En Amérique du Nord, le chauffage de l'espace, l'eau chaude, et l'utilisation de la climatisation énergie secondaire plus que toute autre activité au sein de bâtiments, émettant ainsi la majorité des gaz périmètres 1 et 2 serre (GES). La pompe à chaleur géothermique (PCG) utilise un tiers de l'énergie des technologies traditionnelles de fournir un espace de services d'eau chaude et de climatisation. Bien géothermique est une technologie bien établie, les économies d'énergie et les émissions de GES ne sont pas traduits dans leur adoption généralisée. Les mesures de politique publique et les incitations financières adoptées pour promouvoir PCG ont échoué à conduire à une large adoption ou de réduire les coûts. Cette thèse examine l'adoption de pompes à chaleur géothermiques en réponse aux politiques de soutien parmi les adopteurs résidentiels, institutionnels, et la ville-échelle. Données au niveau détaillé du site et des panneaux permettent expériences naturelles sur la réponse des adoptants résidentiels au Canada et aux États-Unis à l'évolution des incitations. À des échelles supérieures, les procédures réglementaires relatives à l'offre de services de l'énergie thermique (TES) a fourni une étude de cas pour l'analyse des modèles d'utilité pour financer géothermique pour les clients commerciaux et institutionnels. Au Canada et aux États-Unis, les incitations financières ont échoué à soutenir l'adoption de la pompe à chaleur géothermique à travers ou après la période de la subvention pour les ménages résidentiels. Pas plus que les incitations conduisent à une diminution des prix dans le temps. Problèmes de resquillage au Canada et une incapacité à faire des incursions dans les zones desservies par le gaz naturel ont brin technologie géothermique. En outre, le coût en capital de pompes à chaleur géothermiques en résulte un coût de cycle de vie plus élevé que la plupart des solutions de rechange. Les avantages de l'économie à l'échelle d'incitations financières pour les pompes à chaleur géothermiques sont limitées au Canada, où la plupart des pompes à chaleur sont importés. TES fournissent innovations convaincantes pour combler les obstacles à des échelles supérieures. TES surmonter équilibrer les contraintes de bilan sur la dette commune aux organisations du secteur public par le financement de biens d'équipement et de rénovation que les paiements de services publics. TES peut surmonter les contraintes de capitaux rencontrés par les développeurs en finançant des équipements à l'intérieur du bâtiment en réduisant les coûts de construction. Cependant, notre étude des marchés publics de cas révèle TES être une approche coûteuse dans le long terme. Les perspectives de cette recherche sont traduits dans les meilleures pratiques et des conseils stratégiques pour améliorer la passation des marchés, accroître la sensibilisation, et aligner les incitations pour une plus grande efficacité. / In North America, space heating, hot water, and air conditioning use more secondary energy thanany other activity within buildings, thus emitting the majority of scope 1 and scope 2 GreenhouseGases (GHG). The Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) uses one-third the energy of traditionaltechnologies to provide space conditioning and hot water services.While GSHP is a well-established technology, the energy savings and lower GHG emissionshave not translated into their widespread adoption. Public policy measures and financialincentives adopted to promote GSHP have failed to lead to broad adoption or lower costs. Thisthesis examines the adoption of GSHP in response to supportive policies among residential,institutional, and city-scale adopters.Detailed site-level and panel data permit natural experiments on the response of residentialadopters in Canada and the US to changing incentives. At higher scales, regulatory proceedingsconcerning the offering of Thermal Energy Services (TES) has provided a case study for analysisof utility models to finance GSHP for commercial and institutional clients.In Canada and the US, financial incentives failed to sustain the adoption of GSHP throughout orafter the period of subsidy among residential households. Neither did incentives lead to adecrease in price over time. Free-ridership problems in Canada and an inability to make inroadsto areas served by natural gas have stranded GSHP technology. Further, the capital cost ofGSHP results in a higher lifecycle cost than most alternatives. The economy-wide benefits offinancial incentives for GSHP are limited in Canada, where most heat pumps are imported.iiiTES provide compelling innovations to bridge barriers at higher scales. TES overcome balancesheet constraints on debt common to public sector organizations by financing capital equipmentand renovations as utility payments. TES can overcome capital constraints faced by developersby financing equipment inside the building lowering construction costs. However, our casestudy of public procurement reveals TES to be a costly approach in the long run. The insightsfrom this research are translated into best practices and policy advice to improve contracting,increase awareness, and align incentives for greater efficiency.

Vertical ground source heat pumps are established and still growing on the global market. The modelling of these systems is important for system design and optimization. This is an active field of research, and many models are often built into system simulation software such as TRNSYS. With the intention of having a better sensibility for existing TRNSYS tools, three different cases are simulated with several TRNSYS tools, so called Types. A Thermal Response Test, a large borehole field of an IKEA building complex in Sweden, as well as the Marine Corps Logistic Base in Albany, USA. The vertical ground heat exchanger types 203, 244, 243, 246, 451, 55a and 557b are used. Most of the simulations are investigated and evaluated by comparing them to measured data. The result shows that, for these specific cases, the DTS types 557a and 557b can underestimate the heat transfer early on due to a poor consideration of the thermal capacity inside the borehole. Depending on how the thermal resistance is calculated by a module, the fluid mean temperature simulation is affected by a constant throughout the simulation time. The simulation results indicate that the type 557b, where the borehole resistance is pre-set as an input and known from experimental data, is the most accurate of the types for groundwater filled boreholes. On short term, type 451 provides a good coherence with the measured data, with a relative deviation of 10.3 %. The borehole models that consider the borehole thermal capacity overestimate the short term heat transfer rate, whereas those that neglect the borehole capacity underestimate the short term thermal heat transfer on short term. Existing Types describe successfully the long term behaviour of large borehole fields. Serial versus parallel coupled BHE fields show relatively small differences in performance when simulated with type 557b for a specific study case.

No description available.

The real performance of ground source heat pumps systems are not precisely highlighted in most cases, especially when it comes to installations older than the contractors guarantee period of 5 years. This project analyses measured data, constructs durability diagrams and establishes an energy balance of a whole heating system located in Saltsjöbaden. The system, composed of 3 heat pumps with a total heating power of 270kW and an oil burner, is used to deliver comfort heat through radiators and ventilation as well as tap warm water production. The installation was originally designed with two oil burners now used as an auxiliary heat supplier. Two heat pumps were installed in 1999 and a third unit was added in 2009. However, the oil consumption has been higher than expected. An experiment with controlled oil burner operation confirmed the need of implementing a control strategy. Some weaknesses in the system are pointed out.

Ground-source heat pumps systems (GSHP) are commonly used all over Sweden to supply heat and sometimes cool to different kinds of housings or commercial facilities. Many large installations are by now between 10 and 20 years old. Even when the design of such system has been tackled, rare are the studies that have dealt with following their performance throughout time in detail. Based on conductive heat transfer, the heat extraction process makes the ground temperature decrease when installations are only used for heating. This thesis aims at proposing a method to evaluate how the temperature in a borehole heat exchanger of a GSHP will evolve. The project is focusing on the heat transfer from the ground to the boreholes modelled using Finite Line Source (FLS) based generated g-functions. “g-functions” are non-dimensional parameters characterizing the evolution of the ground thermal resistance enduring variable heat extraction loads. A model using Matlab has been developed and validated against relevant publications. As a case study, the method is applied to an existing 15 years old GSHP installation, composed of 26 boreholes and 3 heat pumps, so as to compare the obtained results with data measured on site. Two sub-borehole fields compose this installation: 14 of them were drilled in 1998 and the remaining 12 in 2009. Measured variable heat extraction loads were superposed using dedicated site g-functions for the two boreholes fields. As a result, a comparison between modelled and calculated heat carrier fluid in the boreholes over the last 6 months is presented here, as well as a 20 years forecast of the ground temperature at the interface with the boreholes.

In 2010, the Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHPs) market in the European Union went up over one million (1 014 436 units at the end of 2010 according to EUROBSERV’ER 2011). In 2011, it was estimated around 1.25 million according to Bayer et al. (2012). With more than 378 000 units installed in 2010, according to the Swedish heat pump association (SVEP), the Swedish GSHPs market was the first in the EU. As for the French GSHPs market, it was estimated to 151 938 units in service in 2010, which propelled France at the third rank in the EU. However, despite a relatively important number of GSHPs installed in the whole EU, since 2008 GSHP sales have shrank. Even Sweden which has been the most competitive country sees its GSHP sales decline in the first quarter of 2012 (EUROBSERV’ER 2011). This report is the achievement of my Master of Science Thesis project. It also represents the end of my studies at INSA Lyon in France and concludes my degree in Energetic and Environment Engineering. This report deals with the improvement of a heat injection apparatus which is available at KTH (Royal Institute of Technology). This equipment is better known as Thermal Response Test (TRT) apparatus. This kind of equipment improves Borehole Heat Exchangers (BHE) design in terms of size and cost benefits. This technology is generally used to design GSHP installations in both domestic and industrial purposes. It allows to determine really important thermal BHE parameters: the thermal conductivity of the ground and the borehole thermal resistance. The report covers a theoretical description of TRT experiments, the reasons and objectives of such a project, the apparatus design and its construction. The last part is dedicated to a first experimental laboratory results and some problems met during the project course.

The International Energy Agency’s Global Status Report 2017 estimates that existing buildings must undergo deep energy renovations, which reduce the energy intensity of buildings by 50% - 70% in order to achieve the “Beyond 2°C” scenario [1]. Many buildings in Bitola, The Republic of North Macedonia, will need considerable upgrades to meet these goals. Among them, health care facilities and education centers have the greatest potential, with energy savings that could reach 35 to 40% [2]. PHI Clinical Hospital Bitola is the largest health care facility in the southwestern region of North Macedonia with a capacity of 500 beds, providing care to almost 300.000 patients annually. It has a heating system based on heavy fuel oil, and an inefficient distribution system which has not been upgraded since the 1970s. There is no centralized ventilation or cooling systems, making it necessary to open and close windows in order to regulate the indoor temperature and generate natural ventilation. This study aims to replace the use of heavy fuel oil (HFO), reduce building related GHG emissions, and increase the primary renewable energy fraction of PHI Clinical Hospital Bitola, by investigating a replacement energy system using heat pumps and solar energy. Special consideration is given to increasing the level of comfort of patients and improving the safety of the indoor environment. Space conditioning, domestic hot water, and electricity demands for three critical buildings are considered in Polysun over a 1-year period. The costs and benefits of technologies including air and ground source heat pumps, solar photovoltaics, and ice thermal energy storage are analyzed. It is determined which of these technologies can be implemented in an energy and cost-efficient manner in the Republic of North Macedonia, thus contributing to the reduction of building related greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants that contribute to poor air quality. Ground source heat pumps perform superior to air source heat pumps, however, the total life cycle costs of ground source heat pump systems are much higher than air source heat pump systems, making the marginal gains in the technical performance not worth the investment in a borehole field. When using ice thermal energy storage within the cooling and domestic hot water systems the benefits of improved heat pump performance and reduced electricity consumption are not observed. The configuration of thermal storage tested here uses the domestic hot water system to withdraw heat from the thermal storage tank, creating ice, which is then used to decrease the need for cooling using the chiller. However, the cooling load is much larger than the hot water demand, and so any ice generated in the tank is depleted within the first few days of cooling. Many other configurations and control strategies for thermal storage exist which could be the subject of further research. When selecting a renewable energy system that could replace the current HFO boiler in the hospital, the results of this study suggest that an air source heat pump system with solar PV is the recommended solution. For buildings 1 and 2, the final results achieved a primary renewable energy fraction of 62%, a GHG emissions savings of 840 tons of CO2eq equating to a 26% reduction, coming at a capital cost of nearly 2,7 million €, and reducing annual energy expenses by 47%. For building 4 the final system delivers a primary renewable energy fraction of 64%, GHG emissions savings of 109 tons CO2eq or 17%, while costing 0,67 million € in capital expenses and lowering annual energy expenses by 50%. / Den internationella energi byråns globala status rapport 2017 uppskattar att existerande byggnader måste undergå djupgående energi renovationer, som ska reducera byggnadernas energiintensitet med 50% - 70% för att uppnå i scenariot “Beyond 2°C” [1]. Många byggnader i Bitola (Republiken av nora Makedonien), kommer att behöva betydande uppgraderingar för att uppfylla dessa mål. Bland dem har hälsovårdsanläggningar och utbildningscenter den största potentialen, med energi besparingar där dessa kan uppnå 35% till 40% [2]. PHI Kliniskt Sjukhus Bitola är den största sjukvårdsanläggningen i den sydvästra regionen av Nora Makedonien med en kapacitet på 500 sängplatser, som ger vård till nästan 300.000 patienter årligen. Det nuvarande värmesystemet är baserat på tung eldningsolja och ett ineffektivt distributionssystem som inte har uppdaterats sedan 1970-talet. Det finns inga centraliserade ventilations- och kylsystem, vilket gör det nödvändigt att öppna och stänga fönster för att reglera inomhustemperaturen och generera naturlig ventilation. Denna studie syftar till att ersätta användningen av tung eldningsolja, minska byggnadsrelaterade växthusutsläpp och öka den primära förnyelsebara energifraktionen av Kliniskt Sjukhus Bitola. Genom att undersöksöka ett ersättande energisystem med värmepumpar och solenergi. Särskild hänsyn tas till öka patienternas komfort och förbättra säkerheten i inomhusmiljön. Värme och kyla, varmvatten och el-krav för tre kritiska byggnader betraktas i Polysun under en 1- års period. Kostnaderna och fördelarna med tekniken inklusive luft och markvärmepumpar, solceller och termisk energilagring analyseras. Det fastställs vilken av dessa tekniker som kan implementeras på ett energi- och kostnadseffektivt sätt i Republiken av nora Makedonien, vilket bidrar till att minska byggnadsrelaterade växthusgasutsläpp och andra föroreningar som kan bidra till dålig luftkvalitet. Markvärmepumpar har högre prestanda än luftvärmepumpar, men de totala livscykelkostnaderna för ett markvärmepumpsystem är mycket högre än för ett luftvärmepumpsystem. Vilket gör den marginella vinsterna för den tekniska prestandan inte värda investeringen av ett borrhåls fält. Vid användning av is som termisk energilagring och kylning och varmvattensanläggningar, tog ingen hänsyn till fördelarna med en förbättrad värmepumps prestanda och minskad elförbrukning. Konfigurationen av termisk lagring som testas här använder det inhemska varmvattensystemet för att ta bort värme från den termiska lagringstanken, vilket skapar is som sedan används för att minska behovet av nedkylning av byggnaden. Kylbelastningen är emellertid mycket större än varmvattenbehovet. Vilket betyder att all is som genereras i tanken används upp efter några dagar av kylning. Många andra konfigurationer och styrstrategier för termisk lagring finns och kan vara till ändamål för framtida forskning. När val av ett förnybart energisystem görs som ska kunna ersätta den nuvarande tung eldningsolja pannan på sjukhuset antyder resultatet av denna studie att ett värmepumpsystem med luftkälla och sol-PV är den rekommenderade lösningen. För byggnad 1 och 2 uppnådde det slutliga resultatet en primär förnyelsebar energifraktion på 62%, vilket skulle innebära en besparing av växthusgasutsläpp med 840 ton CO2 ekvivalenter. Vilket motsvarar en minskning med 26%, med en kapitalkostnad på nästan 2,7 miljoner €. Samt minskade årliga energikostnader med 47%. För byggnad 4 levererar det slutliga systemet en primär förnybar energifraktion på 64%, med en -5- besparing av växthusutsläpp på 109 ton CO2 ekvivalenter eller 17%. Medan det kostar 0,67 miljoner € i kapitalutgifter och sänker den årliga energikostnaden med 50%.

No / This paper aims to investigate experimentally the effects of circulating coolant flow rate, groundwater table fluctuations, infiltration of rainwater, on the amount of thermal energy that can be recovered from the near surface soil layers. A comprehensive experimental investigation was carried out on a fully equipped tank filled with sand. A heat collector panel was embedded horizontally at the mid-height of the tank. Measurements of the temperature at various points on the heat collector panel, adjacent soil, inlet and outlet were continuously monitored and recorded. After reaching a steady state, it was observed that increasing water saturation in the adjacent soil leads to a substantial increase on the amount of heat recovered. A model was proposed for the estimation of temperature along the heat collector panel based on steady state conditions. It accounted for thermal resistance between pipes and the variability of water saturation in the adjacent soils. This model showed good agreement with the data. Whilst increasing the flow rate of the circulating fluid within the panel did not cause noticeable improvement on the amount of heat energy that can be harnessed within the laminar flow regime commonly found in ground source heat panels. Infiltration of rainwater would cause a temporary enhancement on the amount of extracted heat. Measurement of the sand thermal conductivity during a cycle of drying and wetting indicates that the thermal conductivity is primarily dependent upon the degree of water saturation and secondary on the flow path.

The work presented in this thesis focuses on reducing the energy demand of a residential building by using a coupled ground-source heat pump/energy recovery ventilation (GSHP-ERV) system to present a novel approach to space condition and domestic hot water supply for a residence. The proposed system is capable of providing hot water on-demand with a high coefficient of performance (COP), thus eliminating the need for a hot water storage tank and circulation system while requiring little power consumption. The necessary size of the proposed system and the maximum and normal heating and cooling loads for the home were calculated based on the assumptions of an energy efficient home, the assumed construction specifications, and the climate characteristics of the Blacksburg, Virginia region. The results from the load analysis were used to predict energy consumption and costs associated with annual operations.The results for the predicted heating annual energy consumption and costs for the GSHP-ERV system were compared to an air-source heat pump and a natural gas furnace. On average, it was determined that the proposed system was capable of reducing annual energy consumption by 56-78% over air-source heat pumps and 85-88% over a natural gas furnace. The proposed GSHP-ERV system reduced costs by 45-61% over air-source heat pump systems and 52-58% over natural gas furnaces. The annual energy consumption and costs associated with cooling were not calculated as cooling accounts for a negligible portion (6%) of the total annual energy demand for a home in Blacksburg. / Master of Science

Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Systems (HVAC) are not only one of the most energy consuming components in buildings but also contribute to green house gas emissions. As a result often environmental design strategies are focused on the performance of these systems. New HVAC technologies such as Geothermal Heat Pump systems have relatively high performance efficiencies when compared to typical systems and therefore could be part of whole-building performance design strategies. In collaboration with the Virginia Tech Corporate Research Center, Inc., this research studies the energy consumption and cost benefits of the Geothermal Heat Pump System that has been integrated and operated in the KnowledgeWorks I and II buildings located on the Virginia Tech campus. The purpose of this thesis is to understand the energy and cost benefits of the Geothermal Heat Pumps System when compared to the conventional package variable air volume (VAV) with hot water coil heating and air-source heat pump systems using computer simulation and statistical models. The quantitative methods of building energy performance and life-cycle cost analyses are applied to evaluate the results of simulation models, the in-situ monitoring data, and the associated documents. This understanding can be expanded to the higher level of architectural systems integration. / Master of Science