Regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophenes) is a kind of conjugated polymers with HT-coupled structures . P3HT(head-to-tail) can be easy to access a low energy and low space obstacle coplanar conformation that leads to highly conjugated polymer , better conductivity and optical properties. In this research, we found out the different way of synthesis led to differences in properties such like regioregular, molecular weight. Above mentioned would influence spectrum of materials and device morphology. We chosen three kind of methods easily to synthesize from papers included FeCl3 Method, Grignard metathesis methods(Methylmagnesium bromide¡BTert-butylmagnesium chloride). We observed the different synthetic methods we used led to different reaction and color. After the analysis, there are not only differences between regioregular and molecular weight but molecular conformation. We also noted there were some residues that could not be completely removed by ion in the polymerization process. Absorption spectrum of film is shifted showed it has different degrees of phase separation. The literature tell us that the molecular weight greatly influences the device efficiency, because it changes the morphology and that affects the mobility and Regioregular. In this study, another field of research discusses the impact of ion. It was found after polymerization. The product not clean in the absorption spectrum of performance does not meet the solar cell requirements. After washing, it couldn¡¦t wash away the small amount of residue ion Fe, Mg, Ni, and it¡¦s about 1 ~ 3% in the total material. The experiment shows the various characteristics of different materials leads to change in device efficiency. Among them, the devices have the high molecular weight and good regioregular have the higher efficiency.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Bowling Green State University, 2006. / Document formatted into pages; contains v, 53 p. Includes bibliographical references.

Trace gas (CO2 and its carbon and oxygen isotopes, CH4, CO, H2 and N2O) vertical profile data above Cape Grim, Tasmania for the period April 1992 to February 1997 are investigated. A climatology of the distribution of each trace gas has been compiled from statistical treatment of the raw data. These climatologies are useful for verification of transport model outputs. Here, the CO2 climatology is compared to simulation results from two transport models (Melbourne University Transport Model and TM2Z) using three different sets of CO2 fluxes separately (compiled with different methods by different authors). Large discrepancies are found between simulations and observations, especially in the free troposphere (4-6 km). By considering emission ratios, trajectories, satellite fire counts and simulation with biomass burning fluxes, the influence of tropical biomass burning plumes on the southeastern Australian region in the austral winter/spring is studied and quantified. This identification process requires a multiple-species approach where the large CO anomalies and the unexpected behaviour of H2 are most revealing. The frequent presence of burning plumes in the mid troposphere complicates one of the original motivations for the Cape Grim Overflight Program, which is to estimate the air-sea exchange of CO2 in this region. A suggestion arising from analysis of pre-1992 aircraft sampling in this region was that the regional CO2 air-sea flux south of Australia is exceptionally large.

abstract: La Santa Muerte is a folk saint depicted as a female Grim Reaper in Mexico and the Southwestern United States. The Grim Reaper, as an iconic representation of death, was derived from the Angel of Death found in pseudepigrapha and apocalyptic writings of Jewish and early Christian writers. The Angel of Death arose from images and practices in pre-Christian Europe and throughout the Mediterranean region. Images taken from Revelation were used to console the survivors of the Black Death in Western Europe and produced a material culture that taught the Christian notion of dying well. The combination of the scythe (used in the eschatological harvest), the black cowl (worn by medieval priests and monks officiating at funerals), and the skeleton (as the physical body of the deceased) are a series of apocalyptic Christian referents that form a metonymical composite referred to as the Grim Reaper. In medieval Iberian Dances of Death, the Grim Reaper was depicted as female, an unyielding social leveler, and an important participant in the Last Judgment. Personalized Death became associated with healing, renewal, magic, and binding, as apocalyptic Christianity blended with the Christian cult of the saints and the Virgin Mary during the Reconquista and the colonization of Mesoamerica. Utilizing secondary historical sources, metonymy, and iconology this Master of Arts thesis posits that the La Santa Muerte image resulted from a long historical interaction of Greek, Roman, Jewish, Visogothic, Islamic, and Christian death imagery leading up to the colonization of Mesoamerica. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Religious Studies 2014

Depuis les premières expériences de John Cage et de Pierre Schaeffer jusqu’aux hybridations bruitistes de la noise, les musiques expérimentales ont suivi une reconfiguration de leurs pratiques au contact d’une évolution technologique constante. Cette thèse propose de présenter ces musiques dans leur constitution en tant que scène artistique à l’ère du régime numérique à travers une démarche historique, esthétique et sociologique.Cette recherche sera mise en perspective par une monographie du GRIM (Groupe de Recherche et d’Improvisation Musicales), un lieu marseillais dédié aux musiques expérimentales et improvisées.Par l’étude de cette scène territoriale emblématique de la multitude des pratiques chez les artistes et les publics, nous présenterons les différentes interactions qui alimentent ce contexte créatif émergent. C’est en cela qu’il convient également d’étudier à la fois l’incertitude des carrières chez les musiciens professionnels et l’expertise des amateurs de ces musiques. De plus, cette scène artistique se retrouve dans une économie en mutation face aux innovations technologiques d’un côté et aux enjeux institutionnels de l’autre.Dans ce contexte pluriel, nous proposons de définir les codes et conventions régissant les musiques expérimentales pour caractériser cette scène spécifique au sein des mondes de l’art. / Since the first experiments by John Cage and Pierre Schaeffer up to the loud hybridations of noise music, experimental music has followed a reconfiguration of its practices in contact with a constant technological evolution.This thesis aims to present experimental music as a singular and radical scene in the digital era through a historic, aesthetic and sociological procedure.This research is seen through the context of the GRIM, a venue located in Marseilles dedicated to experimental and impovised music.Through the study of this local scene, emblematic of practices by artists and audiences, we will present the different interactions that feed this emancipatory and emergent creative context. This will lead us to assess incertitudes in professional musicians’ careers and the expertise of amateurs of this music scene.Furthermore, faced with technological innovations on one hand and institutional issues on the other, this artistic scene finds itself in a changing economy.In this pluralistic context, we shall define the codes and conventions that rule experimental music to model the characteristics of this specific scene inside the art worlds.

Les performances des cellules photovoltaïques organiques de type hétérojonction en volume sont entre autres influencées par les propriétés opto-électroniques du polymère semiconducteur donneur d’électrons. L’objectif de cette thèse était de développer de nouveaux polymères π-conjugués pour permettre une meilleure exploitation du spectre solaire et donc améliorer la photogénération des charges. Pour cela, plusieurs dérivés de polythiophènes comportant des substituants aromatiques phényles ont été synthétisés par la méthode de GRIM, à noter l’homopolymère poly[(3-(4-hexylphényl) thiophène] (P3HPT) et le copolymère à blocs poly[3-(4-hexylphényl)thiophène]-bloc-poly(3-hexylthiophène) (P3HPT-b-P3HT). Nous avons également étudié une nouvelle famille de polymères à faible bande interdite basés sur l’alternance d’unités thiophène et dithiéno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]silole riches en électrons et 2,1,3- benzothiadiazole pauvres en électrons. Après synthèse des différents monomères, les copolymères alternés ont été ensuite obtenus par polycondensation par couplage de Stille. Les différents matériaux synthétisés ont été d’abord caractérisés par analyse thermogravimétrique et par calorimétrie différentielle à balayage afin d’étudier leurs propriétés thermiques. Ensuite, des caractérisations structurales (en particulier DRX et neutrons), optiques (UV-visible) et morphologiques (AFM) ont été réalisées. A partir des résultats obtenus, nous avons pu évaluer les relations entre les structures et les propriétés des matériaux. Finalement, des cellules photovoltaïques à base des polymères synthétisés ont été réalisées et leurs performances ont été corrélées aux propriétés des matériaux. / The performances of organic solar cells based on the concept of bulk heterojunction configuration are strongly influenced by the optoelectronic properties of the electron donor polymer. The aim of this thesis was to develop new π-conjugated polymers to allow a better exploitation of the solar spectrum and thus improving the photogeneration of charges. For this,several polythiophene derivatives substituted by phenyl aromatic groups have been synthesized by the GRIM method, note the homopolymer poly[(3-(4-hexylphenyl)thiophene] (P3HPT) and the diblock copolymer poly[3-(4- exylphenyl)thiophene]-block-poly(3- hexylthiophène) (P3HPT-b-P3HT). We also studied a new family of low band gap polymers based on the alternation of electron-rich thiophene and dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]silole units andelectron-deficient 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole units. After synthesis of the various monomers, alternating copolymers were then obtained by Stille cross-coupling polycondensation. The different synthesized materials were first characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and by differential scanning calorimetry to study their thermal properties. Then, structural(especially XRD and neutron), optical (UV-visible) and morphological (AFM) characterizations were performed. From the obtained results, we were able to evaluate the relation between structures and properties of materials. Finally, photovoltaic cells based on the synthesized polymers were performed and their performances were correlated to material properties.

The purpose of this paper consists of examining the different ways of thinking about death and life beyond death conveyed in the game Grim Fandango Remastered. This was done by using a theoretical framework consisting of a self invented definition of death called "Bodily death". This definition consists of common notions about death such as cessation of life functions like movement, metabolism, respiration and overall cessation of brain functions. It also included cessation of vital processes, which includes the ability to make energy transfer, making reparations, for example by cell replication, as well as the waste system of the body.  Besides this, the study examines the prevalence of dualism, a conception that views the soul essential to the individual's mental state. Two kinds of dualism were investigated, simple dualism with the assumption that the individual is made up of the soul, and compound dualism, where soul and body are dependent on each other for the survival of the individual. The study also examined the prevalence of materialism, a mindset where the individual is comprised of a combination of things without life or consciousness, in other words an existence dependent of the body. The results showed mainly a view that was non agreeable with bodily death, as the characters had many life signs such as breathing, ability to move, nutrition, metabolism and other signs of functions that would not be possible without the brain's functionality. Furthermore as shown with sprouted, the death within death in the game which consisted of becoming overgrown with flowers, showed signs of life rather than bodily death, as flowers have the vital process of photosynthesis. The game also showed mainly ideas of ​ dualism as the characters often was referred as souls. The kind of dualism that occurred most however was compound dualism because the game often implied that characters died when their bodies became destroyed.

This thesis investigates the level of difficulty of puzzles in the adventure games and the implications thereof. The thesis contains an in-depth background, and a brief history about the genre. It brings up the main problem of the genre and looks into both the cause and effect that follows. To support this process, an analysis has been made of design documents and a survey was issued on the subject of adventure game puzzles.

Dans le domaine de l’électronique organique comprenant les cellules photovoltaïques (OPV), les diodes électroluminescentes (OLED) et les transistors à effet de champ (OFET), l’intérêt pour des matériaux ambipolaires a fortement augmenté au cours de ces dernières années.Dans ce contexte, nous nous sommes intéressés au cours de cette thèse au design et à la préparation de différentes architectures semi-conductrices auto-organisées avec lesquelles il serait possible d’injecter et de transporter à la fois les trous et les électrons. Notre approche est basée sur des matériaux cristaux liquide (LC) incorporant différents types de systèmes électron-donneurs (p-type) ou électron-accepteurs (n-type) dans une architecture moléculaire ou macromoléculaire unique. Ainsi, nous avons synthétisé et caractérisé différentes séries de semi-conducteurs organiques tels que des diades discotiques LC donneur-σ-accepteur, des diades calamitiques LC donneur-σ-accepteur, et des polymères en peigne LC donneur-σ-accepteur portant des groupements latéraux discotiques. Leurs comportement thermiques, leurs propriétés optiques et électroniques, leurs propriétés d’auto-organisation en volume et en film mince, ainsi que leurs propriétés de transport de charge sont présentées et discutés.Ces études ont montré que tous ces matériaux présentent des propriétés liquide-cristallines en s’auto-organisant selon différentes structures telles que des organisations colonnaires, lamellaires et lamello-colonnaires. Plus particulièrement, ces matériaux montrent une nano-ségrégation spontanée en volume des fragments de type p et de type n, formant des chemins bien distincts pour chaque type de porteurs de charge, ces résultats étant bien mis en évidence par les premières mesures de transport de charge ambipolaire observées par temps de vol et en configuration transistor à effet de champs. / In the general field of organic electronics, including Organic Photovoltaic (OPV), Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) and Organic Field-Effect Transistor (OFET), the interest for the ambipolar organic materials have increased remarkably during the recent years.In this context, we were interested, in this present work, in designing and preparing different new self-organized semiconducting architectures in which it could be possible to inject and transport both holes and electrons. Our approach is based on liquid crystalline (LC) materials incorporating different kinds of electron-donor (p-type) and electron acceptor (n-type) π-conjugated systems in a unique molecular or macromolecular architecture. Thus, we synthesized and characterized different series of organic semiconductors such as donor-σ-acceptor discotic LC dyads and triads, donor-σ-acceptor calamitic LC dyads, and donor-σ-acceptor side-chain LC polymers bearing discotic side-groups. Their thermal behaviors, optical and electronic properties, self-organization properties both in bulk and in thin films, and finally charge transport properties are presented and discussed.Based on different characterization techniques, we demonstrated that all these series of materials present liquid crystalline properties in self-organizing in different structure such as columnar, lamellar, and lamella-columnar organizations. More particularly, these materials exhibit spontaneous nanosegregation of p-type and n-type entities in bulk, leading to well defined distinct conductive channels for each type of charge carriers as evidenced by the preliminary ambipolar charge transport properties observed by Time-of-flight and Field effect transistor measurements.