analyze the influence of producer characteristics, farm characteristics and sources of information on the adoption of Precision Agriculture. This research is characterized as exploratory and descriptive study, with application of quantitative analysis techniques. 404 face to face interviews were conducted with producers of soybeans and corn. Data analysis was performed with logistic regression. The PA adoption determinants found are related to producer characteristics such as education and importance of agricultural income, the farm characteristics such as second crop corn area (safrinha), sources of information, technical assistance and rural extension - Emater / Cati and the media, such as lectures and university publications. Technologies in Initial Majority stage are soil analysis, application of fertilizers in variable rate, soil sampling grid (Georeferenced), application map, autopilot, application of pesticides in variable rate, GPS with light bar, harvest monitor and productivity map. The technologies adopted by Pioneers are variable rate seeding, GPS with RTK correction, remote sensing and precision irrigation. The only technology only adopted by innovators were the sensors of weeds, pests and diseases. Finally, this research suggested topics for future studies.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the reduction on the levels of mycotoxins in wheat products and by-products: deoxynivalenol (DON) in whole wheat flour, wheat bran and the efluent from wet milling of wheat flour, and zearalenone (ZEN) in wheat bran. Firstly, the reduction of DON contamination was studied on whole wheat flour, naturaly contaminated, and considering different moisture levels, as well as in wet milling effluent of wheat flour. Further, the impact of the ozonation process on the rheological properties of the processed flour was evaluated. Secondly, the wheat bran naturally co-contaminated with DON and ZEN was studied, considering the degradation of both mycotoxins and the impact of the ozonation process on the bran phenolic compound content and on the antioxidant capacity. The DON degradation in the whole wheat flour increased with both processing time and moisture content. By changing these process parameters, it was possible to obtain products in accordance with the legal limits of Brazil and the European Union, even starting with concentration 2-4 times higher than the legal limits. However, the rheological properties of the whole wheat flour were affected by the process, probably due to protein modifications. The DON concentration on the wet milling effluent was linearly reduced by the ozonation. In wheat bran naturally contaminated and in its equilibrium moisture, the ozonation reduced both DON and ZEN contamination. The degradation of ZEN was higher and faster than the degradation of DON, which could be explained by their molecular structures. It was also observed that the ozonation process did not negatively affect the phenolic compounds and the antioxidant capacity, which is high desirable from a nutritional point of view. Consequently, this work concludes that the ozonation process was effective in reducing DON and ZEN in different wheat products and efluent. It is noteworthy that the results obtained are promising for future studies and to elucidate the mechanism of action of ozone on mycotoxins and constituents of food. / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a redução nos níveis de micotoxinas em produtos e subprodutos de trigo: desoxinivalenol (DON) em farinha de trigo integral, farelo de trigo e efluente de moagem da farinha de trigo e zearalenona (ZEA) em farelo de trigo. No primeiro momento, a redução da contaminação por DON foi estudada em farinha de trigo integral, naturalmente contaminada e considerando diferentes níveis de umidade, bem como no efluente de moagem úmida da farinha. Além disso, o impacto do processo de ozonização nas propriedades reológicas da farinha processada foi avaliado. Em segundo lugar, estudou-se o farelo de trigo naturalmente co-contaminado com DON e ZEA, considerando a degradação de ambas as micotoxinas e o impacto do processo de ozonização no conteúdo do composto fenólico do farelo e na capacidade antioxidante. A degradação de DON na farinha de trigo integral aumentou tanto com o tempo de processamento quanto com o teor de umidade. Ao alterar esses parâmetros de processo, foi possível obter produtos de acordo com os limites legais do Brasil e da União Européia, mesmo com a concentração 2-4 vezes superior aos limites legais. Contudo, as propriedades reológicas da farinha de trigo integral foram afetadas pelo processo, provavelmente devido a modificações de proteínas. A concentração de DON no efluente de moagem úmida foi linearmente reduzida pela ozonização. Em farelo de trigo naturalmente contaminado e em sua umidade de equilíbrio, a ozonização reduziu a contaminação DON e ZEA. A degradação do ZEA foi maior e mais rápida que a degradação do DON, o que poderia ser explicado pelas suas estruturas moleculares. Observou-se também que o processo de ozonização não afetou negativamente os compostos fenólicos e a capacidade antioxidante, o que é altamente desejável do ponto de vista nutricional. Consequentemente, este trabalho conclui que o processo de ozonização foi efetivo na redução de DON e ZEA em diferentes produtos de trigo e efluentes. Vale ressaltar que os resultados obtidos são promissores para futuros estudos e elucidar o mecanismo de ação do ozônio sobre micotoxinas e constituintes dos alimentos.

Visando avaliar os efeitos do tempo e da temperatura de armazenamento de grãos de feijoeiro, Phaseolus vulgaris L., sobre a manifestação da resistência ao caruncho Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say, 1831), realizaram-se ensaios com e sem chance de escolha sob condições de laboratório. Em casa-de-vegetação avaliou-se a preferência para oviposição e os danos causados pelo caruncho em vagens e grãos. Os genótipos utilizados nos ensaios foram Arc.1S, Arc.3S, Arc.5S, Carioca Pitoco, Ipa 6, Porrillo 70, Onix, Arc.1, Arc.2, Arc.3 e Arc.4. Em teste com chance de escolha utilizando-se grãos de diferentes idades, observou-se que os genótipos selvagens Arc.1S e Arc.5S expressaram antibiose e/ou não-preferência para alimentação como mecanismos de resistência a A. obtectus; os genótipos Arc.1 e Arc.2 apresentaram somente antibiose; já Arc.3S expressou não-preferência para oviposição e baixos níveis de antibiose. Em teste sem chance de escolha, os genótipos Arc.1S, Arc.3S, Arc.5S, Arc.1 e Arc.2 expressaram antibiose. Em teste onde avaliou-se a influência do tamanho de grãos na manifestação da resistência, os genótipos selvagens Arc.1S, Arc.3S e Arc.5S expressaram antibiose e/ou não-preferência para alimentação; Arc.1 e Arc.2 expressaram antibiose. No estudo com grãos armazenados sob diferentes temperaturas observou-se antibiose em grãos de Arc.1S e Arc.2, independentemente da temperatura em que estiveram confinados; já com Arc.1, notou-se que os efeitos antibióticos de seus grãos foram reduzidos à medida que a temperatura de armazenamento se elevou. Constatou-se também que 25°C não é a melhor temperatura para discriminar genótipos em estudos de resistência, comparativamente à 20°C e 30°C. Em casa-de-vegetação observou-se que as vagens e grãos do genótipo Arc.4 foram mais preferidos para oviposição e alimentação por A. obtectus em relação aos demais materiais; por sua vez Arc.1, Arc.5S, Ipa 6, Arc.3S e Porrillo 70 revelaram-se menos preferidos para oviposição e alimentação pelo caruncho. / Aiming to evaluate the effects of the time and temperatures of storage bean grains Phaseolus vulgaris L. on the expression of the resistance to the bean weevil Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say, 1831), free and no choice tests were accomplished under laboratory conditions. The preference for oviposition and damages caused by the weevil in pods and grains were evaluated under greenhouse conditions. The genotypes used in the assays were Arc.1S, Arc.3S, Arc.5S, Carioca Pitoco, Ipa 6, Porrillo 70, Onix, Arc.1, Arc.2, Arc.3 and Arc.4. In free choice test using grains of different ages, the wild genotypes Arc.1S and Arc.5S expressed antibiosis and/or no-preference for feeding as resistance mechanisms to A. obtectus; the genotypes Arc.1 and Arc.2 presented only antibiosis; Arc.3S expressed no-preference for oviposition and low antibiosis levels. In no-choice test, the genotypes Arc.1S, Arc.3S, Arc.5S, Arc.1 and Arc.2 expressed antibiosis. In test where the influence of the size of grains was evaluated in the expression of resistance, the wild genotypes Arc.1S, Arc.3S and Arc.5S expressed antibiosis and/or no-preference for feeding; Arc.1 and Arc.2 expressed antibiosis. In the study with grains stored under different temperatures, antibiosis was observed in grains of Arc.1S and Arc.2, independently of the confinement temperature; in Arc.1, it was observed that the antibiotic effects of its grains were reduced as the storage temperature increased. It was also verified that 25°C was not the best temperature to discriminate genotypes in studies of resistance, comparatively to 20°C and 30°C. In greenhouse the pods and grains of Arc.4 were the most preferred for oviposition and feeding by A. obtectus, comparing to the other materials; Arc.1, Arc.5S, Ipa 6, Arc.3S and Porrillo 70 were the least preferred for oviposition and feeding by the bean weevil.

Neste trabalho realiza-se uma análise individual e comparativa de três modelos de demanda por transporte de grãos: de Oferta, de Incorporação de área e aumento de produtividade, e da Rede Ferroviária Federal S/A. O estudo foi desenvolvido com base num conjunto de dados coletados no Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Esse conjunto contém dados referentes ao período de 1974 a 1994, e foi dividido em duas partes: a primeira, de 1974 a 1988, usada na calibração dos modelos, e a segunda, de 1989 a 1994, na verificação de desempenho dos modelos. A produção estimada para o segundo período foi comparada com a produção observada no mesmo período. A precisão dos modelos foi verificada para curto e longo prazos, e para dois níveis de agregação. Concluiu-se que tanto o modelo de Oferta como o modelo da RFFSA são apropriados para a previsão de curto prazo. E que o modelo de Oferta é melhor do que o de Incorporação de área e aumento de produtividade para a projeção de produção em nível agregado, e vice-versa. / This work carries out an individual and comparative analysis o f three grain transportation demand models: Supply model, Area and Productivity model and RFFSA (Federal Railway) model. The study was developed based on the data set collected in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul. This set contains data related to the period trom 1974 to 1994. It was divided into two periods, the first from 1974 to 1988, used to calibrate the models, and the second, from 1989 to 1994, used to verify the performance of the models. The production estimated for second period was compared to the observed production. The accuracy of the models was verified for short and long terms, and for two levels of aggregation. lt was concluded that both Supply and RFFSA models are appropriate to the short term forecasting, and that the Area and Productivity model may be used for the long term. It was also concluded that the Supply model is better than Area and Productivity model for estimating production at the aggregate level, and vice-versa.