Une assemblée d’objets solides de taille typique d’une fraction de millimètre n’est pas sensible à l’agitation thermique. En effet, ces éléments sont trop massifs pour être mis en mouvement par le chaos moléculaire. Cependant, un tel empilement est susceptible de se réorganiser sous la seule influence des variations de température ambiante. Ces dernières induisent des changements de longueur certes relativement petits (coefficient de dilatation typique de l'orde de 10-5 K-1) mais, compte tenu de la rigidité de ces matériaux (module d’Young de l’ordre de 1011Pa), les déformations associées sont suffisantes pour créer des efforts capables de déplacer des grains de manière irréversible. Nous étudions expérimentalement la compaction d’une colonne de billes de verre soumise à des cycles de température. Imposer les variations de température par un fil tendu placé au centre de la colonne et alimenté par un courant sinusoïdal de fréquence assez haute permet de minimiser les effets de la dilatation du récipient. La dynamique du système est étudiée en fonction des caractéristiques du chauffage et des conditions mécaniques. Par ailleurs, d'un point de vue théorique, nous nous intéressons aux effets des variations de température sur un système discret modèle, des patins liés par des ressorts en contact frictionnel avec un plan incliné. Nous étudions l’influence de l’angle d'inclinaison et des caractéristiques des variations de température sur la reptation du système. Nous observons que proche d’une amplitude critique, entre mouvement et arrêt du système, ce dernier exhibe une dynamique intermittente. / An assembly of solid objects of typical size, a fraction of a millimeter is not sensitive to thermal agitation. Indeed, these elements are too massive to be moved by the molecular chaos. However, such a stack is likely to reorganize under the influence of ambient temperature variations. The latter lead to changes in length relatively small (coefficient of expansion typical of order 10-5 K-1), but, due to the rigidity of these materials (Young's modulus of about 1011Pa) deformations associated are sufficient to create stresses capable of moving grain irreversibly.We study experimentally the compaction of a column of glass beads subjected to temperature cycles. The temperature variations imposed by a stretched wire placed at the center of the column supplied by a high frequency sinusoidal current minimize the effects of expansion of the container. The dynamic of the system is studied for different heating and mechanical conditions.Moreover, from a theoretical point of view, we consider the effects of temperature variations on a discrete model system, sliders connected by springs in frictional contact with an inclined plane. We study the influence of the inclination angle and the characteristics of temperature variations on the creep of the system. We observe that close to a critical amplitude, between motion and rest, the system exhibits an intermittent dynamic.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第16502号 / 工博第3495号 / 新制||工||1529(附属図書館) / 29159 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料工学専攻 / (主査)教授 辻 伸泰, 教授 白井 泰治, 教授 乾 晴行 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / James S. Drouillard / A series of five trials were conducted to evaluate grain processing, distiller's grains inclusion in finishing diets, interactions between distiller's grains and dry-rolled corn (DRC) or steam-flaked corn (SFC), efficacy of removing roughage in the presence of distiller's grains and the digestibility of distiller's grains in steam-flaked and dry-rolled corn diets. The first trial was designed to determine the optimum flake density of SFC in beef finishing diets. Diets consisted of corn flaked to densities of 360, 411, or 462 g/L. Observed improvements in mill production would support increasing flake density; however numerical decreases in animal performance offset economic benefits of increased productivity. The second trial was conducted to evaluate optimum levels of sorghum wet distiller's grains in finishing diets. Crossbred yearling steers were fed diets containing DRC or SFC and levels of distiller's grains were 0, 10, 20, or 30% of diet dry matter. Distiller's grains can effectively replaced a portion of the corn in finishing diets, but their nutritional value was greater in DRC diets than in SFC diets. In trial 3, crossbred heifers were fed diets containing SFC with 0% DDG and 15% corn silage (CS), 25% DDG and 15% CS, or 25% DDG and 5% CS. In trial 4, crossbreed heifers were fed diets similar containing DRC or SFC with 0% DDG and 15% CS, 25% DDG and 15% CS, or 25% DDG and 5% CS. Results indicate that roughage levels can be reduced in feedlot diets containing DDG with no adverse effects on performance or carcass quality. The fifth trial was a metabolism study conducted to evaluate the digestibility of DDG in beef cattle. Treatments consisted of DRC with 0% DDG, DRC with 25% DDG, SFC with 0% DDG, and SFC with 25% DDG. There were no significant grain processing by distiller's grain interactions observed in main effects. In conclusion optimum flake density was 360 g/L, feeding distiller's grains has a greater value in DRC diets vs. SFC diets, roughage level and type are important in formulating finishing diets, roughage can be reduced when feeding distiller's grains, and ruminal ammonia, and pH are decreased and ruminal lactate is increased when feeding DDG and SFC.

La forme des grains est reconnue comme influençant leur comportement hydraulique mais n’est pas utilisée dans les modèles de transport par charriage pour deux raisons: les mécanismes de mise en mouvement des sédiments selon leur forme sont mal connus et la difficulté à définir cette forme selon des paramètres communs. De nombreux instruments ont été déployés in-situ, en amont de cette thèse, au large des côtes de Manche Orientale en Mars 2011. Une analyse détaillée des données collectées est effectuée afin de suivre l’évolution des quantités de matériaux charriées au cours d’un cycle tidal sur les zones ateliers explorées. Ces mesures in-situ sont ensuite confrontées aux formulations existantes selon deux approches : mono-fractionnée, utilisant le diamètre médian du mélange, et multi-fractionnées, impliquant une discrétisation de la courbe granulométrique. La nécessité d’osciller entre ces deux méthodes selon l’étendue granulométrique du site est mise en évidence. Des photographies des grains du disponible sédimentaire puis charriés in-situ mettent en avant un transport préférentiel sur le fond des particules les plus circulaires. Une nouvelle formule est développée prenant en compte l’hétérogénéité en taille et en circularité des sédiments pour l’estimation du transport charrié sous l’action d’un courant seul. La modification proposée améliore significativement les prédictions des modèles, en particulier pour les fractions grossières. Des tests préliminaires en canal à courant sont également effectués pour valider un nouveau montage et protocole expérimental dans le but de confronter les résultats in-situ et expérimentaux. / Particle shape is recognized to influence the hydraulic behavior of grains but is not used in current bedload transport models for two reasons: the mechanisms of initiation of motion of sediments according to their shape are not well understood and the difficulties to define particle shape with common parameters. Several instruments were deployed in-situ, before this study, in the Eastern English Channel in March 2011. A detailed analysis of the data collected is carried out to monitor the quantities of bedload transported materials along a tidal cycle in the three study areas explored. These in-situ measurements are then compared to existing formulations using two approaches: a single fraction approach, using the median diameter of the sediment mixture, and a multiple fraction approach, involving a discretization of the granulometric curve. The need to oscillate between these two methods according to the granulometric extent of the site studied is highlighted. Photographs of grains of the sediment cover and transported in-situ by bed load highlight a preferential transport of the most circular particles of the seabed. A new formula is developed, which takes into account the heterogeneity of particles in size and in circularity, to estimate bedload sediment transport under the action of a single current. The proposed adjustment significantly improves model predictions, especially for coarse fractions of sediments. Preliminary tests in a current channel are also performed to validate a new experimental set-up and protocol in order to compare in-situ and experimental results.

The results from this study, on a few commercial and model metastable beta titanium alloys, indicate that the growth restriction factor (GRF) model fails to interpret the grain growth behavior in the additively manufactured alloys. In lieu of this, an approach based on the classical nucleation theory of solidification incorporating the freezing range has been proposed for the first time to rationalize the experimental observations. Beta titanium alloys with a larger solidification range (liquidus minus solidus temperature) exhibited a more equiaxed grain morphology, while those with smaller solidification ranges exhibited columnar grains. Subsequently, the printability of two candidate beta titanium alloys containing eutectoid elements (Fe) that are prone to beta fleck in conventional casting, i.e., Ti-1Al-8V-5Fe (wt%) or Ti-185, and Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (wt%) or Ti-10-2-3, is further investigated via two different AM processing routes. These alloys are used for high-strength applications in the aerospace industry, such as landing gears and fasteners. The Laser Engineered Net Shaping and Selective Laser Melting (the two AM techniques) results show that locally higher solidification rates in AM can prevent the problem of beta fleck and potentially produce β-titanium alloys with significantly enhanced mechanical properties over conventionally cast/forged counterparts. Further, the detailed investigation of microstructure-mechanical property relationships indicates that the precipitation or formation of non-equilibrium secondary phases like α or ω in these commercial systems can be advantageous to the mechanical properties. The influence of process parameters on the evolution of such secondary phases within the β matrix grains has also been rationalized using a FEM-based multi-physics thermo-kinetic model that predicts the multiple heating-cooling cycles experienced by the layers during the LENS deposition. Overall, the results indicate that Ti-1-8-5 and Ti-10-2-3 are promising β-Ti alloys for AM processing. Further, the results also demonstrate the ability to tune the microstructure (secondary phase precipitation and grain size) via changes in the process parameters to achieve desirable mechanical properties, obviating the need for any secondary post-processing. The understanding obtained through this work can be coupled with the concept of β-phase stability prediction, via parameters like bond order (Bo), the energy level of metal d-orbital (Md), Mo equivalency, etc., to design novel beta titanium alloys with the desired microstructures tailored via AM for structural applications.

No description available.

Four trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of ensiling whole plant maize with wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS) on its preservation and nutritive value. In the first study, WDGS was blended with whole maize plants at 0% (control), 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%, and ensiled for 120 days in bottle silos in a complete randomized design. Fermentation was monitored by taking samples at day 0, 7, 21, 42 and 120. Results showed a steady decrease (P<0.05) in dry matter (DM) concentration with increasing level of WDGS inclusion. Final silage pH was lowest (P<0.05) for the 40% WDGS treatment (pH 3.62) and highest for the 10% WDGS treatment (pH 3.79). There was no effect (P>0.05) of level of WDGS inclusion on initial buffering capacity (day 0), as well as for day 42 and 120 samples. Lactic acid was higher (P<0.05) at day 120 for the control treatment than those blended with WDGS, which did not differ significantly. The concentration of acetic acid was higher value (P<0.05) for silage treatments blended with WDGS than the control, with that of 40% WDGS level of inclusion recording the highest (P<0.05). The control and 40% WDGS treatments had lower (P<0.05) ammonia nitrogen concentration (g/kg N) than the other treatments at day 120. The second trial involved monitoring ruminal fermentation characteristics of cannulated sheep fed three experimental diets. Formulated diets contained maize silage mixed with 24% dried distillers grains with solubles (MS DDGS treatment ), maize silage mixed with 19.5% sunflower oilcake meal (MS SOM treatment), and silage blend of 91% of whole maize plant/9% WDGS (WDGSMS treatment), all on a DM basis, to obtain iso-nutrient diets. The mean value for rumen pH, NH3N and total VFA concentrations among diets did not differ (P>0.05) among treatments. The individual VFA were similar with only butyric acid being lower (P<0.05) in sheep fed WDGSMS. There were no differences in the acetic:propionic acid ratio among treatments. The third trial involved the determination of DM degradability of the three formulated experimental diets using the nylon bag technique. Effective degradability was measured at two outflow rates, 2% and 5%. The diets did not differ (P>0.05) for washing losses (avalue), slowly degradable DM fraction (b-value) and rate of degradation of DM (c-value). Treatment MS SOM recorded the highest effective degradability with MS DDGS having the lowest at 2% outflow rate. The effective degradability value at 5% outflow rate for WDGSMS was not significantly different from that of MS SOM and MS DDGS, which differed significantly. In the final study, experimental diets were fed to three groups of eight lambs in a growth performance trial. The groups offered MS DDGS and MS SOM had superior (P<0.05) final mass (g/head), average daily intake (gDM/kg0.75) and average daily gain (g/head/day), than those offered WDGSMS. The feed conversion ratio did not differ (P>0.05) among all treatments. / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

In palaeopalynology oaks are rarely identified beyond the generic level. In order to recognize fossil evergreen and deciduous oak pollen, we compiled distinguishing criteria from the literature, most under the SEM, on the living oaks. One of the most significant criteria is the nature of the sculpturing under the SEM. Evergreen oak pollen exhibit at least four kinds of sculpturing, viz. rod-like elements, uniformly fine granules, scabrate-verrucate, and rugulate micromorphology. The first two types of sculpturing are mostly limited to the evergreen oaks and can be used to identify fossil evergreen oak pollen, while the last two types can also be seen in many deciduous oaks. On the other hand, deciduous oak pollen grains have relatively uniform sculpturing, with only two types encountered: scabrate-verrucate and rugulate sculpturing. This sculpturing is mainly present in deciduous oaks, despite its occurrence in some evergreen oaks. An absolute discrimination between evergreen and deciduous oak pollen is thus impossible and would require additional evidence in the form of macrofossils. The diagnostic criteria are applied to a Miocene pollen assemblage from Zhejiang Province, eastern China and demonstrate the high diversity of fossil oaks in the vegetation. The fossil pollen includes three morphotaxa of deciduous origin, two morphotaxa of evergreen habit, and three oaks whose habit is uncertain.

El consumo de los granos andinos en nuestro país ha ido en aumento conforme se han dado a conocer sus propiedades nutritivas. Para el año 2019 el MINAGRI publicó que el consumo de granos andinos en el Perú alcanzó el 2.3 kilogramos per cápita, sin embargo, la meta es alcanzar una cifra superior por eso se debe tener en cuenta que no todas las personas tienen el conocimiento de sus beneficios nutricionales y la importancia de su consumo. Por ello en el país actualmente se fomentan las actividades como el “Mes de la Agricultura” o el “Día Nacional de los Granos Andinos” con el objetivo de impulsar su consumo cada año. Atendiendo a esta necesidad, se crea Qhali, una premezcla de los principales granos andinos del Perú. La propuesta de valor que ofrece Qhali a sus consumidores se manifiesta en un sabor avellanado, de fácil preparación, compuesto principalmente por quinua y avena, y sin ningún aditivo artificial. Por otro lado, su consumo no resulta nocivo para la salud, ya que sus principales ingredientes contienen altos componentes nutricionales. El público objetivo está compuesto por los padres de familia de los sectores socioeconómicos A y B de las zonas 6 y 7 de Lima Metropolitana que buscan mejorar la alimentación de sus hijos de una forma creativa en la presentación de estas. Asimismo, va dirigido al público en general. Los canales por los cuales Qhali se acercará a su público son: redes sociales, venta directa y delivery. / The consumption of Andean grains in our country has been increasing as its nutritional properties have been revealed. For 2019, The peruvian Department of Agriculture (MINAGRI) published that the consumption of Andean grains in Peru reached 2.3 kilograms per capita. However, the goal is to reach a higher number, we must understand that not all people have knowledge of their nutritional benefits and the importance of its consumption. For this reason, yearly activities such as "Agriculture Month" or "National Day of Andean Grains" are currently being promoted in the country with the aim of promoting their consumption each year. In response to this need, we have created Qhali, a premix of the main Andean grains of Peru. The value proposition that Qhali offers to its consumers is hazelnut flavor, easy to prepare, composed mainly of quinoa and oats, and without any artificial additives. On the other hand, its consumption is not harmful to health, since its main ingredients contain high nutritional components. Our target audience are parents from socioeconomic sectors A and B of zones 6 and 7 of Lima who seek to improve the nutrition of their children in a creative way in their presentation. It is also aimed at the general public and the channels through which Qhali will reach its audience are: social networks, direct sales and delivery. / Trabajo de investigación

<p> The beach at Manzanillo, Costa Rica, is composed of a mixture of terrigenous siliciclastic and marine calcareous sediment. The most abundant siliclastic grains are magnetite and diopside. The most abundant calcareous grains are red algae and molluscan fragments. These grains are found in much greater abundance in the beach sediment then in their source areas as a result of their resistance to breakdown.</p> <p> The distribution of the siliclastic minerals on the beach shows longshore drift to be from east to west. The main source of siliclastic sediment is the Rio Sixaola. Local rivers provide small inputs of sediment.</p> <p> The trace element chemistry of the beach indicates the possibility that some elements may be absorbed on the surfaces of grains as opposed to being substituted for other elements in mineral lattices.</p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Science (BSc)