The aim of this master thesis is to evaluate the results of selective post-excavation grouting with polyurethane resin in the subway of Stockholm.Dripping and leakage of water into hard rock tunnels is a costly and commonly occurring problem. Water leakage does not only lead to damage to tunnel installation but may also affect the area above the tunnel due to lowering of the ground water table. To solve this problem there are several methods to prevent water entering the tunnel or to divert it. One of the preventing methods are to grout using polyurethane based resins.This thesis evaluates a drip sealing project where eight point leakages where grouted during November 2015. Drip mapping was carried out before and after the grouting to evaluate the change in leakage amount to determine whether the grouting methodology is suitable for future projects. The drip mapping was carried out during a year before the sealing attempt to investigate the leakages natural variation and with greater certainty being able to evaluate the leakage change after the grouting had been carried out.The evaluation of the grouting showed that none of the point leakages were sealed to 100 %. Only three of the leakages decreased, four increased and one showed no change. The natural variations during the evaluation period, during and after the grouting attempt indicates a natural rise in leakage amount induced by an increase in precipitation and rising seasonal trend.The change in leakage amount for every leakage point was compared to geological and hydrogeological parameters to be able to explain the cause of the results and to determine which conditions the methodology depends on. The correlation with original leakage amount, grouting volume and hydraulic aperture where the strongest and could best be explained by second degree polynomials. By using the equations for the polynomials an interval could be determined where the grouting methodology theoretically would lead to the greatest decrease in leakage amount. There are some uncertainty in the interpretation whether a natural signal in the grouting results led to a correlation due to an internal coupling between the parameters.

Low level nuclear waste arising from UK nuclear sites, research establishments, hospitals and industry is currently disposed of at the Drigg Disposal Facility in Cumbria. Waste is packed into steel canisters before being compacted and grouted into larger steel storage containers. The aqueous chemistry of wastes, especially radionuclides, in the presence of grout material is of major interest. The gout used at the Drigg site is a mixture of Ordinary Portland Cement and Pulverised Fly Ash additive, from which ingressing water will leach high levels of calcium, sodium and potassium and produce waters of a high pH. Aerobic environments are expected to dominate over the early period of the vault life, after which the combined effect of canister corrosion and microbial activity will lead to anaerobic conditions. After a much longer period (100,000 years) anaerobic conditions may cease and yield once again an aerobic environment where migration of radionuclides may be sorption-controlled rather than on hydroxide precipitation at high pH. Work has been performed under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions to study uranium solubility in the presence of complexing ligands that may be present in the waters of the nearfield of a low-level waste disposal vault. Eleven ligands have been investigated: carbonate, phosphate, chloride, sulphate, acetate, citrate, EDTA, NTA and organic matter- humic acid, fulvic acid and iso-sacchannic acid. Anaerobic conditions were achieved by two different procedures; the first used ferrous ions in hydroxide solution and the second used dithionite in hydroxide solution. Both methods produce reducing electrode potentials and high pH. Computer software has been used to model experimental results, thereby predicting uranium solubilities and speciation, and to propose new formation constants to fit the experimental results more closely. Studies have also been perforined to measure uranium sorption by grout material at high pH in the presence of the above ligands. This work makes a significant contribution to the understanding of uranium solubility and speciation in waters. at high pH and under conditions relevant to low level nuclear waste disposal.

The main topic of diploma thesis is foundation of Heavy equipment in industrial facility and the selecting of the appropriate method foundation with respect to the boundary condition. The first part contains the theoretical basis of the chosen special foundation technology. In the second part, there is the design of the foundation itself. To solve the design was used special numerical softwares and also there was some calculation without using it. The necessary design documentation was also created.

An underground installation with too much inflow can lead to dangerous consequences for around environment, therefore a well-sealed construction results in appropriate inflows. To mitigate movement of ground water table in underground constructions, it is necessary to seal the rock mass by grout injection. To fulfill the inflow requirement, cement based grouting is both practical and economical solution and is used in Sweden as permanent solution because of the good quality rock mass of Nordic countries. To achieve an effective and more economical grouting process, the method of stop criteria named GIN has been developed for underground constructions. "GIN method" is a method in formulating grouting works which provides possibility for minimizing the risk of hydro fracturing and hydro jacking in grouting process to optimize it in performance and cost of construction process. In this report the effort is testing the validity of this method in City banan project which is situated in Stockholm. Data are taken from the City banan project which is under construction by Traffikverket in Stockholm. To attain this aim, data from monitoring of grouting process was collected and Pressure and flow values were obtained and have been employed as input data in this report. After applying GIN method, results have been analyzed and discussed in detail. It has been shown that in studied cases, the theory cannot provide promising results and this method is difficult to be applicable in this project. Therefore, additional tests are needed to the exact suitable GIN number for the project.

The increasing need for watertight underground works, such as tunnel excavations, has sparked an interest in a number of research studies with grout penetrability being the focus. The research has so far contributed to a deeper understanding regarding the assessment of a successful grouting operation from different perspectives such as choice of equipment, material properties, phase planning and performance.  It is well established that several crucial factors influence the penetrability of grouts with pressure type and magnitude being two of them. Researchers have examined this issue from different perspectives and with different instruments. Previous research has shown that the increase of pressure has yielded better grout penetration both in the laboratory and the field. According to studies that dealt with dynamic pressure application, superimposed oscillatory pressure of high frequency resulted in grouts with decreased viscosity and better penetration. However, there is still need for further investigation in terms of lower frequencies, different pressure profiles and magnitudes and possible alternatives regarding the filtration and erosion mechanism. The present study aims to examine the penetrability of grouts under dynamic conditions of predefined peak and rest pressure intervals with frequencies lower than 0.5 Hz. The mechanism of action assumes active decomposition of any partially built plug in the vicinity of a narrowing in a rock fracture caused by the change in flow type before the constriction. The chosen method included the development of a laboratory grout injection system with a pneumatic valve and a pressure control rig. Tests were performed with both constant and varying pressure utilizing different periods of peak and rest intervals. The results showed an overall improvement of penetrability under dynamic conditions compared to the static. The decrease in peak – rest durations from [2 – 2] to [4 – 8] s yielded almost 11 times more material penetrating the 30μm aperture size.  The developed method utilized a pneumatic injection system which culminated in better penetration when tuned at [2 – 2] s of [peak – rest] durations with specific material properties. This study presents an indication that further research towards the direction of dynamic pressure application could be proven beneficial in the grouting industry.

Rock grouting is a commonly used process for sealing rocks in tunnels to reduce water ingress. In order to achieve sufficient sealing level the grout must effectively penetrate into rock fractures while the limiting factor is filtration of cement based grout. Many devices and measuring methods have been developed to study filtration and to measure the penetrability. The filter pump and the penetrability meter are two of the most commonly used instruments for measuring filtration tendency in the field and in the lab, while short slot is used mainly in the lab. The results obtained from these devices have relatively different estimations of the penetrability partly due to the weaknesses in measuring methods and test procedures. Furthermore, there are no clear criteria to find out which of the results are closer to the reality or how much the results differ among these instruments. The aim of this study is comparing, and evaluating the results of these devices in relatively similar conditions while using more accurate methods of weight-time and pressure-time compared to the less reliable total volume method. The filter pump and the penetrability meter were modified In order to fulfill the requirement of testing in similar conditions and to improve their accuracy and versatility. The results show that increasing the pressure improves the penetrability significantly. The modification of the filter pump results in reducing many uncertainties related to the testing procedure. Probably the modified filter pump has higher accuracy in measuring the penetrability compared to regular filter pump. The short slot has the highest accuracy in estimating penetrability of cement based grout especially at higher pressures, furthermore, the short slot provides a more flexible way to measure penetrability with different pressures in the range of 1-15 bars.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Bibliography: leaf 77. / by Reginald Van Lee. / M.S.

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Embankment dams is the most common type of dams in operation inSweden today. Due to the nature of embankment dams, seepage throughthem will always occur. If the seepage velocity exceeds a critical velocity,internal erosion is initiated, which could lead to damage in form of pipingand sinkholes. To treat this problem, remedial grouting has beenperformed involving a combination of conventional grouts, i.e. cement andcement-bentonite as well as sodium silicate, which is a chemical grout thatalso known as water glass. Regarding the sodium silicate grout, there isconcern about the long-term permanence.The aim of this thesis has been to study the potential performance ofsodium silicate grouted in embankment dams. The first part of this thesisis a literature review of the general behavior of sodium silicate as a grout,its degradation processes and the factors that could induce degradation.The second part suggests monitoring methods to control and evaluate theperformance of the treated dam and the grout if degradation has occurred.Findings from literature generally indicates a high risk of instability andlow permanence of sodium silicate when grouted in an embankment dam.This type of grout will undergo degradation mainly in two forms: syneresisinduced shrinkage and leaching due to grout erosion or dissolution. As thedegradation has developed, an increase in permeability of the repaireddam core is a potential consequence.How the potential degradation of sodium silicate will affect the treateddams is suggested to be observed by monitoring the permeability of thegrouted core. Applicable monitoring methods for this purpose aremeasurements of pore pressure and temperature using piezometers. Thesecond direct method of monitoring a changed dam behavior is suggestedto be leakage analysis, in order to detect potentially increased leakagebecause of the grout degradation. An indirect way to investigate the damperformance is suggested to be monitoring of the grout state. Measurementof ion concentration of sodium and silicon respectively in leakage waterusing selective-ion electrodes will reveal any increase in ion concentrationdue to the potential grout dissolution or leaching.

This master thesis has investigated the performance of a deep excavation with a jet grout bottom plug used to prevent bottom heave and hydraulic uplift failure. The concept of a jet grout plug as a structural and sealing component in a specific case was studied, namely one of the tunnel sections of The West Link tunnel project in Gothenburg. The section was to be built as a cut-and-cover tunnel with the excavation shaft consisting of secant pile walls, struts and a jet grout bottom plug. It is to be established where there are a lot of sensitive buildings and constructions close to the excavation site. This makes it important not to disturb the surroundings during construction with, for example, settlements.The study was carried out by doing a literature study, analytical calculations and numerical simulations in the finite element software PLAXIS 2D. More specifically, the checks evaluated were uplift equilibrium of the jet grout plug and of the whole structure, structural performance of the jet grouted plug and hydraulic conductivity of the jet grouted mass.The results show a design of a jet grout plug that together with the additional structures works sufficiently enough to make a secure construction for a deep excavation below the ground water table. The structural performance of the jet grouted plug to function as a strut level is fulfilled even if the jet grout is not perfectly performed. To work as a sealing component the jet grout column pattern and the centre-to-centre distance between the columns are important factors together with the alignment and diameter of the jet grout columns. To make a completely watertight construction is however almost impossible in this case since the jet grout plug is located at a large depth (around 20 m). To work properly against failure by uplift it does not need to be completely watertight. Instead, the use of relief wells makes sure that the pore water pressure is not larger than the vertical stress from the soil, otherwise failure by uplift is a real danger. Furthermore, to work properly against settlements it is not only the water tightness of the jet grout plug that decides whether it will work properly. Instead, it is also the pumping and infiltration system together with the, in this case, sensitivity of the lower aquifer that decides the risk of settlements.