La cité de Cyrène offre un visage différent selon le point de vue qu’on adopte pour la considérer : elle est tout à la fois colonie et métropole, tout à la fois capitale régionale de la Cyrénaïque et simple cité du royaume hellénistique des Lagides, tout à la fois cité située aux confins du monde méditerranéen et cité dont la présence en Grèce continentale et en Égée est manifeste.Les études antérieures ayant principalement porté sur l’examen de l’histoire politique de la cité et des modifications du cadre urbain, ce travail se propose donc d’étudier l’évolution du statut de la cité de sa fondation en 631 par des colons venus de Théra à son don par Ptolémée Apion en 96 av. J.-C. à la République romaine, au prisme des relations qu’elle entretint avec le reste du monde grec : nous avons donc cherché Cyrène et les Cyrénéens à l’extérieur de la cité, l’étranger et les étrangers à l’intérieur de la cité, en nous fondant sur les données épigraphiques, numismatiques, papyrologiques et archéologiques. Organisé en trois parties coïncidant avec les trois grandes phases de l’histoire cyrénéenne, ce travail examine les rapports économiques, diplomatiques et culturels existant entre Cyrène et les autres cités grecques et s’attache à en dégager les grandes tendances et à mesurer leur influence sur la cité elle-même. / The city of Cyrene provides different faces depending on the perspective adopted to consider it : it is both a colony and a metropol, both the capital city of Cyrenaica and a mere city in the Hellenistic kingdom of the Ptolemies, both a city situated on the borders of the Mediterranean world and a city whose presence incontinental Greece and in Aegea is clear.Since the previous studies focused on the city’s political history and the transformation of the urban landscape, we intend in this work to study the evolution of the city’s status from its foundation in 631 B.C. by colonists fromThera to its gift by Ptolemy Apion to the Roman Republic in 96 B.C., by focusing on the relations which it maintained with the rest of the Greek world : we searched then Cyrene and the Cyrenaeans outside of their city, foreign objects and foreigners inside the city, relying on epigraphical, numismatical, papyrological and archaeological data.Organised in three parts which coincide with the three major phases of Cyrenaean history, this work investigates the economic, diplomatic and cultural relations between Cyrene and the other Greek cities and strives to detect the main trends of those and to measure their influence on the city itself.

La Lycie, région mystérieuse et fascinante, avec une identité mixte qui englobait des éléments locaux et des éléments gréco-perses, n’a pas encore une étude « générale » : pour cette raison, j’ai décidé de consacrer mon travail à son analyse. Cette thèse a été divisée en trois grandes parties : la première présente une analyse de l’évolution géographique des frontières régionales à partir du VIe siècle av. J.-C. jusqu’à la provincialisation romaine avec une perspective synchronique et diachronique. La deuxième décrit l’histoire régionale, en tenant naturellement compte des sources arrivées jusqu’à nous. La troisième contient l’édition des fragments des historiens auteurs de Lykiaka, c’est à dire les fragments des historiens de langue grecque, auteurs d’oeuvres monographiques sur cette région asiatique (Menecrate de Xanthos ; Policarme ; Léon d’Alabande ; les fragments de la « Constitution des Lyciens » ; Alexandre Polyhistor ; Capiton de Lycie ; Aristenète). Les trois parties de ce travail ne sont pas des sections indépendantes et séparées, mais interagissent et communiquent constamment les unes avec les autres : un ouvrage compliqué et composite, mais qui cherche de reproduire la complexité d’une région « de frontière ». / A general study lacks about Lycia, mysterious and fascinating region with a mixed identity that included local and Greco-Persian elements: for this reason, I decided to dedicate my PhD thesis to her analysis. This work has been divided into three parts: the first presents a study on the changing geography of regional borders from the sixth century B.C. until the creation of the Roman province, with a synchronic and diachronic perspective. The second describes the regional history. The third contains the fragments of the authors of Lykiaka, in other words the fragments of Greek historians, authors of monographic works on Lycia (Menecrates of Xanthos; Policarme; Léon of Alabanda; the fragments of the "Constitution of the Lycians"; Alexander Polyhistor; Capito of Lycia; Aristaenetus). The three parts of this work constantly interact and communicate each other: a complicated and composite work, but able to reproduce the complexity of a “ border” region.

The focus of this thesis is Greece after the 1967 Colonels' Coup. After an analysis of American responses to military coups among allies since 1949, the Greek situation is explored in depth. Emphasis is given to Congressional and Executive infighting and bureaucratic interpretations of policy. The two presidents who dealt with the Colonels are studied for personal reaction. Sources include the New York Times and its Index, the Department of State Bulletins, current Greek history books, Congressional Hearings and other documents relating to Greece. Major conclusions are that Congressional- Executive infighting produced a meandering non-policy toward Greece, and there was a difference in Johnson's and Nixon's reaction with the latter being more pragmatic verbally but less effective factually.

Αντικείμενο αυτής της μεταπτυχιακής διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η ανάλυση της Ελληνικής Ιστορίας στο Διαδίκτυο, αλλά και η δημιουργία ενός ολοκληρωμένου ιστοτόπου που θα έχει ως αντικείμενο την Ελληνική Ιστορία και πιο συγκεκριμένα την ιστορία της πόλης της Ναυπάκτου. Η Ναύπακτος είναι μια πόλη με μεγάλη και ιδιαίτερα ενδιαφέρουσα ιστορία, στην οποία έλαβαν χώρα σημαντικά γεγονότα που επηρέασαν την ιστορία ολόκληρου του Ελληνικού έθνους, κυρίως κατά τη διάρκεια της Οθωμανικής περιόδου (με τη θρυλική Ναυμαχία της Ναυπάκτου – Naval Battle of Lepanto το 1571). Όταν ένας λαός έχει επίγνωση της ιστορίας του, έχει επίγνωση και της ταυτότητάς του. Η ιστορία σφραγίζει την ιδιαιτερότητα και το μέγεθος της παρουσίας ενός λαού. Συνεπώς, ένας άνθρωπος που δεν γνωρίζει την ιστορία του τόπου του δεν μπορεί να θεωρείται ολοκληρωμένος. Στις μέρες μας, το Διαδίκτυο έχει συμβάλει σημαντικά στην προβολή, την ανάδειξη και την εκμάθηση της ιστορίας κάθε τόπου. Με το Διαδίκτυο άνθρωποι από διαφορετικούς τόπους, κουλτούρες και συνήθειες μπορούν να «επισκεφθούν» και να γνωρίσουν τη χώρα και τα στοιχεία της που την έχουν κάνει ξακουστή σε όλο τον κόσμο. Η Ελλάδα δεν θα μπορούσε φυσικά να λείπει από το Διαδίκτυο με την πλούσια και μακροχρόνια ιστορία της. Η Ελληνική Ιστορία αποτέλεσε και αποτελεί αντικείμενο μελέτης από ιστορικούς ολόκληρου του κόσμου. Μάλιστα, για πολλούς ο αρχαίος Ελληνικός πολιτισμός θεωρείται ίσως ο κορυφαίος πολιτισμός που έχει ποτέ υπάρξει. Σίγουρα, υπάρχουν πολλοί ιστότοποι που έχουν ως θέμα τους την Ελληνική Ιστορία. Σε αυτή την εργασία έγινε προσπάθεια να δοθεί μια ολοκληρωμένη εικόνα της υφιστάμενης κατάστασης. Για αυτό το λόγο, αναφέρθηκαν ορισμένοι από τους πιο αξιόλογους ιστοτόπους της Ελληνικής Ιστορίας στο Διαδίκτυο. Έτσι, αυτή η εργασία μπορεί να αποτελέσει ένα χρήσιμο οδηγό για όλους εκείνους τους χρήστες του Διαδικτύου που ενδιαφέρονται να επισκεφθούν ιστοτόπους που θα τους δώσουν χρήσιμες πληροφορίες για την ιστορία της Ελλάδας. Επίσης, για την ανάπτυξη του ιστοτόπου που αφορά την ιστορία της Ναυπάκτου, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν νέες τεχνολογίες Διαδικτύου ανοικτού κώδικα και πιο συγκεκριμένα το εργαλείο Joomla!. (Ακόμα, χρησιμοποιήθηκε το εργαλείο ΧΑΜΡΡ για την εγκατάσταση του Apache HTTP Server και των MySQL, PHP και Perl). Το Joomla! είναι ένα δωρεάν σύστημα διαχείρισης περιεχομένου (Content Management System - CMS). Χρησιμοποιείται για τη δημοσίευση περιεχομένου στον Παγκόσμιο Ιστό (World Wide Web) και σε τοπικά δίκτυα (intranets). Το βασικό χαρακτηριστικό του είναι ότι οι ιστοσελίδες που εμφανίζει είναι δυναμικές, δηλαδή δημιουργούνται τη στιγμή που ζητούνται. / The purpose of this postgraduate thesis is the analysis of Greek History on the Internet and the development of a complete web site which will focus on Greek History and more specifically on the history of the city of Nafpaktos. Nafpaktos is a city with a long and very interesting history, in which important events occurred (especially during the Ottoman period, with the legendary Naval Battle of Lepanto in 1571) which affected the history of the entire Greek nation. When the people of a country have awareness of their history, then they are also aware of their identity. History seals the specificity and the magnitude of the presence of the people of a country. Therefore, when a person does not know the history of his country, then he can not be considered a complete person. Nowadays, the Internet has significantly contributed to the promotion and learning of the history of each country. With the Internet, people from different countries and with different cultures and traditions can "visit" and learn about the country and its details that have made it famous around the world. Of course, Greece could never be absent from the Internet with its rich and long history. Greek History was and still is the main point of the study of many historians around the world. Indeed, for many people the ancient Greek civilization is perhaps considered the most significant civilization that has ever existed. There are surely many web sites which are refered to Greek History. In this thesis, it was made an attempt to be given a complete picture of the current situation. For this reason, they were reported some of the most remarkable web sites of Greek History on the Internet. Thus, this thesis can be a useful guide for all the users of the Internet who are interested in visiting web sites which will give them useful information about the history of Greece. Also, they were used new Internet “open source” technologies and more specifically the web development tool Joomla!, for the development of the web site which concentrates on the history of Nafpaktos. (It was also used XAMPP for the installation of Apache HTTP Server, MySQL, PHP and Perl). Joomla! is a free Content Management System (CMS). It is used for publishing content on the World Wide Web (WWW) and on intranets. The key feature of Joomla! is that it displays dynamic web pages, namely web pages which are created when required.

La présente thèse de doctorat offre une nouvelle édition critique, traduite et commentée, du Périple de Pseudo-Scylax (hormis la description du Pont-Euxin). L’œuvre, un périple des côtes méditerranéennes, est transmise par un manuscrit du XIIIe siècle (Paris, BNF, Suppl. gr. 443) et par deux apographes de la Renaissance (München, BSB, gr. 566 e Vaticano, BAV, Pal. gr. 142) qui indiquent comme auteur Scylax de Caryanda, un personnage ayant vécu sous le règne de Darius I (522-486). Cependant différents indices ne permettent pas d’étayer telle datation et, après une longue querelle, les savants partagent aujourd’hui en général l’idée que le 338 av. J.-C. doit plutôt être indiqué comme le terminus post quem. En continuité avec ces études, notre thèse, articulée en trois parties principales (introduction, édition du texte avec traduction et commentaire), a pour but d’offrir une analyse attentive de l’œuvre afin d’apprécier à sa juste valeur le seul périple complet de la Méditerranée que l’antiquité nous ait transmis. La première partie, avec fonction d’introduction, vise à encadrer l’œuvre dans son contexte historico-politique et littéraire. Font suite à l’introduction un long chapitre sur l’histoire du texte, l’édition critique et une traduction du Périple. Enfin, la troisième et dernière partie est occupée par un commentaire dans lequel sont discutés des éléments textuels et historiques qui mettent bien en lumière l’importance et l’actualité de cette œuvre dans la civilisation occidentale. / This doctoral thesis offers a new edition, accompanied by a translation and a commentary, of the Periplous of Pseudo-Skylax (with the exception of the description of Black Sea). The text, a periplous of the Mediterranean, survives in a codex unicus (Paris, BNF, Suppl. gr. 443) and in two apographs (München, BSB, gr. 566 e Vaticano, BAV, Pal. gr. 142), that indicates Skylax of Caryanda as his author, a man who lived at the time of Darius I (522-486). However, several textual evidences have demonstrated that the identification of date and author would not be plausible and after a century-long debate, today the critics generally agree that 338 BC should be seen as the terminus post quem. Agreeing with the conclusion of these studies, this thesis, organized in three major sections (introduction, edition with translation, commentary), offers a systematic analysis of the work and aims to value the only and complete ancient periplous of the Mediterranean as the true and sole example of the genre of the time. The introduction aims to put the works in his own historical, political and literary context. Then, after the introduction and a long chapter on the history of the transmission of the works, the critical edition and the translation of the Periplous follow. The third and last section furnishes a rich commentary and analyse the textual and historical aspects of the work in order to show his value and his relevance for the western tradition.

The name ‘Simonides’ has long been associated with the Persian Wars. More specifically, Simonides is famous in large part because of his commemoration of the Persian War dead in the form of epigrams. The purpose of this paper is to investigate a set of four of the most famous and most distinctively ‘Simonidean’ poems to the end of delineating their stylistic deviations from conventional epitaphic speech. This paper argues that the specific ways in which Simonides departs from the conventions of epigrammatic language serve to convey a distinctively democratic ethos. This ethos is clear in that Simonides’ epigrams privilege the mass efforts of the collective, and do not praise any particular individuals over another. Moreover, that these poems do not include the sort of identifying details that we would normally expect to find in epigrams anticipates a readership that is uniformly knowledgeable about the events of the Persian Wars. This represents another facet of the egalitarian ethos evident in this group of epigrams, as Simonides treats his readers as equally aware of the events of the Persian Wars. Thus, Simonides assumes a unified, panhellenic identity that characterizes both the subjects of his poems as well as his readers: they are all part of the same entity that defeated the Persians. Simultaneously, however, Simonides, or at the very least, the Simonidean name, achieves his own kleos as an individual poet through his distinctive commemorations of the Persian War dead. With these poems comes the emergence of a Simonidean poetic persona that renders the poet’s voice unique because of the way in which Simonides diverges from epigrammatic convention. The allotment of immortal kleos both to the anonymous, undifferentiated masses of Persian War dead and to the name ‘Simonides’ reflects two distinctive ideologies, the latter archaic and the former classical. My reading of these epigrams thus demonstrates how the commemoration of the Persian Wars is poised between two different eras and two different ideologies. / text

This thesis is about ‘military manuals’ produced in the first few centuries of the Roman imperial period. It argues that these texts merit far more attention and appreciation than they have received in the scholarship so far. I will explore areas such as the way in which their authors order and rank Greek and Roman knowledge, engage with ideas about knowledge and power, help construct identity and discuss ethics and behavior. In the first chapter I will determine whether the authors operate within a specific ‘genre’, or ‘genres’, of military writing. Then I will explore how the texts relate to other traditions of technical texts, questions of audience, and finally the issue of their practicality. The second chapter will examine how authors tackle the issue of ‘Greek’ and ‘Roman’ knowledge, categorize, rank and use it for self-promotion. We will see how Roman knowledge is both subverted but also praised, and how Greek knowledge is at the same time placed above Roman knowledge and integrated into a narrative of continuity with it. The third chapter will focus on the use of Greek knowledge in the construction of Roman identity. I will explore how ‘manuals’ play a part in the identity of the Roman Empire, fitting into a picture of unity in diversity, and show how they contribute to Hadrian’s self-presentation. The fourth chapter will examine the ethical component in manuals. I will determine whether there was an ethical code of conduct in battle in the Classical world and whether it was different from general ethical norms. Then, we will examine whether our texts engage in any way with this ‘code’ and whether their individual approaches have anything in common or are fundamentally different.

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Nel corso dell’Ottocento, in Francia, il principio di formazione, attraverso gli studi classici, delle élite destinate a ricoprire le più alte funzioni professionali assunse una connotazione sempre più anacronistica e il sistema scolastico fu al centro di una serie di accesi dibattiti e tentativi più o meno riusciti di riforma dei metodi di insegnamento e dei contenuti degli studi, che si acuirono soprattutto in seguito alla battaglia di Sedan. Il permanere di una cultura e di un sistema di istruzione immobile e legato alla tradizione umanistica si scontrò violentemente a fine secolo con la democratizzazione della società, il progresso scientifico e lo sviluppo economico e con la corsa alla modernizzazione della cultura. Questo elaborato si propone di ripercorrere i principali aspetti culturali, storici ed economici che scandirono la storia della pedagogia francese, analizzando il lungo ed altalenante percorso di cambiamento delle humanités classiques durante la costituzione dell’istituzione più conservatrice della Francia del XIX secolo: l’enseignement secondaire. / During the nineteenth century in France, the education through classical studies of the elite meant to play the highest professional roles became increasingly anachronistic and the school system was the main target of many debates and reforming processes. These attempts of changing teaching methods and subjects increased even further after the battle of Sedan. At the end of the century, the persistence of a stationary culture and of an educational system linked to the humanistic tradition clashed with the democratisation of the society, the scientific progress and the economic development and also with the rush to modernise this culture. The aim of this research is to trace the main cultural, historical and economic factors that distinguished the history of French education, while analysing the long and various changes of classical humanities during the establishment of French secondary school, which was the more conservative institution of the nineteenth century.

La tesi riguarda la Seconda Lega ateniese, di cui si studia il periodo, solitamente trascurato, compreso tra la fine della Guerra Sociale (355/4 a.C.) e la sconfitta di Atene a Cheronea (338 a.C.). Fonti principali, come del resto per il periodo precedente, sono le iscrizioni. Vengono quindi analizzate, in ordine geografico e cronologico, diciassette epigrafi di interesse storico (per lo più iscrizioni onorarie e trattati), considerate utili nella ricostruzione delle modalità di intervento ateniese all’interno della Lega. Area geografica privilegiata è la Grecia settentrionale, più immediatamente a contatto con l’espansionismo macedone. Obiettivo della tesi è infatti chiarire se la storia della Lega navale, più che una progressiva perdita di significato, non metta in evidenza un costante e coerente riorientamento degli obiettivi, stimolata dal confronto con Filippo II di Macedonia. / The topic of this thesis is the Second Athenian League during its final, usually underrated period, namely between the end of the Social War (355/4 B.C.) and the Athenian defeat at Chaeronea (338 B.C.). The sources for the history of the League both before and after the Social War are mainly epigraphical. Accordingly, seventeen historical inscriptions are carefully examined and thoroughly commented on: these are mostly honorific decrees and treaties, all of which proved to be useful to investigate how Athens acted within its League. The study, focusing on Northern Greece as the latter became more and more endangered by the growing power of Macedon, tries to ascertain whether the history of the Second Athenian League, far from becoming meaningless, might show a steady and consistent reorientation of its tasks, in and because of the military confrontation with Philip II.