The content of this diploma thesis is to verify of possibilities for remediation spoil heap toxicity in Sokolov area, by the help of creating biological crusts. The main question of this work is the possibility of using algae to create biological crust on toxical substrates, which could improve the properties of substrates and contribute to the acceleration of succession. The correctness of this theory was tested using two tests on toxic soils in spoil heaps near Sokolov. In the first test (laboratory test) have been chosen two of the soils and the higher plants, in most cases, even did not germinate. That is why we decided to verify the second option to create biological crust in these phytotoxic soils. Therefore we applied selected kinds of algae in the field, some areas were liming, and the field has been monitoring and sampling during next three years. The results show that the application of dolomitic limestone does not affect progress of biological crusts. The result of the fluorescent microscopy clearly shows, that Klebsormidium algae was the only one of the tested algae, which survived and progressed compact visible crusts.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19039号 / 農博第2117号 / 新制||農||1032(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H27||N4921(農学部図書室) / 31990 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 菅原 達也, 教授 澤山 茂樹, 教授 佐藤 健司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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Chlamydomonas priscuii is a psychrophilic green alga found 17 m below the permanently ice-covered surface of the Antarctic Lake Bonney, where it experiences a myriad of extreme environmental conditions, including low temperature, low light, and high salinity. While this habitat is extreme, it is also very stable, and this alga rarely experiences changes in its environment. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a ubiquitous family of chaperone proteins that perform important housekeeping and stress-related roles. In most organisms, including the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, HSP expression is induced during abiotic stress to regain protein homeostasis – a process regulated by heat shock transcription factors (HSFs). This work shows that C. priscuii constitutively accumulates high protein levels of HSPs in steady-state conditions but fails to induce additional HSP accumulation during heat and low temperature, high and low salt, high light, and with canavanine treatment. In this study, a single HSF was identified in the C. priscuii genome. Comparative sequence analysis revealed that most domains characteristic of a functional HSF are conserved, but the expression of a full length HSF1 transcript could not be detected in the cell. Furthermore, the promoters of many C. priscuii HSPs lack binding sites for HSF. This work has shown that C. priscuii has a diminished ability to regulate HSP expression under stressful conditions, which we hypothesize is a result of life in an extreme but very stable environment. This is the first demonstration of a loss of HSP accumulation in green algae, which carries implications on the ability of psychrophiles to survive in the face of climate change.

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Kepone®, the registered trade name for decachlorooctahydro-1,3, 4-metheno-2H-cyclobuta cd pentalen-2-one, inhibited growth and reduced rates of photosynthesis and respiration of Chlorella sorokiniana Shihira and Kraus and Chlorocbccum hypnosporum Starr. The insecticide reduced rates of respiration more than photosynthesis. Uptake of ¹⁴C-Kepone by the algae was proportional to cellular concentration. A net efflux of Kepone was exhibited by Chlorella cells after 30 minutes of incubation, whereas, equilibrium occurred within 15 minutes of incubation for Chlorococcum. Desorption of Kepone was evident when both algal species were removed from Kepone treated solutions and incubated in untreated nutrient solutions. / Master of Science

The diversification of unicellular, auto- and heterotrophic protists and the appearance of multicellular microorganisms is recorded in numerous Tonian age successions worldwide, including the Visingsö Group in southern Sweden. The Tonian Period (1000-720 Ma) was a time of changes in the marine environments with increasing oxygenation and a high input of mineral nutrients from the weathering continental margins to shallow shelves, where marine life thrived. This is well documented by the elevated level of biodiversity seen in global microfossil record. The Visingsö Group contains a taxonomically rich assemblage of cyanobacteria, stromatolites, algal phytoplankton, and vase-shaped microfossils. A new study of organic-walled, phytoplanktic microfossils, which are extracted by palynological method from the Visingsö 1 borehole samples, reveals the presence of morphologically disparate taxa. They are in gross cysts of microalgae (Pterospermopsimorpha, Pterospermella, Cerebrosphaera, Trachysphaeridium, Simia and certain Leiosphaeridia with pylome) and some are of uncertain affinities (acritarchs). Representative taxa of two lineages among green algae, Prasinophyceae and Chlorophyceae, are recognized. Cyanobacterial clusters and filaments are abundant and specimens of multicellular, yet systematically unrecognized taxa are recorded. Taxonomically, the assemblage is similar to some from other successions distributed along the margins of Baltica, Laurentia and Siberia in the Tonian Period. The ecological habitats of those organisms are inferred by comparing with their potential modern analogues and from the sedimentological setting of the upper formation of the Visingsö Group. / Denna studie handlar om biodiversiteten och den biologiska affiniteten av mikrofossil från den neoproterozoiska eran, tonianperioden (1000-720 Ma). De har extraherats från övre formationen av Visingsögruppen i södra Sverige.Mikrofossilen har organiska cellväggar, är encelliga och har förmodats representera algcystor (resistenta reproduktiva strukturer), cyanobakterier, och andra organismer av okänd tillhörighet. Neoproterozoikum har den högsta graden av biologisk diversitet under prekambrium. Det är därför viktigt att studera diversiteten för att förstå utvecklingen av biosfären under denna period i samband med utvecklingen av miljöer. Den studerade samlingen härrör från ett borrhål på Visingsö i Vättern, och visar på större diversitet än från tidigare studier.Denna nya studie syftar till att bestämma biodiversiteten i den övre formationen av Visingsögruppen och att känna igen affiniteten av mikrofossilen med organiska väggar och deras ekologi. Vissa av de undersökta mikrofossilen hör sannolikt till grönalgerna. Kluster och fiber av cyanobakterier är rikligt förekommande, och några prover är ej biologiskt igenkännbara. Med hjälp av moderna analoger och sedimentologiska data är ekologin hos dessa mikrofossil utläs

Squalene synthase (SS) is an essential enzyme in eukaryotic systems responsible for an important branch point in isoprenoid metabolism that leads to sterol formation. The mechanistic complexity of SS has made it a difficult enzyme to study. The green alga Botryococcus braunii race B possesses several squalene synthase-like (SSL) enzymes that afford a unique opportunity to study the complex mechanism of triterpene biosynthesis. SSL-1 catalyzes presqualene diphosphate (PSPP) formation, which can either be converted to squalene by SSL-2 or botryococcene by SSL-3. A rationally designed mutant study of B. braunii squalene synthase (BbSS) and SSL-3 was conducted to understand structure-function relations among these enzymes. These studies revealed two amino acid positions in SSL-3 (N171, G207) that appeared to control 1’-3 versus 1’-1 linkages. The reciprocal mutations in the corresponding positions of BbSS did not convert this enzyme into a botryococcene synthase. Next, a genetic selection was developed to evolve SSL enzymes towards a fully functional SS. Previous studies have shown that Saccharomyces cerevisiae squalene synthase (ScSS) can be knocked out and although lethal, growth can be restored by providing an exogenous source of ergosterol. Additional studies have shown that successful complementation of the ScSS knockout with a non-fungal SS is possible but requires a fungal SS carboxy- terminus region. Given these observations, proof-of-principle experiments were conducted to demonstrate that SSL-SSL fusion enzymes could complement the ScSS knockout followed by construction of a mutant SSL-SSL fusion enzyme library that was screened in the ScSS knockout yeast line. From this library, mutant SSL-SSL fusion enzymes were identified that were able to complement, which demonstrated the feasibility of this approach as a genetic selection for mutant SSL enzymes. Squalene and botryococcene have valuable industrial applications in vaccine adjuvant formations, cosmetic products, and renewable energy feedstock material. Limitations in natural sources of these molecules have made heterologous production of them an important research target. Algae represent a desirable group of organisms that could be engineered to produce these metabolites because they are photosynthetic and capable of using non-arable farmland. The feasibility, approach, and progress for engineering green algae to produce squalene and botryococcene are discussed.

The coral reefs of Kane'ohe Bay, on the windward coast of O'ahu, Hawai'i, have changed markedly over the last half century. Some of the most spectacular coral reefs in Hawai'i were reported from Kane'ohe Bay in the late 1800's and early 1900's, but with the beginning of extensive military dredge and fill operations during the World War IT era, conditions in the bay began to change dramatically. After the War, rapid urbanization of the area began and conditions in the bay continued to decline until pressure from the public and scientific community led to the diversion of the large sewage discharges in the southeast lagoon to a newly built deep ocean outfall outside the bay in 1977-1978. Although conditions temporally improved, recent surveys indicate that current conditions in the bay are not as favorable as expected. This study provides a time series analysis of changes in coral and algae cover in Kane'ohe Bay based upon a series of coral reef surveys conducted throughout the bay in 1970171, 1983, and 1990. Beginning in 1970171, conditions in the bay were highly degraded and scientists speculated that eutrophication and sedimentation, as a result of urbanization and construction, were the primary cause of an observed decline in lagoon corals communities in the southeast lagoon and an explosive growth of the green "bubble algae", Dictyosphaeria cavemosa, which was smothering corals in the middle lagoon. In . 1983, six years after major sewage discharges were diverted from the bay, surveys indicated dramatic improvements in water quality and the reefs showed signs of recovery. D. cavemosa algae levels, associated with earlier nutrient pollution, plummeted to less than twenty percent of their former abundance levels and coral cover increased by over two hundred percent. Although it was predicted that the coral reefs of Kane'ohe Bay would continue to recover, surveys in 1990 indicate that coral recovery slowed or ceased and the growth of the green "bubble algae", D. cavemosa, more than doubled compared to 1983 levels. In addition to the failure of the t~o dominant coral species Porites compressa and Montipora capitata to continue to recover, almost all of the less common coral species including Pocillopora damicomis, Fungia scutaria, Cyphastrea ocellina, and some others, showed significant declines in reef cover. Although this study was not able to detennine the exact causes of the observed changes in Kane'ohe Bay, it is suggested that high nutrient inputs provided favorable conditions for the changes in coral and algae cover. High nutrient levels are thought to have been derived from a number of sources including chronic sewage pollution, increased sedimentation from runoff, and reef kills associated with acute but large episodes of freshwater runoff. Some of these nutrient inputs may have been the result of non-point source and point source sewage pollution derived from leaky sewer lines, cesspool and septic tank discharges, commercial tour and recreational boat waste discharges, and periodic sewage bypasses from municipal wastewater treatment plants and sewage pump stations. Other nutrients may have been derived from increased sedimentation following extensive land clearance, land development, and highway construction. Additional factors may include a decrease in herbivorous fish species owing to over fishing and the ability of D. cavemosa algae to concentrate nutrients from underlying substrates and excretion from infaunal organisms. Other factors such as increased nutrient recycling from the sediments, possible increased nitrogen fixation from reefs, and natural fluctuations in relative species abundances may also be responsible for some of the observed changes in coral reef community structure. Although rare, the largest nutrient fluxes followed the catastrophic freshwater reef-kill events caused by severe rainstorms in conjunction with low tides and low wind conditions in 1965 and 1987-1988. Although the cause and effect relationship is still uncertain, the highest levels of Dictyosphaeria cavemosa algae ever recorded in Kane'ohe Bay occurred in the years following these storm events. Results of this study indicate that further research is needed to monitor ongoing conditions in the bay and determine what is preventing the reef ecosystem from returning to its former more pristine condition. Because water quality parameters generally remained the same or improved compared to previous polluted conditions, it is suggested that current measures of water quality are not reliable in forewarning against coral reef degradation in Kane'ohe Bay. Although a reduction in all future development in and around the bay would probably help maintain environmental conditions at the status quo, additional regulations and enforcement may be needed to help reduce disturbances caused by existing land and water use. It is suggested that a reduction in nutrient inputs to the bay would be beneficial to reef corals. Recommendations made by the Kane'ohe Bay Task Force outlined in the Kane'ohe Bay Master Plan should serve as a model and be implemented as soon as possible. Continuing assessment of the Kane'ohe Bay coral reef ecosystem and surrounding watershed will then need to be made on a regular basis to ensure that further degradation of the reefs is not occurring. / Thesis (M. A.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1995. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 166-175).

Typescript Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 1983 Includes vita and abstract Bibliography: leaves 134-145 Another copy on microfilm is located in Archives