The current modern commercial pig is an animal that has evolved through deliberate breeding programs, controlled environmental influences and nutrition to yield a highly efficient feed converter and fertile animal. The objective of this study was to measure the growth performances and carcass characteristics of entire male grower – finisher pigs which were subjected to different seasonal variations, nutrient dense diets, feeding regimes and group situations under South African circumstances. Period 1 was conducted in the winter from 6 June 2008 to 13 August 2008 and Period 2 in the summer from 3 October 2008 to 10 December 2008. The sire lines that were selected for the experiment had the same genetic breeding values (Topigs Selection Index value), of which two sire lines were the same in both Period 1 and Period 2 and one of two different sires lines was used either in Period 1 or Period 2. The animals were fed two different rations, a high (FH) and a low ration (FL), with the low ration’s specifications being 95 % of the high ration. The animals were randomly allocated three different feed regimes throughout the trial; restricted single feeding (RSF), ad libitum single feeding (ASF) and ad libitum group feeding (AGF). In the winter animals had a greater growth response compared to the summer, with end weight and average daily gain being significant (P<0.05) higher. A significant (P<0.05) improvement in average daily gain, feed efficiency and protein deposition rate were observed when animals were fed a higher energy and protein content in their diet, especially during summer. A significant (P<0.05) improved feed conversion was observed for restricted animals, but end weight, average daily gain and average protein deposition rates were significant (P<0.05) lower compared to ad libitum group and individually fed animals. In conclusion; the impact of decreasing the nutrient density of the diet for growing pigs through incremental changes in diet composition had a variable impact on overall growth performance and carcass quality. Feeding the high energy and protein ration improved growth performance during summer, but also in the initial stages of growth when feed intake capacity was limited. The objective when formulating diets should be to provide the essential amino acids and energy in amounts needed to support maximal and efficient growth. Using growth models estimated optimal feed intake curves will not deliver optimal results. Only when measuring and calculating the actual feed intake and protein deposition rates optimal performance levels will be reached. Measurements of feed intake and growth performance data derived from pigs penned individually should be adjusted before they can be applied to commercial situations or research conditions in which pigs are penned in groups. / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

Within commercial broiler production, feed and feed manufacturing costs account for 60 to 70% of production costs. Of these feed costs specifically, ingredients that supply energy and protein represent the highest expenditure, verifying the importance of knowing the nutrient requirements of current broiler strains to ensure accurate least-cost formulation. To reduce these production costs and optimize performance, primary breeder companies and nutritionists continuously strive to improve nutrient utilization of commercial broiler strains. As a result of this, a great magnitude of work is conducted to determine the nutrient requirements for broilers, especially amino acids. Therefore, the overall objective of this dissertation was to utilize processing measurements, multiple statistical models, and economics as a whole to determine the optimal percent digestible Isoleucine:digestible Lysine ratio (dIle:dLys) for Ross 708 x Ross YP male broilers to improve growth performance and economic return. Chapter 2 determined the optimal dIle:dLys ratio for the starter phase (d 0-18), while Chapter 3 determined the optimal ratio for the grower phase (d 14-28), and Chapter 4 determined the optimal ratio for the finisher phase (d 28-42). All experimental diets for each respective growth phase were created from a common deficient corn and soybean meal-based diet. After manufacturing, half was retained to create the summit diet through the addition of crystalline Ile. The remaining five experimental diets for each respective growth phase were obtained by blending proportions of the deficient and summit diets. All dIle:dLys ratios were estimated using quadratic regression (QR; 95% of the asymptote), as well as linear and quadratic broken line models (LBL; QBL). Regression analysis from d 0-18 using multiple regression models estimated the ratios to range from 63-73% for BW and BWG and 68-74% for FCR. Based on the data from the grower phase and using multiple regression models, the estimated ratios ranged from 62-68% for BW and BWG and 67-70% for FCR and are similar to the current breeder nutrient specifications. Data from the finisher phase and once again using multiple regression models estimated the ratios to range from 62-66% for BW and BWG and 63-66% for FCR.

Procedimentos clínicos complementares realizados após o preparo químico-cirúrgico de canais radiculares visam potencializar a limpeza e desinfecção após a fase de preparo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, por métodos moleculares baseados em rDNA e rRNA, a eficácia antimicrobiana de procedimentos complementares de primeira e de segunda sessão, realizados após o PQC em dentes com periodontite apical. Baseado em estudo piloto prévio, amostras microbiológicas dos canais radiculares de 20 dentes unirradiculares com periodontite apical foram coletadas na primeira sessão clínica: após a cirurgia de acesso (S1), após o PQC realizado com Sistema Reciproc e NaOCl 2,5% (S2), após a utilização do instrumento XP-endo Finisher (S3a), e após a ativação ultrassônica (S3b). Na segunda sessão clínica as amostras foram coletadas após medicação intracanal entre sessões por 14 dias (S4), e após o repreparo dos canais na segunda sessão de tratamento (S5). As amostras foram submetidas à extração de DNA e RNA. O RNA foi submetido à reação de transcrição reversa (RT-PCR) para confecção da fita dupla de DNA complementar (cDNA). DNA e cDNA foram submetidos a reações de qPCR, com iniciadores universais para a região 16S rRNA do domínio Bacteria. A atividade metabólica das bactérias foi verificada através da relação entre os níveis de rRNA e rDNA das amostras baseados nos dados dos ensaios de qPCR. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste de Wilcoxon para amostras pareadas (p < 0,05). Todas amostras S1 foram positivas para bactérias (mediana: 1,79 x 105 cópias de rDNA). Doze canais (60%) permaneceram infectados em S2, com uma redução significativa de rDNA (mediana: 7,58 x 103; P = 0,0001). Em S3a e S3b, o número de canais infectados reduziu para 11 (55%) e 10 (50%), respectivamente, e aumentou para 14 (70%) em S4; porém não houve diferenças significativas entre os níveis de rDNA bacteriano quando essas amostras foram comparadas às amostras S2 ou comparadas entre si (P > 0,05). A prevalência de canais infectados voltou a cair em S5 para 6 (30%) e o número cópias de rDNA bacteriano detectado reduziu de maneira significativa quando comparado às amostras S4 (p = 0,0061). Nas amostras positivas para os 2 métodos, os níveis de rRNA foram significativamente maiores do que os níveis de rDNA nas amostras S1 (p = 0,0007) e S4 (p = 0,0499), indicando um alto metabolismo bacteriano. A relação dos níveis de rRNA e de rDNA revelou uma redução do metabolismo de bactérias totais em S2, S3a e S3b e um aumento significativo do metabolismo bacteriano em S4 (p = 0,0173) quando comparado a S3b. Concluiu-se que: o PQC promoveu redução dos níveis e da atividade metabólica de bactérias nos canais radiculares; o uso do instrumento XP-endo Finisher e ativação ultrassônica não contribuiu para uma desinfecção adicional na primeira sessão; após o uso de Ca(OH)2 como medicação intracanal, houve um aumento no metabolismo de bactérias persistentes; o repreparo dos canais radiculares após medicação intracanal, na segunda sessão, promoveu maior desinfecção do que os procedimentos realizados na primeira sessão do tratamento de dentes com periodontite apical. / Supplementary procedures performed after the chemical-surgical preparation of root canals aim to enhance cleaning and disinfection in endodontic treatment. The objective of this clinical study was to evaluate using molecular microbiological techniques based on rDNA and rRNA, the antimicrobial efficacy of supplementary disinfection procedures performed in multiple sessions after the chemical-surgical preparation in teeth with apical periodontitis. Based on a previous pilot study, microbiological samples of the root canals of 20 unirradicular teeth with apical periodontitis were taken after the access surgery (S1), after the chemical-surgical preparation using Reciproc and 2,5% NaOCl (S2) after the XP-endo Finisher (S3a), after ultrasonic activation (S3b), after intracanal medication for 14 days (S4), and after re-preparation of the root canals in the second treatment appointment (S5). The samples were submitted to DNA and RNA extraction. The RNA was subjected to the reverse transcription reaction (RT-PCR) to make the complementary DNA double strand (cDNA). The effect of endodontic procedures on bacterial reduction was determined by rDNA-based qPCR using universal primers for the 16S rRNA region of the Bacteria domain. The metabolic activity of the bacteria was assessed by the rRNA/rDNA ratio based on qPCR assay data. Data were analyzed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (P < 0.05). All S1 samples were positive for bacteria (median 1.79 x 105 rDNA copies). Twelve root canals (60%) remained infected in S2, with a significant reduction of rDNA (median: 7.58 x 103; P = 0.0001). In S3a and S3b, the number of infected teeth decreased to 11 (55%) and 10 (50%), respectively, and increased to 14 (70%) in S4; however there were no significant differences between bacterial rDNA levels when these samples were compared to the S2 samples or compared to each other (P> 0.05). The prevalence of infected canals dropped back to 6 (30%) in S5 and the number of bacterial rDNA detected significantly reduced when compared to S4 samples (p = 0.0061). In samples with positive reactions for both methods, rRNA levels were significantly higher than the rDNA levels in S1 (p = 0.0007) and S4 (p = 0.0499), indicating a high metabolic activity of bacteria. The results of the rRNA/rDNA ratio revealed a reduction in the metabolism of total bacteria in S2, S3a and S3b and a significant increase in metabolic activity of bacteria in S4 (p = 0.0173) when compared to S3b. It was concluded that: PQC promoted reduction of the levels and metabolic activity of bacteria in the root canals; the use of XP-endo Finisher plus ultrasonic activation did not contribute to an additional disinfection in the first session; after the use of Ca(OH)2 as intracanal medication, there was an increase in the metabolismo of persistente bacteria; the repreparation of the root canals in the second session after the use of intracanal medication, promoted greater disinfection than the procedures performed in the first session of the treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-10T11:30:57Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Vinicius Caixeta de Sousa - 2016.pdf: 6443318 bytes, checksum: 09bb12a456ef519b05b09ed648a75811 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-10T11:31:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Vinicius Caixeta de Sousa - 2016.pdf: 6443318 bytes, checksum: 09bb12a456ef519b05b09ed648a75811 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-10T11:31:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Vinicius Caixeta de Sousa - 2016.pdf: 6443318 bytes, checksum: 09bb12a456ef519b05b09ed648a75811 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of complementary protocols of sanitization in the decontamination of infected root canals. Methods: Fifty uniradicular maxilary anterior human teeth were selected. The crowns were removed and the lengths standardized at 16 mm. The specimens were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis and incubated at 37 °C for sixty days. Thirty teeth were performed with BioRace instruments until diameter corresponding to #60.02, and then complemented with Self-Adjusting File (SAF); XP-endo Finisher (XPF) and passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI). Ten samples were used as positive control and 10 were not contaminated. Initial and final samples were collected and incubated at 37 °C for a period of 48 hours. The bacterial growth was analyzed in culture, determining the presence or absence of bacteria. The optical density of the culture medium was interpreted by UV spectrophotometry. The specimens were sectioned and prepared for evaluation in SEM. The images of the root surfaces were analyzed and classified by scores according to the presence of debris. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for statistical analysis. The level of significance was 5%. Results: The mean optical density (μm) of the sanification protocols showed bacterial reduction in all groups. The experimental groups did not present statistically significant differences (p = 0.196). The analysis of SEM images revealed no significant difference (p = 0.414) between the scores of the groups. Conclusion: Complementary sanitization protocols reduced bacterial contamination. / Resumo: Objetivo: Avaliar a efetividade de protocolos complementares de sanificação na descontaminação de canais radiculares infectados. Materiais e métodos: Cinquenta dentes humanos anteriores superiores unirradiculares foram selecionados. As coroas foram removidas e os comprimentos padronizados em 16 mm. Os espécimes foram inoculados com Enterococcus faecalis e incubados a 37°C por sessenta dias. Trinta dentes foram preparados com instrumentos BioRace até alcançar o diâmetro correspondente ao #60.02, e a seguir complementados com Self-Adjusting File (SAF); XP-endo Finisher (XPF) e irrigação ultrassônica passiva (PUI). Dez amostras foram usadas como controle positivo e 10 não foram contaminadas. Amostras inicial e final foram coletadas e incubadas a 37°C por um período de 48 horas. O crescimento bacteriano foi analisado em cultura, determinando a presença ou ausência de bactérias. A densidade óptica do meio de cultura foi interpretada por espectrofotometria UV. Os espécimes foram seccionados e preparados para avaliação em MEV. A análise das imagens das superfícies radiculares foram analisadas e classificadas em scores de acordo com a presença de debris. O teste de Kruskal-Wallis foi utilizado para as análises estatísticas. O nível de significância foi 5%. Resultados: A média da densidade óptica (μm) dos protocolos de sanificação revelou redução bacteriana em todos os grupos. Os grupos experimentais não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significante (p=0,196). A análise das imagens de MEV revelou ausência de diferença significante (p=0,414) entre os scores dos grupos. Conclusão: Os protocolos complementares de sanificação favoreceu a redução da contaminação bacteriana.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:47:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sharon_Karla_Luders_Meza.pdf: 1018162 bytes, checksum: e3596a12716de94d0d9393bf0e5cdca6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of levels of metabolizable energy (ME) and digestible lysine (DL) in the diet of growing and finishing in broilers from 21- 42 days and 35-49 days, respectively, on performance characteristics, deposition rate of protein and fat, carcass yield and morphometry of the intestinal mucosa of broilers. In the first experiment, the objective was to evaluate the effect of levels of energy and digestible lysine on broilers from 21 to 42 days of age, on performance, carcass yield and intestinal morphometric characteristics. We used 768 broilers, weighing 700 grams on average, distributed in a completely randomized way and in a 4x4 factorial, four levels of ME (2800, 2950, 3100 and 3250 kcal.kg-1) and four levels of DL (0.900, 1.000, 1.100 and 1.200%), resulting in 16 treatments with three replicates and 16 birds per pen. There was an interaction (P <0.05) between the levels of ME and DL for average weight and weight gain of broilers. The greatest weight gain was obtained for the level of 1.000% digestible lysine and 3,250 kcal.kg-1 ME. The feed conversion and feed intake decreased (P<0.05) as the levels of ME and DL increased in the diets. The different levels of digestible lysine increased linearly (P<0.05) the carcass yield of broilers at 42 days, while the metabolizable energy level had no effect (P>0.05) on this variable. There was no interaction between levels studied on the yield of breast, thigh and drumstick, wings and legs. There was an interaction (P<0.05) levels of ME and DL studied on the villi of the jejunum and villus: crypt depth of the jejunum. The crypt depth of the ileum decreased linearly with increased levels of lysine and villus: crypt depth of the ileum showed a quadratic effect for the energy levels in the diet. For the villi, crypt and villus: for the crypt depth of the duodenum there was no interaction (P>0.05) in the levels studied. In the second experiment the objective was to evaluate the effect of levels of energy and digestible lysine on performance of broilers from 35 to 49 days of age, carcass yield, protein deposition rate and carcass fat, and morphometry of the intestinal mucosa. We used 768 broiler chickens of 49 days of age, with an average weight of 1,700 g, randomly distributed in 48 pens in a 4x4 factorial design with four levels of ME (3000, 3120, 3240, and 3360 kcal.kg-1) and four levels of DL (0.800, 0.900, 1.000 and 1.100%) for a total of 16 treatments with three replicates each. There was an interaction (P<0.05) between the levels of energy and digestible lysine for all performance variables studied. The highest level of lysine studied (1.100%) showed the best performance of broilers from 35 to 49 days old. The energy levels estimated for higher final weight and weight gain were 3138, 3136 kcal.kg-1 in the diet, respectively. The indicated level of 3375 is kcal.kg-1 EM in order to have better feed, both for the level of 1.100% digestible lysine. For the morphometric characteristics of the duodenal villus, height and crypt depth in the ileum obtained better results with low levels of ME and DL. The different levels of energy and digestible lysine had no influence on (P>0.05) carcass yield, cuts (breast, drumstick, thigh and wing) and abdominal fat. Likewise, there was no interaction between the levels studied on the variables mentioned. The levels of energy and digestible lysine contained in the diets of broilers from 35 to 49 days of age do not interfere in the carcass and amount of fat. There was an interaction (P<0.05) between the levels of energy and digestible lysine on the rate of protein deposition (PDR), rate of fat deposition (FDR) and fat (F) in the carcass of broilers / Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos dos níveis de energia metabolizável (EM) e lisina digestível (LD) na dieta de crescimento e terminação em frangos de corte de 21 a 42 dias e de 35 a 49 dias, respectivamente, sobre as características de desempenho, taxa de deposição de proteína e gordura corporal, rendimento de carcaça e morfometria da mucosa intestinal de frangos de corte. No primeiro experimento, o objetivo foi avaliar o efeito dos níveis de energia metabolizável e de lisina digestível dos frangos de corte de 21 a 42 dias de idade, sobre o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e características morfométricas intestinais. Foram utilizados 768 frangos de corte, com peso médio de 700 gramas, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado e esquema fatorial 4x4, sendo quatro níveis de EM (2.800; 2.950; 3.100 e 3.250 kcal.kg-1) e quatro níveis de LD (0,900; 1,000; 1,100 e 1,200%), resultando em 16 tratamentos com três repetições e 16 aves por unidade experimental. Houve interação (P<0,05) entre os níveis de EM e LD para peso médio e ganho de peso dos frangos de corte. O maior ganho de peso foi obtido para o nível de 1,000% de lisina digestível e 3.250 kcal.kg-1 de EM. A conversão alimentar e o consumo de ração reduziram (P<0,05) conforme os níveis de EM e LD aumentaram nas rações. Os diferentes níveis de lisina digestível aumentaram linearmente (P<0,05) o rendimento de carcaça dos frangos de corte aos 42 dias, enquanto que o nível de energia metabolizável não exerceu efeito (P>0,05) sobre esta variável. Não houve interação entre os níveis estudados sobre o rendimento de peito, coxa e sobrecoxa, pernas e asas. Houve interação (P<0,05) dos níveis de EM e LD estudados sobre a vilosidade do jejuno e na relação vilosidade: profundidade de cripta do jejuno. A profundidade de cripta do íleo diminuiu linearmente em função do aumento do nível de lisina digestível e a relação vilosidade: profundidade de cripta do íleo apresentou efeito quadrático para os níveis de energia metabolizável na ração. Para a vilosidade, cripta e relação vilosidade: profundidade de cripta do duodeno não houve interação (P>0,05) dos níveis estudados. No segundo experimento o objetivo foi avaliar o efeito dos níveis de energia metabolizável e lisina digestível no desempenho de frangos de corte de 35 a 49 dias de idade, rendimento de carcaça, taxa de deposição de proteína e gordura na carcaça e morfometria da mucosa intestinal. Foram utilizados 768 frangos de corte, com 49 dias de idade, com peso médio de 1.700 g, distribuídos ao acaso em 48 boxes, em esquema fatorial 4x4 sendo quatro níveis de EM (3.000; 3.120; 3.240; e 3.360 kcal.kg-1) e quatro níveis de LD (0,800; 0,900; 1,000 e 1,100%) totalizando em 16 tratamentos com três repetições cada. Houve interação (P<0,05) entre os níveis de energia metabolizável e lisina digestível para todas as variáveis de desempenho estudadas. O maior nível de lisina estudado (1,100%) proporcionou melhores resultados de desempenho de frangos de corte de 35 a 49 dias de idade. Os níveis de energia metabolizável estimados para maior peso final e ganho de peso foram 3.138, 3.136 kcal.kg-1 de EM na ração, respectivamente. Para melhor conversão alimentar o nível indicado é de 3.375 kcal.kg-1 de EM, ambos para o nível de 1,100% de lisina digestível. Para as características morfométricas a altura de vilosidade do duodeno e a profundidade de cripta no íleo obtiveram melhores resultados com baixos níveis de EM e LD. Os diferentes níveis de energia metabolizável e lisina digestível não influenciaram (P>0,05) os rendimentos de carcaça, cortes (peito, coxa, sobrecoxa e asa) e de gordura abdominal. Da mesma forma, não houve interação entre os níveis estudados sobre as variáveis citadas. Os níveis de energia metabolizável e lisina digestível contidos nas dietas de frangos de corte, no período de 35 a 49 dias de idade, não interferem no rendimento de carcaça e na quantidade de gordura abdominal. Houve interação (P<0,05) entre os níveis de energia metabolizável e lisina digestível sobre a taxa de deposição de proteína (TDP), taxa de deposição de gordura (TDG) e teor de gordura (G) na carcaça dos frangos de corte