Le récepteur nucléaire Nr5a2, également connu sous le nom de liver receptor homolog-1 (Lrh-1), est exprimé au niveau de l’ovaire chez la souris, exclusivement dans les cellules lutéales et de la granulosa. La perturbation de Nr5a2, spécifique aux cellules de la granulosa chez la souris à partir des follicules primaires dans la trajectoire du développement folliculaire a démontré que Nr5a2 est un régulateur clé de l’ovulation et de la fertilité chez la femelle. Notre hypothèse veut que Nr5a2 régule les évènements péri- et post-ovulatoires dans une séquence temporelle lors de la folliculogénèse. Afin d'étudier l’implication de Nr5a2 lors de l’ovulation et de la lutéinisation à différents stades du développement folliculaire, nous avons généré deux modèles de souris knockout spécifiques aux cellules de la granulosa pour Nr5a2: 1) Nr5a2Amhr2-/-, avec une réduction de Nr5a2 à partir des follicules primaires et subséquents; 2) Nr5a2Cyp19-/-, avec une réduction de Nr5a2 débutant au stade antral de développement en progressant. L’absence de Nr5a2 à partir des follicules antraux a résulté en une infertilité chez les femelles Nr5a2Cyp19-/-, de même qu’en des structures non-fonctionnelles similaires aux structures lutéales au niveau des ovaires, en une réduction des niveaux de progestérone synthétisée ainsi qu’en un échec dans le support d’une pseudo-gestation. La synthèse de progestérone a été entravée suite à l’absence de Nr5a2 par l’entremise d’une régulation à la baisse des gènes reliés au transport du cholestérol, Scarb1, StAR et Ldlr, démontré par qPCR. Les complexes cumulus-oocytes des femelles Nr5a2Cyp19-/- immatures super-stimulées ont subi une expansion in vivo, mais l’ovulation a été perturbée, possiblement par une régulation à la baisse du gène du récepteur de la progestérone (Pgr). Un essai d’expansion du cumulus in vitro a démontré une expansion défectueuse du cumulus chez les Nr5a2Amhr2-/-, associée à un dérèglement de la protéine des jonctions communicantes (Gja1; Cx43). Cependant, l’expansion du cumulus chez les Nr5a2Cyp19-/- n’a pas été autant affectée. Des résultats obtenus par qPCR ont démontré une régulation à la baisse dans l’expression des gènes Areg, Ereg, Btc et Tnfaip6 chez les deux modèles de cellules ovariennes knockout à 2h et 4h post hCG. Nous avons observé que 85% des oocytes, chez les deux génotypes mutants, peuvent subir une rupture de la vésicule germinative, confirmant leur capacité de maturation in vivo. La technique d’injection intra-cytoplasmique de spermatozoïdes a prouvé que les oocytes des deux génotypes mutants sont fertilisables et que 70% des embryons résultants ont poursuivi leur développement vers le stade de blastocyste, et ce, indépendamment du génotype. En conclusion, Nr5a2 régule la fertilité chez les femelles tout au long du processus du développement folliculaire. Il a été démontré que Nr5a2 est essentiel à la lutéinisation et que sa perturbation dans les cellules somatiques ovariennes ne compromet pas la capacité des oocytes à être fertilisés. En vue d’ensemble, nous avons fourni une investigation inédite et complète, utilisant de multiples modèles et techniques afin de déterminer les mécanismes par lesquels Nr5a2 régule les importants processus que sont l’expansion du cumulus, l’ovulation ainsi que la formation du corps jaune. / The nuclear receptor Nr5a2, also known as liver receptor homolog-1 (Lrh-1), is expressed in the mouse ovary, exclusively in granulosa and luteal cells. Granulosa-specific disruption of Nr5a2 in mice from primary follicles onward in the follicle development trajectory has shown that Nr5a2 is a key regulator of ovulation and female fertility. We hypothesized that Nr5a2 modulates peri- and post-ovulatory events in a temporal sequence during folliculogenesis. To examine the role of Nr5a2 in ovulation and luteinization at different stages of the follicular development, we generated two Nr5a2 granulosa-specific knockout mice models: 1) Nr5a2Amhr2-/-, with Nr5a2 depletion from primary follicles forward; and 2) Nr5a2Cyp19-/-, with Nr5a2 depletion from the antral stage of development forward. The lack of Nr5a2 beginning in antral follicles resulted in infertility in Nr5a2Cyp19-/- females, with ovaries displaying non-functional luteal-like structures, synthesizing reduced progesterone levels and failing in supporting pseudopregnancy. Progesterone synthesis was affected by the lack of Nr5a2 through the downregulation of the cholesterol transport-related genes, Scarb1, StAR and Ldlr, as shown by qPCR. The cumulus-oocyte complexes of superstimulated Nr5a2Cyp19-/- immature females underwent expansion in vivo, but ovulation was disrupted, likely due to the downregulation of the progesterone receptor (Pgr) gene. An in vitro cumulus expansion assay showed defective cumulus expansion in Nr5a2Amhr2-/- associated with a dysregulation in the gap junction alpha-1 (Gja1; Cx43). In vitro cumulus expansion in Nr5a2Cyp19-/- was less affected than in Nr5a2Amhr2-/- cumulus-oocyte complexes. Data from qPCR showed a downregulation in the gene expression of Areg, Ereg, Btc and Tnfaip6 in both knockout ovarian cells at 2 h and 4 h post hCG. We found that 85% of the oocytes in both mutant genotypes can undergo germinal vesicle breakdown, confirming their capability to mature in vivo. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) showed the oocytes in both mutant models to be fertilizable and 70% of the resulting embryos proceeded to a blastocyst stage, independent of the genotype. In conclusion, Nr5a2 regulates female fertility along the entire process of the follicular development. Nr5a2 is shown to be essential for luteinization and its disruption in ovarian somatic cells does not compromise oocyte fertilizability. In overview, we provided a novel and comprehensive investigation, using multiple models and techniques to determine the mechanisms by which Nr5a2 regulates the important processes of cumulus expansion, ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum.

Les « Facteurs de croissance des fibroblastes» (FGF) agissent comme des régulateurs locaux sur la qualité des follicules et sont connus pour promouvoir la prolifération des cellules de granulosa, réduire l’apoptose et la stéroïdogenèse. Parmi la sous-famille FGF8, FGF18 est une exception puisqu’il semblerait avoir une fonction pro-apoptotique alors que FGF8 n’a pas été jusqu’à présent rapporté comme altérant la viabilité des cellules de la granulosa. Ces deux ligands ont un mode d’activation similaire et il pourrait être proposé que toute la sous-famille FGF8 ait la même réponse. L’objectif de cette étude était de déterminer si FGF8 et FGF18 activaient la même réponse précoce de gènes dans des cultures de granulosa bovine. Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons cultivé des cellules de la granulosa dans du milieu de culture sans sérum pendant 5 jours. Le jour 5, les cellules ont été traitées avec FGF8 ou FGF18. Nous avons eu recours à une approche de « puce à ADN » afin d’identifier la réponse précoce de gènes induite par FGF8 et FGF18, et les données ont été confirmées par des PCRs en temps réel lors d’une expérience in vitro où les cellules de granulosa ont été traitées avec FGF8 et FGF18 pendant différents temps. L’analyse du puce à ADN a identifié 12 gènes surexprimés par FGF8, incluant SPRY2, NR4A1, XIRP1, BAMBI, EGR1, FOS et FOSL1. A l’inverse, FGF18 n’a régulé aucun gène de manière significative. Les analyses de PCR ont confirmé l’augmentation d’ARNm codant pour EGR1, EGR3, FOS, XIRP1, FOSL1, SPRY2, NR4A1 et BAMBI après 2 h de traitement. FGF18 a entrainé seulement une augmentation de l’expression de EGR1 après 2 h de traitement parmi tous les gènes testés. Ces résultats démontrent donc que FGF8 et FGF18, malgré leur similarité dans le mode d’activation de leurs récepteurs, agissent sur les cellules de la granulosa via différentes voies de signalisation. FGF8 et FGF18, sont donc tous les deux capables de stimuler l’expression de EGR1, mais les voies de signalisation induites par la suite divergent. / Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) act as local regulators of follicular health and are known to increase granulosa cell (GC) proliferation, reduce apoptosis and decrease steroidogenesis. One exception is FGF18, which appears to be a pro apoptotic member of the FGF8-subfamily while FGF8 has not been reported to alter GC health. These two ligands have similar activation patterns and it could be proposed that all FGF8-subfamilies would have the same response. The objective of this study was to determine if FGF8 and FGF18 activate the same early response genes in cultured bovine GC. To address this we cultured GC in serum free medium for five days. On day 5, cells were challenged with FGF8 or FGF18. We used a microarray approach to identify early response genes altered by FGF8 and FGF18, and data were confirmed by real-time PCR in an independent time-course experiment. Microarray identified 12 genes up-regulated by FGF8, including SPRY2, NR4A1, XIRP1, BAMBI, EGR1, FOS and FOSL1. In contrast FGF18 did not result in significant regulation of any gene. PCR analysis confirmed the stimulation of abundance of mRNA encoding EGR1, EGR3, FOS, XIRP1, FOSL1, SPRY2, NR4A1 and BAMBI after 2 hours of challenge. FGF18 resulted in an increase of EGR1 mRNA abundance at 2 h, but not of the other genes tested. These results demonstrate that FGF8 and FGF18, despite reportedly similar receptor activation patterns, act on granulosa cells through different intracellular pathways. Both FGF8 and FGF18 stimulate EGR1 expression, but thereafter their signaling pathways diverge.

Comprendre les événements paracriniens qui régulent la fertilité chez la vache est nécessaire non seulement en raison de l'importance agricole de cette espèce, mais aussi pour son utilisation potentielle comme modèle chez l’humain. L'oxyde nitrique (NO), un gaz de radicaux libres, a été impliqué dans la croissance folliculaire et l'ovulation chez les rongeurs et d'autres espèces, mais chez la vache c’est une énigme fascinante : le NO est produit par les cellules de la granulosa bovine et est régulé par la FSH, mais la présence et le profil d'expression des enzymes responsables de la synthèse de NO (NOS) dans les cellules de la granulosa tout au long de la croissance folliculaire ne sont pas claires. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont: (1) élucider le mécanisme de contrôle des NOS et les conséquences de la production d'oxyde nitrique pour le fonctionnement des cellules de la granulosa au cours du développement folliculaire chez la vache et (2) déterminer la régulation des NOS pendant la cascade ovulatoire induite par LH chez les cellules de la granulosa bovine et si l'activité des NOS pour l’expression des gènes critiques dans la cascade ovulatoire chez cette espèce. Les résultats sont séparés en 2 articles. Dans le premier article, la régulation de NOS2 dans les cellules de la granulosa bovine a été explorée. L'abondance des ARNm codant pour NOS2 a été stimulée par la FSH et l’IGF1 en augmentant l’estradiol, et un blocage de l'action de l’estradiol a conséquemment réduit les niveaux d'ARNm codant pour NOS2. De plus, l'inhibition de l'activité des NOS a augmenté l'apoptose dans les cellules de la granulosa in vitro. Dans le second article, il a été démontré que le pic de LH induit une activation des NOS dans les cellules de la granulosa, et que l'activité de NOS induit la production de NO, ce qui est essentiel pour l’expression des gènes critiques dans la cascade ovulatoire induite par LH comme EREG/AREG/PTGS2. Ensemble, les résultats présentés dans ces 2 articles suggèrent que les niveaux physiologiques d'activité des NOS peuvent contribuer à la croissance et la survie des cellules de la granulosa et indiquent également que NO peut être essentiel pour l'ovulation chez les bovins. / Understanding the paracrine events that regulate fertility in the cow is necessary not only because of the agricultural importance of this species, but also its potential use as a model for humans. Nitric oxide (NO), a free-radical gas, has been implicated in follicular growth and ovulation in rodents and other species, but the cow is an intriguing enigma: NO is produced by bovine granulosa cells and is regulated by FSH, but the presence and the expression pattern in granulosa cells of the enzymes responsible for NO synthesis (NOS) throughout follicular growth are unclear. The objectives of the present thesis were (1) to elucidate the mechanism of control of NOS and the consequences of nitric oxide production for granulosa cell function during follicle development in cattle; and (2) to determine the regulation of NOS during the LH-induced ovulatory cascade in bovine granulosa cells and whether NOS activity is critical for the ovulatory cascade in this species. The results are separated in 2 articles. In the first article, the regulation of NOS2 in bovine granulosa cells was explored. Abundance of mRNA encoding NOS2 was stimulated by FSH and IGF1 through increased estradiol, and a blockade of estradiol action consequently lowered NOS2 mRNA levels. Further, inhibition of NOS activity increased apoptosis in granulosa cells in vitro. In the second article, it was demonstrated that the LH surge induces NOS activation in granulosa cells, and that NOS activity induces the production of NO, which is essential for EREG/AREG/PTGS2 expression, critical genes in the LH-induced ovulatory cascade. Together, the results presented in these 2 articles suggest that physiological levels of NOS activity may contribute to growth and survival of granulosa cells, and also indicate that NO may be essential for ovulation in cattle.

No description available.

As técnicas de cultivo de folículos e oócitos in vitro, com o objetivo de se obter oócitos maduros para procedimentos de Reprodução Assistida (RA), têm sido aplicadas em diferentes contextos. O sucesso destes procedimentos está diretamente relacionado ao sistema de cultivo utilizado. A utilização de células da granulosa (CG) humanas cultivadas in vitro como um suporte para o co-cultivo destes oócitos imaturos e folículos tem sido descrita por alguns autores. A criopreservação destas células, considerando-se o contexto de sua obtenção em procedimentos de RA, permitiria a viabilização da aplicação destas células na prática clínica diária. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi padronizar o congelamento de células da granulosa (CG) humanas para aplicação em sistemas de co-cultivos de folículos e oócitos imaturos. Foram obtidas CG de 20 voluntárias em tratamento de reprodução assistida, células de 10 voluntárias foram cultivadas em meio ?-MEM suplementado para interrupção da luteinização e congeladas após 48 horas em container \"Cryostep\" (grupo 2C- 2 cultivos) (etapa 2) e células de 10 voluntárias foram congeladas em container \"Cryostep\" sem cultivo prévio (grupo CD- congelamento direto) (etapa 3). Após o descongelamento estas células foram (re)cultivadas por 144 horas, com troca de meio em 48, 96 e 144 horas para avaliações da produção de estradiol (E2) e progesterona (P4) (ng/mL). Verificamos redução na contagem celular e na viabilidade celular tanto no método de congelamento direto (CD) quanto no método com dois cultivos (2C) após o descongelamento (p<0,05), e isso se refletiu na produção de estradiol e progesterona que foi maior nas culturas de células frescas em relação às células criopreservadas (p<0,05). Porém, a relação de E2/célula foi mantida após o descongelamento, sugerindo que esta redução na produção se deve à redução no número de células, as que sobrevivem se mantém normofuncionantes (p=0,23).O CD foi mais eficiente pois permitiu uma maior recuperação celular e uma melhor viabilidade quando comparado ao grupo 2C. A relação estradiol/progesterona foi mantida em todos os tempos de cultivo, fresco, CD e 2C (p>0,05), indicando que a característica funcional destas células foi preservada após o descongelamento. Concluímos que a criopreservação de CG humanas obtidas durante a captação de oócitos compromete a contagem celular e a viabilidade geral da cultura, entretanto, a capacidade funcional e a característica destas células se mantêm preservadas (manutenção das relações E2/célula e E2/P4) / Follicle and oocyte in vitro culture techniques, aiming to obtain mature oocytes for Assisted Reproductive Treatments (ART), have been applied to different contexts. The success of these procedures depends on the culture system used. The use of human granulosa cells (GC) in co-culture systems for follicle and oocyte maturation have been described by some authors. The cryopreservation of these cells, considering the context in which they are obtained during ART, would enable the usage of these cells in such procedures in daily clinical practice. Thus, the objective of this study was to standardize the freezing protocol for human granulosa cells (GC) for future applications in co-culture systems for follicle and oocyte maturation. Twenty volunteers submitted to ART donated their granulosa cells after oocyte retrieval, 10 were cultivated previously in order to interrupt the luteinization process and then frozen \"Cryostep\" container (group 2C- two cultures) (step 2) and 10 were directly frozen with no previous culture in the \"Cryostep\" container (group DF- direct freeze) (step 3). After thawing these cells were (re)cultured for 144 hours, with medium exchange at 48, 96 and 144 hours to evaluate the estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) production (ng/mL). After thawing, there was a reduction in the cell number (p<0,05) and cell viability in both methods, the direct freezing (DF) and the two cultures (2C) (p<0,05); this had an impact in the production of estradiol and progesterone, which were higher in fresh cultures than in the frozen ones (p<0,05). However, the E2/cell ratio was maintained after thawing (p=0.23), suggesting that this impairment in steroid production was probably due to the reduction in the cell count. The cells that survive remain functionally normal. The DF was more efficient since it allowed greater cell recovery and better viability when compared to 2C. The estradiol/progesterone ratio was maintained in all culture times, in the fresh, DF or 2C groups (p>0.05), indicating that the functional characteristic of these cells was preserved post-thawing. We conclude that cryopreservation of human GC obtained during oocyte retrieval compromises the cell count and the overall viability of the culture; however, the functional capacity and the characteristic of these cells are preserved (maintenance of E2/cell and E2/P4 relations)

Introdução:Até 60% das mulheres com endometriose apresentam como sintoma a infertilidade. Entretanto, os mecanismos envolvidos ainda permanecem não totalmente esclarecidos, especialmente quando não há distorção da anatomia pélvica. A etiologia multifatorial e comprometimento poligênico nesta doença têm sido amplamente aceitos. A aromatase é uma molécula das mais estudadas e há evidências de aumento da expressão do seu gene no endométrio eutópico e ectópico na endometriose. Esta enzima, codificada pelo gene CYP19A1, converte andrógenos a estrógenos e está presente normalmente nas células da granulosa, onde é fundamental para a produção esteroidogênica intrafolicular. Estudos in vitropor cultivo de células da granulosa, mostraram redução da atividade da aromatase em mulheres com endometriose. Devido à escassez de estudos que analisem a expressão do seu gene (CYP19A1) nessas células foi o que estimulou a proposta deste estudo. Este trabalho tem porobjetivo medir a expressão do gene da aromatase por PCR em tempo real nas células da granulosa luteinizadas murais de mulheres com endometriose submetidas a técnicas de reprodução assistida. Pacientes e Métodos: Estudo caso-controle, com 11 mulheres com endometriose e 11 com os fatores tubáreo ou masculino de infertilidade,submetidas à hiperestimulação ovariana controlada (HOC) para reprodução assistida, num total de 12 ciclos para o grupo com endometriose e 11 para o controle. Não houve diferença entre as características clínicas dos dois grupos quanto à idade e parâmetros do ciclo de HOC. As células da granulosa murais foram coletadas de folículos pré-ovulatórios maduros no dia da captação oocitária e isoladas. Posteriormente, procedeu-se à extração do RNA (clorofórmio/ isopropanol) e à transcrição reversa. A PCR em tempo real foi realizada para quantificar os níveis de RNA mensageiro produzidos para o gene da aromatase, normalizados aos produtos do gene endógeno, ß-actina (expressão relativa). Todos os experimentos foram realizados em duplicata. Resultados: não houve diferença na expressão do gene CYP19A1 nas células da granulosa luteinizadas murais de mulheres com endometriose quando comparadas ao grupo controle (p>0,05; Mann Whitney), mesmo na comparação combinada considerando-se separadamente os diferentes graus de endometriose (controle vs. endometriose mínima/leve vs. endometriose moderada/grave, p>0,05;Kruskall Wallis). Conclusão:Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a aromatase apresenta um mecanismo complexo de controle para sua expressão gênica nas células da granulosa e, apesar de evidências prévias de sua reduzida atividade nessas células na endometriose, a expressão de seu gene parece não estar afetada pela doeça, de acordo com o presente estudo. / Background: Up to 60% of women with endometriosis have infertility symptoms. However, mechanisms remain unclear, mainly when there is no distortion of pelvic anatomy. The multifactorial etiology and polygenic involvement of this disease have been widely accepted. Aromatase is one of the most studied molecules and there are evidences of increased expression of its gene (CYP19A1) on eutopic and ectopic endometrium in endometriosis. This enzyme, codified by the CYP19A1 gene, converts androgens to estrogens and is normally present in granulosa cells, where it plays an essential role for the intrafollicle steroidogenic production. In vitrostudies by granulosa cells culture have demonstrated reduced aromatase activity in women with endometriosis. The scarcity of studies assessing expression of the aromatase gene (CYP19A1) on these target cells stimulated the proposal of this research. The aim of this study is to quantify aromatase gene expression, by real-time PCR, in mural lutein-granulose cells of women with endometriosis undergoing assisted reproduction techniques. Patients and Methods: a case-control study was conducted on 11 women with endometriosis and 11 with male or tubal causes of infertility submitted to ovarian hyperstimulation (HOC), with a total of 12 cycles for endometriosis and 11 for the control group. There was no difference between the groups regarding age or HOC parameters. Mural lutein-granulosacells were harvested from pre-ovulatory follicles during oocyte retrieval and properly isolated. Later, RNA extraction (clorophorm/isopropanol) and reverse transcription were performed. Real-time PCR was run to quantify RNAm products of aromatase gene normalized to those from the control gene, beta-actin (relative expression). All experiments were carried out in duplicate. Results: there was no difference between the groups regarding the gene expression of CYP19A1 (aromatase) gene on mural lutein-granulosa cells (p>0.05, Mann Whitney), even if we consider separately the different stages of endometriosis (control vs. minimal/mild vs. moderate/severe, p>0.05, Kruskall Wallis). Conclusion: These results suggest that aromatase may have a complex control of its gene expression on granulosa cells and, despite of previous evidences showing its reduced activity on these target cells in endometriosis, the gene expression seems not affected by the disease, according to this study.

Introdução:Até 60% das mulheres com endometriose apresentam como sintoma a infertilidade. Entretanto, os mecanismos envolvidos ainda permanecem não totalmente esclarecidos, especialmente quando não há distorção da anatomia pélvica. A etiologia multifatorial e comprometimento poligênico nesta doença têm sido amplamente aceitos. A aromatase é uma molécula das mais estudadas e há evidências de aumento da expressão do seu gene no endométrio eutópico e ectópico na endometriose. Esta enzima, codificada pelo gene CYP19A1, converte andrógenos a estrógenos e está presente normalmente nas células da granulosa, onde é fundamental para a produção esteroidogênica intrafolicular. Estudos in vitropor cultivo de células da granulosa, mostraram redução da atividade da aromatase em mulheres com endometriose. Devido à escassez de estudos que analisem a expressão do seu gene (CYP19A1) nessas células foi o que estimulou a proposta deste estudo. Este trabalho tem porobjetivo medir a expressão do gene da aromatase por PCR em tempo real nas células da granulosa luteinizadas murais de mulheres com endometriose submetidas a técnicas de reprodução assistida. Pacientes e Métodos: Estudo caso-controle, com 11 mulheres com endometriose e 11 com os fatores tubáreo ou masculino de infertilidade,submetidas à hiperestimulação ovariana controlada (HOC) para reprodução assistida, num total de 12 ciclos para o grupo com endometriose e 11 para o controle. Não houve diferença entre as características clínicas dos dois grupos quanto à idade e parâmetros do ciclo de HOC. As células da granulosa murais foram coletadas de folículos pré-ovulatórios maduros no dia da captação oocitária e isoladas. Posteriormente, procedeu-se à extração do RNA (clorofórmio/ isopropanol) e à transcrição reversa. A PCR em tempo real foi realizada para quantificar os níveis de RNA mensageiro produzidos para o gene da aromatase, normalizados aos produtos do gene endógeno, ß-actina (expressão relativa). Todos os experimentos foram realizados em duplicata. Resultados: não houve diferença na expressão do gene CYP19A1 nas células da granulosa luteinizadas murais de mulheres com endometriose quando comparadas ao grupo controle (p>0,05; Mann Whitney), mesmo na comparação combinada considerando-se separadamente os diferentes graus de endometriose (controle vs. endometriose mínima/leve vs. endometriose moderada/grave, p>0,05;Kruskall Wallis). Conclusão:Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a aromatase apresenta um mecanismo complexo de controle para sua expressão gênica nas células da granulosa e, apesar de evidências prévias de sua reduzida atividade nessas células na endometriose, a expressão de seu gene parece não estar afetada pela doeça, de acordo com o presente estudo. / Background: Up to 60% of women with endometriosis have infertility symptoms. However, mechanisms remain unclear, mainly when there is no distortion of pelvic anatomy. The multifactorial etiology and polygenic involvement of this disease have been widely accepted. Aromatase is one of the most studied molecules and there are evidences of increased expression of its gene (CYP19A1) on eutopic and ectopic endometrium in endometriosis. This enzyme, codified by the CYP19A1 gene, converts androgens to estrogens and is normally present in granulosa cells, where it plays an essential role for the intrafollicle steroidogenic production. In vitrostudies by granulosa cells culture have demonstrated reduced aromatase activity in women with endometriosis. The scarcity of studies assessing expression of the aromatase gene (CYP19A1) on these target cells stimulated the proposal of this research. The aim of this study is to quantify aromatase gene expression, by real-time PCR, in mural lutein-granulose cells of women with endometriosis undergoing assisted reproduction techniques. Patients and Methods: a case-control study was conducted on 11 women with endometriosis and 11 with male or tubal causes of infertility submitted to ovarian hyperstimulation (HOC), with a total of 12 cycles for endometriosis and 11 for the control group. There was no difference between the groups regarding age or HOC parameters. Mural lutein-granulosacells were harvested from pre-ovulatory follicles during oocyte retrieval and properly isolated. Later, RNA extraction (clorophorm/isopropanol) and reverse transcription were performed. Real-time PCR was run to quantify RNAm products of aromatase gene normalized to those from the control gene, beta-actin (relative expression). All experiments were carried out in duplicate. Results: there was no difference between the groups regarding the gene expression of CYP19A1 (aromatase) gene on mural lutein-granulosa cells (p>0.05, Mann Whitney), even if we consider separately the different stages of endometriosis (control vs. minimal/mild vs. moderate/severe, p>0.05, Kruskall Wallis). Conclusion: These results suggest that aromatase may have a complex control of its gene expression on granulosa cells and, despite of previous evidences showing its reduced activity on these target cells in endometriosis, the gene expression seems not affected by the disease, according to this study.

<p>An <i>in vitro</i> method was developed for measuring aromatase, based on binding of competitive aromatase inhibitor [¹¹C]vorozole to the active site of the enzyme. [¹¹C]Vorozole displayed high, specific binding <i>in vitro</i> to human placenta and human granulosa cells (GC), both fresh and frozen/thawed cells, provided correct procedures were used. High, specific binding was also observed in pig and rat ovaries, whereas binding in other tissues was unspecific and usually low. Aromatase concentrations measured by [¹¹C]vorozole binding correlated well to aromatase activity measured by [³H]water release from 1β[³H]androstenedione. </p><p>In human GC <i>in vitro</i>, low concentrations of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), but not of other androgens, stimulated aromatase activity measured by [³H]water release but had no effects on aromatase concentration measured by [¹¹C]vorozole binding. DHT may interact with aromatase differently than other androgens, perhaps by changing aromatase affinity to precursor. </p><p>In the rat estrous cycle, aromatase activity in ovarian homogenate, measured by [³H]water release, together with serum androstenedione and estradiol-17β, peaked between 6 and 13 h after onset of the light period of proestrus, the former activity being independent of radioactive substrate concentration. [¹¹C]Vorozole binding characteristics changed more rapidly than <i>de novo</i> synthesis of the enzyme. [¹¹C]Vorozole binding K_dshowed close inverse correlation to aromatase activity in ovarian homogenate and to serum estradiol-17β. Rapid changes in substrate affinity rather than changes in substrate concentration or <i>de novo</i> synthesis of the enzyme may thus be important for regulation of ovarian aromatase. </p><p>The [¹¹C]vorozole <i>in vivo</i> technique yields additional information compared with traditional in vitro techniques. </p>

An in vitro method was developed for measuring aromatase, based on binding of competitive aromatase inhibitor [11C]vorozole to the active site of the enzyme. [11C]Vorozole displayed high, specific binding in vitro to human placenta and human granulosa cells (GC), both fresh and frozen/thawed cells, provided correct procedures were used. High, specific binding was also observed in pig and rat ovaries, whereas binding in other tissues was unspecific and usually low. Aromatase concentrations measured by [11C]vorozole binding correlated well to aromatase activity measured by [3H]water release from 1β[3H]androstenedione. In human GC in vitro, low concentrations of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), but not of other androgens, stimulated aromatase activity measured by [3H]water release but had no effects on aromatase concentration measured by [11C]vorozole binding. DHT may interact with aromatase differently than other androgens, perhaps by changing aromatase affinity to precursor. In the rat estrous cycle, aromatase activity in ovarian homogenate, measured by [3H]water release, together with serum androstenedione and estradiol-17β, peaked between 6 and 13 h after onset of the light period of proestrus, the former activity being independent of radioactive substrate concentration. [11C]Vorozole binding characteristics changed more rapidly than de novo synthesis of the enzyme. [11C]Vorozole binding Kd showed close inverse correlation to aromatase activity in ovarian homogenate and to serum estradiol-17β. Rapid changes in substrate affinity rather than changes in substrate concentration or de novo synthesis of the enzyme may thus be important for regulation of ovarian aromatase. The [11C]vorozole in vivo technique yields additional information compared with traditional in vitro techniques.

Les Wnts représentent une famille de glycoprotéines de signalisation qui sont connues pour les nombreux rôles qu'ils jouent durant le développement embryonnaire et dans la cancerogénèse. Plusieurs Wnts, leurs récepteurs (Fzd) et d'autres composants des voies de signalisation des Wnt sont exprimés dans l’ovaire postnatal, et il a été démontré que l’expression de certains de ces gènes est régulée pendant le développement et l'ovulation/luteinization folliculaires. Toutefois, leurs rôles physiologiques dans l’ovaire demeurent mal définis. Pour étudier le rôle de WNT4 dans le développement folliculaire, nous avons entrepris d’identifier ses cibles transcriptionnels dans les cellules de la granulosa. Pour ce faire, nous avons employé la souris Catnbflox(ex3)/flox(ex3), chez laquelle une activation constitutive de la voie de Wnt/β-catenin a lieu suite à l’action de la recombinare Cre. Des cellules de la granulosa de ces souris ont été mises en culture et infectées avec un adenovirus pour causer la surexpression de WNT4 ou l’expression de Cre. L’ARN a alors été extrait de ces cellules et analysé par micro-puce. Les résultats ont démontré qu’une forte proportion des gènes induits par WNT4 étaient des gènes impliqués dans la réponse cellulaire au stress. Presque tous gènes induits par WNT4 ont également été induits par Cre, indiquant que WNT4 signale via la voie Wnt/β-catenin dans ces cellules. Nos résultats suggèrent donc que WNT4 favorise la survie des follicules par l’induction de gènes de réponse au stress dans les cellules de la granulosa, augmentant ainsi la résistance cellulaire à l'apoptose. / The Wnts comprise a large family of local-acting, secreted glycoprotein signaling molecules that are known mostly for the numerous roles they play in embryonic development and cancer. Several Wnts, their cognate receptors of the Frizzled (Fzd) family and other components of the Wnt signaling pathways are expressed in the postnatal ovary, and several have been shown to exhibit specific patterns of regulation in response to gonadotropin stimulation. Nonetheless, their role(s) in ovarian physiology remain poorly defined. To study the role of WNT4 in follicle development, we endeavoured to identify its transcriptional targets in granulosa cells. To this end, we used the Catnbflox(ex3)/flox(ex3) mouse model, in which constitutive activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is obtained following Cre-mediated genetic recombination. Cultured granulosa cells from these mice were infected with adenoviruses to either overexpress WNT4 or to express Cre. RNA from these cells was then extracted and subjected to microarray analysis. Results revealed that a large proportion of the genes induced by WNT4 were genes previously shown to mediate cellular stress responses. Nearly all genes that were up-regulated by WNT4 were also induced by the Cre, indicating that WNT4 signals via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in these cells. Our findings suggest that WNT4 mediates ovarian follicle survival by inducing a stress response in granulosa cells, thereby increasing their resistance to apoptosis.