No description available.

No description available.

Le bois est un tissu plurifonctionnel permettant la conduction de la sève brute, le stockage de l’eau et des sucres ainsi que le soutien mécanique de la plante. L’arbre au cours de son développement expérimente différentes contraintes liées à son environnement et à sa taille croissante. En réponse à ces contraintes, les performances fonctionnelles du bois sont ajustées par des variations de valeurs de propriétés, elles-mêmes dépendantes du produit de la xylogénèse. Cependant les extrais chimiques déposés lors du processus de duraminisation, entraine la modification des propriétés du bois. Les propriétés du duramen sont le fruit de la xylognénése et de la duraminisation ainsi que de leurs interactions. Ce travail de thèse a donné naissance au terme ‘profil ligneux’, désignant l’ensemble des variations des propriétés du bois à différentes échelles et dans une dimension ontogénique résultant des deux processus cités précédemment. La diversité de tempéraments vis-à-vis de la lumière (héliophilie à sciaphilie) des essences tropicales suggère une diversité d’expressions du profil ligneux. La description de ces différentes expressions serait gage d’une meilleure compréhension du tempérament. Comprendre et caractériser le profil ligneux et la variation de la quantité de bois de cœur dans l’arbre, représentent également un enjeu économique puisque l’industrie du bois Guyanaise a été identifiée comme une filière d’avenir. L’analyse de la diversité du profil ligneux—par une approche ascendante, de l’échelle individuelle à l’échelle interspécifique—a prouvé son efficacité dans la discrimination du degré d’affinité à la lumière. La variation de densité est particuliérment pertinente. Néanmoins, sa pertinence réside dans (1) la combinaison du gradient radial et vertical et (2) la prise en compte du duramen qui modifie parfois, l’amplitude et la direction du gradient ainsi que la forme du profil.L’effet de la duraminisation sur la variation de densité devient alors évocateur du tempérament de l’espèce au même titre que la qualité et/ou la quantité d’extraits chimique mis en jeu. La pertinence du profil ligneux dans la caractérisation du tempérament écologique est due à son aspect intégrateur de divers processus et propriétés. En regard du changement l’allocation de croissance (i.e. du tronc vers la couronne) observée chez Dicorynia guianensis et de travaux précédents sur la croissance des arbres, un lien potentiel entre la diversité du profil ligneux et la stratégie d’allocation de la croissance pourrait exister. / Wood is a multifunctional tissue involved in sap conduction, storage of water and reserves as well as mechanical support. Tree during its development experiments various constraints due to its environment and its growing size. In response to these constraints, wood functional performances are adjusted by variations of property values, which are dependent on the xylogenesis product. However, wood properties may be modified by the deposition of chemical extractives during heartwood formation. Thus heartwood properties are the result of xylogenesis, heartwood formation and their interactions. This work gave rise to the term 'wood profile', designating all variations of wood properties at different scales and in an ontogenetic dimension, resulting from both processes described above. The diversity of shade tolerance (heliophilic to sciaphilic) strategies species suggests a diversity of wood profile expressions. The description of these different expressions could be a way to better understand plant strategies. Understanding and characterizing wood profile and variations in heartwood quantity in tree, is an economical issue since the Guyanese timber industry has been identified as a promising sector. The analysis of the diversity of wood profile—using a bottom-up approach, from the individual level to the interspecific level—proves to discriminate shade tolerance strategies efficiently. Wood specific gravity variation is especially relevant. However, its relevance is based on (1) combinations of both radial and vertical variations and (2) integration of heartwood that may impact range and direction of the gradient and shape of the profile as well. Effect of heartwood formation on wood specific gravity variations is suggestive of shade tolerance strategy as well as quality and/or quantity of chemical extractives. Relevant characterization of shade tolerance strategies by wood profile is the result of the integration of diverse processes and properties. To the view of growth allocation shift (from trunk to crown) observed in Dicorynia guianensis and of previous studies on tree growth, a potential link between wood profile diversity and growth allocation strategies may exist.

This doctoral research studied the North Rupununi Wildlife Clubs (NRWC), an Environmental Education (EE) Program for Makushi Amerindian youth in Guyana. The Club format for EE has become popular, and previous research on EE Club programs provide modest support for the hypothesis that EE Club membership increases pro-environmental attitudes and behaviour in children and youth. There is also increasing interest in the role EE Clubs can play in nurturing Positive Youth Development (PYD). This multi-site case study describes EE Clubs in three villages in the North Rupununi of Guyana. Data was collected from semi-structured interviews and focus groups with stakeholders (such as former Club members, volunteers with the Clubs, Elders, and village leaders). The researcher also kept a reflective journal. Findings suggest community members valued the positive impact they perceived participation in NRWC to have on youth and upon their community. Participants offered recommendations on how to improve the program. One of the original findings is that the Clubs may be a way to help reconnect indigenous youth with their elders and restore the transmission of Indigenous Knowledge. These findings contribute to our understanding of EE Clubs and their impact on pro-environmental behaviour, PYD, and communities. This may be relevant to other indigenous communities in isolated rural areas with EE Clubs, and to the field of EE in general.

A arqueologia amazônica passou por uma série de mudanças no entendimento sobre a natureza da ocupação pré-colonial desta região ao longo dos anos. Há hoje sólidas bases para perceber que a Amazônia, tanto no passado quanto no presente, é extremamente heterogênea, indo além do que colocam os modelos dicotômicos que historicamente influenciaram a arqueologia amazônica. Neste contexto, esta tese busca descrever uma longa história indígena em uma região da Amazônia, o litoral da Guayana, mais especificamente uma região compreendida entre foz do Amazonas até a foz do rio Orinoco, parte da conhecida historicamente \"Costa Selvagem\". Uma das perguntas fundamentais da tese, que busco perseguir através da descrição desta longa história, é qual a origem e natureza dos monumentos e das cerâmicas altamente elaboradas encontradas associadas a eles nesta região a leste da Guayana. Desta forma aqui apresentaremos uma síntese da ocupação, advinda dos novos dados obtidos nos últimos anos, iniciando com os primeiros ocupantes da Guayana Oriental até uma reconfiguração ética ocorrida na região a partir dos séculos XVIII e XIX D.C. Buscamos desta forma aqui alinhavar relações possíveis entre diversos elementos presentes na cultura material da região, monitorando continuidades e mudanças nas relações entre objetos, lugares e pessoas. / Branco.

Las naciones de Venezuela y Guyana comparten una histórica diferencia territorial. El 29 de marzo de 2018, Guyana introdujo una demanda contra Venezuela ante la Corte Internacional de Justicia (CIJ), jurisdicción que no reconoce el Estado venezolano. Esta situación motivó que la Universidad Católica Andrés Bello (Venezuela), el American Collage (Nicaragua) y la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (Perú) organicen el Foro Internacional titulado "La controversia entre Venezuela y Guayan ante la Corte Internacional de Justicia: Fase Preliminar", realizado el 14 de agosto de 2020 con el apoyo de la Fundación Arcadia. Este libro reúne las ponencias de los destacados juristas que participaron de este foro, quienes, desde su perspectiva, abordaron elementos conceptuales de la demanda en cuestión.

The purpose of this study was to examine the production and marketing behavior of pineapple farmers in the Soesdyke/Linden Land Development Project in Guyana. A random sample was drawn from eight locations in the project and 51 personal interviews were conducted with pineapple farmers. Emphasis was placed on ascertaining the current levels and use of basic inputs in the production process as well as determining the profitability of pineapple production. The nature an extent of the infra-structure provided by government to the project were also examined. Attention was given to the work done on providing roads and transportation as well as government funding for the project. The resource endowments of the Soesdyke/Linden Region were described in relation to the production of pineapples form the Soesdyke/Linden Development (S.L.L.D.P.). The outcome of the study showed that although pineapple production was still a profitable venture many resources were under utilized. there was a scope for employing better management and production techniques. The Infra-structure provided by government was incomplete. There was a lack of transportation facilities and a poor distribution system for pineapples, and operational and pricing efficiency were still to be attained in the processing sector of the marketing channel.

No description available.

This thesis looks at the modern recontextualization of the illuminated book. Utilizing an interdisciplinary approach to English literature and the arts, it illustrates the dialectic between word and image. In my writing, I explore artists’ books as a physical representation of the constant dialogue of the verbal-visual relationship and how they affect each other. In this endeavor, I create an artist book, a modern bestiary that alludes to the myths and folklore of the Indo-Caribbean, specific to the country of Guyana.

Prior research has concluded that climate change is having an overall negative impact on rice production worldwide. The vast majority of climate change impacts on rice production result from fluctuations in precipitation and temperature, which lead to flooding, water scarcity, and increases in insects and pests, diseases, and weeds. As a small developing country, Guyana is highly vulnerable to climate change despite its insignificant contribution to global warming. Guyana heavily relies on rice cultivation for food, employment, and export earnings. While generally increasing, rice yields have fluctuated over the last two decades. For example, in 2016, rice yields declined by 12.7 percent due to a drought. This dissertation explores the relationship between fluctuating yields and climate change, and how farmers are adapting. Of particular importance are the impacts of climate change on small farmers (those cultivating less than 4.45 hectares or 11 acres) and their ability to successfully adapt. Small farmers are especially vulnerable to a changing climate because they often lack the necessary knowledge, support, and resources to effectively respond and adapt. Given the large percentage of rice farmers engaging in small-scale production in Guyana, this study investigates the impacts of climate variability on rice production and the extent to which the production and productivity of small farmers are affected. It also identifies the coping strategies small farmers employ to combat the effects of climate change and the extent to which these strategies are successful. Given that climate change is expected to vary across different regions of the world, the first aim of this study is to show how the climate in Guyana has changed. At the country level, evidence from descriptive statistics, a linear trend model, and a two-sample t-test shows that minimum and maximum temperatures have increased over the last 111 years. The aggregate data is less clear on changes in precipitation over the last 111 years. However, analysis of farm-level data provides strong evidence of shifts in rainfall patterns. Among 189 small farmers interviewed, 182 (96.3%) perceived changes in rainfall patterns, 170 (89.9%) perceived changes in temperature, 169 (89.4%) perceived changes in extreme weather events, 185 (97.9%) perceived changes in insects and pests, 73 (38.6%) perceived changes in diseases, and 168 (88.9%) perceived changes in weeds. Changes in precipitation have included an increase in intensity and out of season rainfall, which has impacted harvesting due to poor dams, wet fields, and the lodging of plants. The primary responses farmers have adopted include adjusting planting dates based on water availability and the cultivation of different rice varieties. Changes in temperature have resulted in hotter days, accelerating the evaporation of water from fields. In response, farmers replenish water in their fields, when available. Excess rainfall and resulting flooding, drought, and heavy winds have been the primary extreme weather events observed. Excess rainfall and associated flooding submerges, uproots, and/or kills young plants. The lodging of plants due to heavy winds and flooding has been the main impact. In response to flooding, farmers have pumped water out of their fields. There is very little that farmers can do in response to heavy winds. The primary change in insects and pests reported by farmers has been an increase in paddy bug infestations, which cause damage to the grains resulting in lower quality and quantity at harvest. As a result, farmers are engaging in more preventative spraying. An increase in brown spot disease was also reported. Brown spots are primarily found on the leaves, damaging and/or stunting the growth of the plants by reducing the amount of food they manufacture through photosynthesis. Farmers have responded by engaging in preventative spraying and the rotation of fungicides. Increases in red rice and duckweed have been the major changes in weeds observed. Both weeds compete with rice for space, sunlight, nutrients, and water. Additionally, red rice reduces the quality and by extension the price farmers receive. Farmers are responding by spraying more herbicide and using a contact chemical to burn red rice. Multivariate analysis of farm-level data found that land tenure, tractor ownership, membership in an agricultural organization(s), secondary non-agricultural income, and farms located in regions two and four have positive correlations with annual yields. Perceived changes in rainfall, farm size, livestock ownership, participation in rice extension training, and household members help with rice farming were found to have negative correlations with annual yields. Policy recommendations to improve rice production and farmers' resilience include improving research and development capacity; tax exemption for agricultural inputs and equipment; improving extension services; improving the management of irrigation systems and water resources; enhanced access to credit, insurance, and subsidies; improving weather forecasting and climate monitoring; and improving the management of drainage infrastructure. The analytical framework used in this research produced a rich dataset and interesting results that are important to our understanding of farm-level impacts and responses to climate change. As such, it may prove useful for studying climate change impacts in other developing countries that have similar characteristics and face similar risks from climate change as Guyana. / Doctor of Philosophy / The vast majority of climate change impacts on rice production result from variations in rainfall and temperature that lead to flooding, water shortage, and increases in insects and pests, diseases, and weeds. Guyana is highly exposed to climate change. More importantly, the country relies heavily on rice farming for food, employment, and foreign income. Of particular importance are the impacts of climate change on small farmers (growing less than 4.45 hectares) and their ability to successfully adapt. Small farmers are especially helpless because they often lack the necessary knowledge, support, and resources to effectively respond and adapt. Given the large percentage of rice farmers engaged in small-scale production in Guyana, this study explores the impacts of climate variability on rice production and the extent to which the production and output of small farmers are affected. Analysis of farm-level data shows that changes in rainfall have included an increase in intensity and out of season rainfall which has affected harvesting due to poor farm-to market roads, wet fields, and lodging of plants. The main responses involved adjusting planting dates based on water availability and the cultivation of different rice varieties. Changes in temperature resulted in hotter days which increased the loss of water from the field. In response, farmers replenish water in their fields, when available. Excess rainfall and resulting flooding, drought, and heavy winds have been the main extreme weather events observed. Excess rainfall and associated flooding submerges, uproots, and/or kills young plants. The lodging of plants due to heavy winds and flooding has been the main impact. In response to flooding, farmers have pumped water out of their fields. There is very little that farmers can do in response to heavy winds. An increase in paddy bug infestations damaged the grains resulting in lower grain quality while an increase in red rice and duckweed increased the competition for space, sunlight, nutrients, and water. Farmers engaged in more defensive spraying and used a contact chemical to burn red rice.