A survey was conducted by phone to nearly 1,200 growers in six states (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Mississippi, Nebraska, and North Carolina) in 2005. The survey measured producers’ cropping history, perception of glyphosate-resistant (GR) weeds, past and present weed pressure, tillage practices, and herbicide use as affected by the adoption of GR crops. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of GR crop use on producers’ tillage practices; changes in herbicide use patterns after adoption of a GR crop; effect of grower awareness of GR weeds on sources of information growers’ use; and growers’ perceptions on resistance management based on knowledge of GR weeds in their farming operation. The adoption of GR cropping systems contributed to large increases in the percentage of growers using no-till and reduced-till systems. Tillage intensity declined more in continuous GR cotton and GR soybean (45 and 23%, respectively) than in rotations that included GR corn or non-GR crops. Tillage intensity declined more in the states of Mississippi and North Carolina than in the other states, with 33% of the growers in these states shifting to more conservative tillage practices after the adoption of a GR crop. This was in part due to the lower amount of conservation tillage adoption in these states prior to GR crop availability. With respect to herbicide use patterns, frequently used herbicides for fall applications were 2,4-D and glyphosate; these herbicides were often used for preplant, burndown weed control in the spring. As expected, crop rotations using GR crops had a high percentage of respondents that made one to three POST applications of glyphosate per year. Overall, glyphosate use has continued to increase, with concomitant decreases in utilization of other herbicides. Concerning grower awareness of GR weeds and perceptions of resistance management in 2005, the majority of the growers (88%) were aware of a weed’s potential to develop resistance to glyphosate, while 44% were aware of state-specific, documented cases of glyphosate weed resistance. Growers that have had experience with GR weeds were more knowledgeable about resistance management practices that could be used to mitigate them.

The purpose of this study was to assess the operations of smallholder sugar cane grower organisations based in the Komati River Basin of Swaziland. These organisations were formed at the beginning of this millennium. Some ten years later some have performed very well while others are struggling, and yet others are on the verge of collapse. The situation for some of these became so bad that their sustainability in the business was challenged. This did not augur well for the Government of Swaziland that established the project to address the issues of food security and poverty alleviation. This study was conducted as a case study with five organisations forming the cases. Data were collected from three levels within each organisation using primary and secondary data sources. Findings revealed that organisations were alike in many aspects including history, governance, strategic and human resource management. This was not surprising because for all of them capacity building is provided by Swaziland Water and Agriculture Development Enterprise (SWADE), Swaziland Sugar Association (SSA), and Mhlume Sugar Mill. Organisational structures were bureaucratic with limited participation in decision-making by employees and strict adherence to procedures and specialisation. This led to the conclusion that a mechanistic organisation management system was in place. Environmental resources were favourable according to chairpersons and their views were that they have the self-confidence and commitment for entrepreneurial development. The study concluded that a new series of studies need to be undertaken to explore the many unique research areas that are unearthed. Studies could narrow the focus but as far as possible consider the whole population of organisations in the K1DDP (19). Organisations also need to consider improving management and networking to reduce transaction costs.

<p>Successful management of nitrogen (N) excretion is important for sustainable pork production. Two experiments were conducted and their objectives were to study the effect of dietary protein and fibre on N excretion patterns and to relate plasma urea (PU) to urinary N excretion.</p> <p>In the first experiment, three dietary protein contents (high, 197; medium, 169; low, 138 g kg^-1 ) and two levels of fibre (low and high) were tested. Diets (wheat, barley, soybean meal; oat-hulls as the fibre source) were formulated to an equal digestible energy (DE) content (3.25 Meal DE kg^-1) and at least 2.18 g digestible lysine per Meal DE, and were supplemented with Lys, Met, Trp, Thr, Ile, or Val. Pigs (32 ± 3.4 kg; n = 42) were housed in confinement-type metabolism crates for 19 d. On d 10 or 11, catheters were installed by cranial vena cava venipuncture. Daily feeding rates were adjusted to three times maintenance and daily rations were halved to two equal meals. Faeces and urine were collected from d 15 to 19. Five blood samples were collected in two-h intervals on d 16 and 19. Faecal N, urinary N, and total N excretion were reduced linearly with a reduction of dietary protein content (P < 0.001). Reduction was greater for urinary (48%) and total N excretion (40%) than for faecal N (23%) excretion. The ratio of urinary N to faecal N was reduced linearly with a reduction of dietary protein content (P < 0.001). Retention of N (g d^-1) was reduced linearly but N retention as percentage of intake was increased linearly with a reduction of dietary protein content (P < 0.001). Addition of oat hulls did not affect N excretion patterns (P > 0.10). Dietary treatments did not affect average daily gain (ADG) or feed efficiency (P > 0.1 0). Plasma urea increased after feeding, peaked at 4 h and then decreased toward pre-feeding concentrations. A linear relationship of urinary N to PU concentration (R² = 0.66) was observed.</p> <p>In the second experiment, effects of dietary protein content (high, 185; and low, 157 g kg^-1) and fibre sources on N excretion patterns were studied in a 2x3 factorial arrangement. The three fibre sources were control, soybean hulls (SH; 15% ), and sugar beet pulp (SBP; 20%). Diets were formulated to 3.3 Meal DE kg^-1 and 2.4 g digestible Lys per Meal DE, and were supplemented with Lys, Met, Trp, Thr, lie, or Val. Pigs (30.5 ± 3 kg; n = 36) were housed in confinement-type metabolism crates, with restricted access to feed (3 x maintenance DE) from d 1 to 18, and free access to feed from d 19 to 26. Faeces and urine were collected from d 15 to 18 and d 23 to 26, and blood samples on d 17 and 25. With restricted access to feed, faecal N (as % of N intake) was increased 3 percentage units for low compared to high protein content, and increased 4 percentage units for SH and 6.5 percentage units for SBP compared to control (P < 0.05). Urinary N was reduced 5 percentage units for low compared to high protein content, and reduced 9 percentage units for SBP compared to control (P < 0.05). Retention of N (g d^-1) was reduced 12% for low compared to high protein content (17.9 compared to 20.4 g d^-1 ; P < 0.05), and was similar among fibre treatments (P > 0.10). With free access to feed, faecal N (as % of N intake) was increased 2.5 percentage units for low compared to high protein content, and increased 5 percentage units for SH and 9 percentage units for SBP compared to control (P < 0.05). Urinary N was reduced 5 percentage units for low compared to high protein content, and reduced 9 percentage units for SH and 10 percentage units for SBP compared to control (P < 0.05). Retention of N (g d^-1) was similar for dietary protein content (30.5 g d^-1 ; P > 0.10), and reduced for SH (27 g d^-1; P < 0.05) compared to control (31 g d^-1), while was intermediate for SBP (29 g d^-1). A linear relationship of urinary N to PU concentration was observed with both restricted (R² = 0.66) and free access to feed (R²= 0.71).</p> <p>Reduction of dietary protein content is an efficient way to reduce total and urinary N excretion, which may reduce ammonia emission. Inclusion of fibre sources high in fermentable fibre shifted N excretion from urine N to faeces N while fibre sources resistant to fermentation did not have any effects on N excretion patterns. Combined effects of dietary protein content and fibre reduced urinary N excretion further than single effects. Level of feed intake is an important consideration when effectiveness of a nutrient management strategy is studied. Diets with a low protein content and containing synthetic AA should be studied using pigs with free access to feed to verify that N retention is maintained. A linear relationship of urinary N to PU concentration was observed under both restricted and free access to feed indicating that urinary N excretion could be predicted from PU concentration.</p>

In recent years, changes in government policies, supply and demand fundamentals and price patterns in the cotton market have led to several shifts in how producers market their cotton. This thesis examined producer cash marketing choices, including direct and indirect hedging, in four different periods since 2001. Special emphasis was placed on the 2010 season - a season characterized by historically high prices and volatility. Producer marketing behavior was modeled as a discrete choice between four different cash market outlets: forward contracting with a merchant, post-harvest cash contracting, contracting with a merchant pool and contracting with a cooperative pool. Hedging was characterized as a tool that was used in conjunction with one of the four discrete choices. This thesis employed multinomial logit estimation to determine the influence of factors on producers' choice of primary cash marketing decisions. Data were collected from a mail survey of the population of cotton growers in Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas. The most important determinants of cotton cash marketing choices were 1) prior participation in cooperative pools, beliefs about the value of pre-harvest pricing, beliefs about the performance of merchant pools, willingness to accept lower prices to reduce risk, and several socio-economic variables.

<p>Successful management of nitrogen (N) excretion is important for sustainable pork production. Two experiments were conducted and their objectives were to study the effect of dietary protein and fibre on N excretion patterns and to relate plasma urea (PU) to urinary N excretion.</p> <p>In the first experiment, three dietary protein contents (high, 197; medium, 169; low, 138 g kg^-1 ) and two levels of fibre (low and high) were tested. Diets (wheat, barley, soybean meal; oat-hulls as the fibre source) were formulated to an equal digestible energy (DE) content (3.25 Meal DE kg^-1) and at least 2.18 g digestible lysine per Meal DE, and were supplemented with Lys, Met, Trp, Thr, Ile, or Val. Pigs (32 ± 3.4 kg; n = 42) were housed in confinement-type metabolism crates for 19 d. On d 10 or 11, catheters were installed by cranial vena cava venipuncture. Daily feeding rates were adjusted to three times maintenance and daily rations were halved to two equal meals. Faeces and urine were collected from d 15 to 19. Five blood samples were collected in two-h intervals on d 16 and 19. Faecal N, urinary N, and total N excretion were reduced linearly with a reduction of dietary protein content (P < 0.001). Reduction was greater for urinary (48%) and total N excretion (40%) than for faecal N (23%) excretion. The ratio of urinary N to faecal N was reduced linearly with a reduction of dietary protein content (P < 0.001). Retention of N (g d^-1) was reduced linearly but N retention as percentage of intake was increased linearly with a reduction of dietary protein content (P < 0.001). Addition of oat hulls did not affect N excretion patterns (P > 0.10). Dietary treatments did not affect average daily gain (ADG) or feed efficiency (P > 0.1 0). Plasma urea increased after feeding, peaked at 4 h and then decreased toward pre-feeding concentrations. A linear relationship of urinary N to PU concentration (R² = 0.66) was observed.</p> <p>In the second experiment, effects of dietary protein content (high, 185; and low, 157 g kg^-1) and fibre sources on N excretion patterns were studied in a 2x3 factorial arrangement. The three fibre sources were control, soybean hulls (SH; 15% ), and sugar beet pulp (SBP; 20%). Diets were formulated to 3.3 Meal DE kg^-1 and 2.4 g digestible Lys per Meal DE, and were supplemented with Lys, Met, Trp, Thr, lie, or Val. Pigs (30.5 ± 3 kg; n = 36) were housed in confinement-type metabolism crates, with restricted access to feed (3 x maintenance DE) from d 1 to 18, and free access to feed from d 19 to 26. Faeces and urine were collected from d 15 to 18 and d 23 to 26, and blood samples on d 17 and 25. With restricted access to feed, faecal N (as % of N intake) was increased 3 percentage units for low compared to high protein content, and increased 4 percentage units for SH and 6.5 percentage units for SBP compared to control (P < 0.05). Urinary N was reduced 5 percentage units for low compared to high protein content, and reduced 9 percentage units for SBP compared to control (P < 0.05). Retention of N (g d^-1) was reduced 12% for low compared to high protein content (17.9 compared to 20.4 g d^-1 ; P < 0.05), and was similar among fibre treatments (P > 0.10). With free access to feed, faecal N (as % of N intake) was increased 2.5 percentage units for low compared to high protein content, and increased 5 percentage units for SH and 9 percentage units for SBP compared to control (P < 0.05). Urinary N was reduced 5 percentage units for low compared to high protein content, and reduced 9 percentage units for SH and 10 percentage units for SBP compared to control (P < 0.05). Retention of N (g d^-1) was similar for dietary protein content (30.5 g d^-1 ; P > 0.10), and reduced for SH (27 g d^-1; P < 0.05) compared to control (31 g d^-1), while was intermediate for SBP (29 g d^-1). A linear relationship of urinary N to PU concentration was observed with both restricted (R² = 0.66) and free access to feed (R²= 0.71).</p> <p>Reduction of dietary protein content is an efficient way to reduce total and urinary N excretion, which may reduce ammonia emission. Inclusion of fibre sources high in fermentable fibre shifted N excretion from urine N to faeces N while fibre sources resistant to fermentation did not have any effects on N excretion patterns. Combined effects of dietary protein content and fibre reduced urinary N excretion further than single effects. Level of feed intake is an important consideration when effectiveness of a nutrient management strategy is studied. Diets with a low protein content and containing synthetic AA should be studied using pigs with free access to feed to verify that N retention is maintained. A linear relationship of urinary N to PU concentration was observed under both restricted and free access to feed indicating that urinary N excretion could be predicted from PU concentration.</p>

Every country in the world is affected by one or more forms of malnutrition. Malnutrition includes three conditions: undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies or excesses, or overnutrition. Obesity is a greater contributor to death than undernutrition. Age, sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and education level affect obesity. The rates of obesity vary considerably between states and regions of the country. The state of Mississippi is ranked as the poorest state in the nation and Mississippi has the highest adult obesity rate at 40.8% (Farberman & Kelley, 2020). Rabbit meat production and consumption is a possible solution to malnutrition worldwide (Petrescu & Petrescu-Mag, 2018). Relatively easy to raise with overall economical maintenance, raising rabbits for food has many benefits. However, its consumption falls behind other protein sources like beef, pork, chicken, and turkey (Petrescu & Petrescu-Mag, 2018). Understanding backyard grower-consumers’ perceptions of rabbit meat consumption could improve support and adoption of backyard rabbit programs. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to understand the perceptions of meat rabbit growers in Mississippi backyards and relative to rabbit rearing and consumption, were growers’ practices affected by external variables outside of their control. A qualitative study was useful in both an exploratory context as well as in an explanatory context to understand not how much or how many people consume rabbit meat, but instead the how and why of raising meat rabbits in your backyard. The results of this study provide a description of underlying reasons, opinions, motivations, and potential barriers in addition to insights into the reasons some Mississippians raise meat rabbits in their backyard for consumption. Reasons for raising meat rabbits included the desire to be more self-sufficient or to at least provide some sources of food security. Participants found rabbits an attractive protein source because they are easy to raise and relatively disease free needing no vaccines or antibiotics. Weather seemed to pose the greatest barrier or challenge to growers especially the summer heat experienced in the state of Mississippi. This information can prove helpful when developing programs and recruiting those individuals to participate because of their likelihood in adopting this lifestyle.

Within commercial broiler production, feed and feed manufacturing costs account for 60 to 70% of production costs. Of these feed costs specifically, ingredients that supply energy and protein represent the highest expenditure, verifying the importance of knowing the nutrient requirements of current broiler strains to ensure accurate least-cost formulation. To reduce these production costs and optimize performance, primary breeder companies and nutritionists continuously strive to improve nutrient utilization of commercial broiler strains. As a result of this, a great magnitude of work is conducted to determine the nutrient requirements for broilers, especially amino acids. Therefore, the overall objective of this dissertation was to utilize processing measurements, multiple statistical models, and economics as a whole to determine the optimal percent digestible Isoleucine:digestible Lysine ratio (dIle:dLys) for Ross 708 x Ross YP male broilers to improve growth performance and economic return. Chapter 2 determined the optimal dIle:dLys ratio for the starter phase (d 0-18), while Chapter 3 determined the optimal ratio for the grower phase (d 14-28), and Chapter 4 determined the optimal ratio for the finisher phase (d 28-42). All experimental diets for each respective growth phase were created from a common deficient corn and soybean meal-based diet. After manufacturing, half was retained to create the summit diet through the addition of crystalline Ile. The remaining five experimental diets for each respective growth phase were obtained by blending proportions of the deficient and summit diets. All dIle:dLys ratios were estimated using quadratic regression (QR; 95% of the asymptote), as well as linear and quadratic broken line models (LBL; QBL). Regression analysis from d 0-18 using multiple regression models estimated the ratios to range from 63-73% for BW and BWG and 68-74% for FCR. Based on the data from the grower phase and using multiple regression models, the estimated ratios ranged from 62-68% for BW and BWG and 67-70% for FCR and are similar to the current breeder nutrient specifications. Data from the finisher phase and once again using multiple regression models estimated the ratios to range from 62-66% for BW and BWG and 63-66% for FCR.

The aquaculture industry has experienced a great expansion in recent years. Along with this growth, increased regulatory attention has been directed towards aquacultural effluents. The problem with the majority of these discharges is the solids and nutrient spikes that occur during times of high farm activity. Several studies have proven that these discharges have the potential to adversely affect downstream water quality. Although several treatment options are currently in use, the use of Best Management Practices (BMPs)has been recommended in recent years to improve the quality of these discharges. The implementation of one of these BMPs, the use of a high energy feed, was the focus of this study. In two separate experiments at trout raising facilities, the effluents of basins receiving a high energy feed were compared to similar basins receiving a standard trout grower feed. The water quality parameters of main concern were total suspended solids, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total ammonia nitrogen (TAN). The results of these studies showed that the effluents of basins receiving a high energy feed generally contained significantly lower concentrations of TSS, but higher amounts of TKN than those receiving a standard grower feed. / Master of Science

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:47:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sharon_Karla_Luders_Meza.pdf: 1018162 bytes, checksum: e3596a12716de94d0d9393bf0e5cdca6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of levels of metabolizable energy (ME) and digestible lysine (DL) in the diet of growing and finishing in broilers from 21- 42 days and 35-49 days, respectively, on performance characteristics, deposition rate of protein and fat, carcass yield and morphometry of the intestinal mucosa of broilers. In the first experiment, the objective was to evaluate the effect of levels of energy and digestible lysine on broilers from 21 to 42 days of age, on performance, carcass yield and intestinal morphometric characteristics. We used 768 broilers, weighing 700 grams on average, distributed in a completely randomized way and in a 4x4 factorial, four levels of ME (2800, 2950, 3100 and 3250 kcal.kg-1) and four levels of DL (0.900, 1.000, 1.100 and 1.200%), resulting in 16 treatments with three replicates and 16 birds per pen. There was an interaction (P <0.05) between the levels of ME and DL for average weight and weight gain of broilers. The greatest weight gain was obtained for the level of 1.000% digestible lysine and 3,250 kcal.kg-1 ME. The feed conversion and feed intake decreased (P<0.05) as the levels of ME and DL increased in the diets. The different levels of digestible lysine increased linearly (P<0.05) the carcass yield of broilers at 42 days, while the metabolizable energy level had no effect (P>0.05) on this variable. There was no interaction between levels studied on the yield of breast, thigh and drumstick, wings and legs. There was an interaction (P<0.05) levels of ME and DL studied on the villi of the jejunum and villus: crypt depth of the jejunum. The crypt depth of the ileum decreased linearly with increased levels of lysine and villus: crypt depth of the ileum showed a quadratic effect for the energy levels in the diet. For the villi, crypt and villus: for the crypt depth of the duodenum there was no interaction (P>0.05) in the levels studied. In the second experiment the objective was to evaluate the effect of levels of energy and digestible lysine on performance of broilers from 35 to 49 days of age, carcass yield, protein deposition rate and carcass fat, and morphometry of the intestinal mucosa. We used 768 broiler chickens of 49 days of age, with an average weight of 1,700 g, randomly distributed in 48 pens in a 4x4 factorial design with four levels of ME (3000, 3120, 3240, and 3360 kcal.kg-1) and four levels of DL (0.800, 0.900, 1.000 and 1.100%) for a total of 16 treatments with three replicates each. There was an interaction (P<0.05) between the levels of energy and digestible lysine for all performance variables studied. The highest level of lysine studied (1.100%) showed the best performance of broilers from 35 to 49 days old. The energy levels estimated for higher final weight and weight gain were 3138, 3136 kcal.kg-1 in the diet, respectively. The indicated level of 3375 is kcal.kg-1 EM in order to have better feed, both for the level of 1.100% digestible lysine. For the morphometric characteristics of the duodenal villus, height and crypt depth in the ileum obtained better results with low levels of ME and DL. The different levels of energy and digestible lysine had no influence on (P>0.05) carcass yield, cuts (breast, drumstick, thigh and wing) and abdominal fat. Likewise, there was no interaction between the levels studied on the variables mentioned. The levels of energy and digestible lysine contained in the diets of broilers from 35 to 49 days of age do not interfere in the carcass and amount of fat. There was an interaction (P<0.05) between the levels of energy and digestible lysine on the rate of protein deposition (PDR), rate of fat deposition (FDR) and fat (F) in the carcass of broilers / Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos dos níveis de energia metabolizável (EM) e lisina digestível (LD) na dieta de crescimento e terminação em frangos de corte de 21 a 42 dias e de 35 a 49 dias, respectivamente, sobre as características de desempenho, taxa de deposição de proteína e gordura corporal, rendimento de carcaça e morfometria da mucosa intestinal de frangos de corte. No primeiro experimento, o objetivo foi avaliar o efeito dos níveis de energia metabolizável e de lisina digestível dos frangos de corte de 21 a 42 dias de idade, sobre o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e características morfométricas intestinais. Foram utilizados 768 frangos de corte, com peso médio de 700 gramas, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado e esquema fatorial 4x4, sendo quatro níveis de EM (2.800; 2.950; 3.100 e 3.250 kcal.kg-1) e quatro níveis de LD (0,900; 1,000; 1,100 e 1,200%), resultando em 16 tratamentos com três repetições e 16 aves por unidade experimental. Houve interação (P<0,05) entre os níveis de EM e LD para peso médio e ganho de peso dos frangos de corte. O maior ganho de peso foi obtido para o nível de 1,000% de lisina digestível e 3.250 kcal.kg-1 de EM. A conversão alimentar e o consumo de ração reduziram (P<0,05) conforme os níveis de EM e LD aumentaram nas rações. Os diferentes níveis de lisina digestível aumentaram linearmente (P<0,05) o rendimento de carcaça dos frangos de corte aos 42 dias, enquanto que o nível de energia metabolizável não exerceu efeito (P>0,05) sobre esta variável. Não houve interação entre os níveis estudados sobre o rendimento de peito, coxa e sobrecoxa, pernas e asas. Houve interação (P<0,05) dos níveis de EM e LD estudados sobre a vilosidade do jejuno e na relação vilosidade: profundidade de cripta do jejuno. A profundidade de cripta do íleo diminuiu linearmente em função do aumento do nível de lisina digestível e a relação vilosidade: profundidade de cripta do íleo apresentou efeito quadrático para os níveis de energia metabolizável na ração. Para a vilosidade, cripta e relação vilosidade: profundidade de cripta do duodeno não houve interação (P>0,05) dos níveis estudados. No segundo experimento o objetivo foi avaliar o efeito dos níveis de energia metabolizável e lisina digestível no desempenho de frangos de corte de 35 a 49 dias de idade, rendimento de carcaça, taxa de deposição de proteína e gordura na carcaça e morfometria da mucosa intestinal. Foram utilizados 768 frangos de corte, com 49 dias de idade, com peso médio de 1.700 g, distribuídos ao acaso em 48 boxes, em esquema fatorial 4x4 sendo quatro níveis de EM (3.000; 3.120; 3.240; e 3.360 kcal.kg-1) e quatro níveis de LD (0,800; 0,900; 1,000 e 1,100%) totalizando em 16 tratamentos com três repetições cada. Houve interação (P<0,05) entre os níveis de energia metabolizável e lisina digestível para todas as variáveis de desempenho estudadas. O maior nível de lisina estudado (1,100%) proporcionou melhores resultados de desempenho de frangos de corte de 35 a 49 dias de idade. Os níveis de energia metabolizável estimados para maior peso final e ganho de peso foram 3.138, 3.136 kcal.kg-1 de EM na ração, respectivamente. Para melhor conversão alimentar o nível indicado é de 3.375 kcal.kg-1 de EM, ambos para o nível de 1,100% de lisina digestível. Para as características morfométricas a altura de vilosidade do duodeno e a profundidade de cripta no íleo obtiveram melhores resultados com baixos níveis de EM e LD. Os diferentes níveis de energia metabolizável e lisina digestível não influenciaram (P>0,05) os rendimentos de carcaça, cortes (peito, coxa, sobrecoxa e asa) e de gordura abdominal. Da mesma forma, não houve interação entre os níveis estudados sobre as variáveis citadas. Os níveis de energia metabolizável e lisina digestível contidos nas dietas de frangos de corte, no período de 35 a 49 dias de idade, não interferem no rendimento de carcaça e na quantidade de gordura abdominal. Houve interação (P<0,05) entre os níveis de energia metabolizável e lisina digestível sobre a taxa de deposição de proteína (TDP), taxa de deposição de gordura (TDG) e teor de gordura (G) na carcaça dos frangos de corte

Este trabalho visa identificar os fatores influentes no sucesso da gestão da pequena produção familiar citrícola sob o ponto de vista do pequeno produtor de Bebedouro, norte paulista. Inicialmente se apresenta a evolução da citricultura, a posição sócio-econômico da pequena produção de citros e a visão sistêmica do negócio. Posteriormente, os fatores externos e internos condicionantes da gestão e a racionalidade desses produtores em relação aos objetivos e recursos disponíveis para se adaptar às influências do meio em que se inserem. A amostra foi estratificada em dois grupos de produtores segundo o tamanho da propriedade, pois o volume da área pode conotar limitação de recursos e diferentes pontos vista, ainda que no conjunto sejam considerados pequenos. Verificou-se que os principais fatores externos são o clima e a política governamental, os internos são as finanças e os custos. O pequeno citricultor familiar gere o negócio e reage às contingências ambientais pela sua experiência e restrições, recorre eventualmente à orientação técnica e se caracteriza como agricultor tradicional. Nota-se uma lacuna no serviço de extensão rural pela falta do trabalho contínuo que o oriente técnica e administrativamente; e falta de união de produtores e órgãos representativos em torno de objetivos comuns que propiciem a essas famílias perspectivas de continuidade no campo e na citricultura. / The objective of this piece of work is to identify the influential factors in the success of the small administration of de citrus family production under the point of view of the small producer from Bebedouro, north of the state of São Paulo. Initially we flow over the evolution of the citrus grower and the social economic position of the small family production and the systematic vision of the undertaking. Posteriorly, the external and internal conditional factors in the way of the administration, and the rationality of the small producer in relation to his own objectives and disposable resources to adapt to the influences of the that is inserted. The sample was stratified into two groups of producers following the size of the property, considering the volume of the area we can relate limits of resouces and differentiation in point of views. Yet the groups are considered small. It was verified that the principal external factors of the administration are the weather and the govermental politics. The principal internal factors are finances and costs. The small familiar citrus grower generates the production unit system and reacts to the environmental contingences according to their experiences and restrictions, sometimes counting on tecnical orientation, chacacterized as a traditional agriculturist. We noticed a gap in the rural extention for the lack of a continual work that orientates tecnicly and administratively; and the lack of agglutination of producers and representative organs around the common objectives that conciliate these family perspectives of continuance in the citrus grower field.