Konkurrens med lågprisländer, ökade krav på kvalitet och behov av att snabbt nå ut på marknaden med nya produkter är anledningar till att företag måste se över och effektivisera sina testmetoder. För att säkerställa nöjda kunder över tid krävs tillförlitliga produkter som uppfyller sin tänkta funktion så länge företaget önskar det. Kostnader för bristande kvalitet i form av reparationer, återkallning eller försenad produktrelease är ofta stora och ett sätt att minska de är genom att effektivisera sin testning. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att ta fram samt utvärdera en effektiv testmetod vilken möjliggör identifiering av svaga länkar i en konstruktion med så få testobjekt och så snabbt som möjligt. Arbetet är utfört på företaget Whirlpool Corporation i Norrköping, på produkten mikrovågsugnar. I detta examensarbete redogörs för en testmetod, som är framtagen huvudsakligen baserad på teorin bakom Highly Accelerated Life Test (HALT). HALT innebär testning under höga stressnivåer med intentionen att produkten ska gå sönder för att således exponera svaga länkar. Testmetoden resulterar i en modell framtagen med avsikt att möjliggöra konstruktionsändringar som leder till en ökad tillförlitlighet hos produkten. Modellen startar med en kartläggning av de fel som uppkommer på marknaden, därefter listas de stressfaktorer som kan orsaka fel. Sedan väljs testobjekt samt stressfaktor och baserat på detta designas och byggs testutrustning. Produkten placeras i testutrustningen så att den kan övervakas och manövreras. Sedan påförs den valda stressen, stegvis, det vill säga gradvis ökande, fram tills att något går sönder. Analys sker av felet och det åtgärdas om det är möjligt med avseende på teknologiska och ekonomiska begränsningar. Detta förfarande gör produkten mer tillförlitlig, eftersom svaga länkar identifieras och elimineras. Testerna har utförts med hjälp av utrustning vilken redan fanns på Whirlpool, teorin kring HALT kräver vanligen speciell testutrustning, så kallade kaosmaskiner. Detta examensarbete har dock visat ett exempel på att även enklare utrustning kan användas i syfte att ta fram relevanta fel, och således möjligheter till förbättringar. Utvärderingen av testmetoden har i examensarbetet genomförts som ett proof of concept, det vill säga en evaluering med syfte att finna bevis för att testmetoden fungerar. Test har således genomförts på en mogen produkt, där statistik finns från marknaden kring vilka fel som uppkommit hos kund. Genom att testa två enheter enligt metoden med stressfaktorn vibration och jämföra felen som uppkom med de som uppkommit på marknaden kan bevis för metoden erhållas. Överensstämmande fanns mellan marknadsfelen och testfelen. Således tycks modellen fungera att applicera på Whirlpools produkter. Ett sätt att implementera resultatet från dessa tester i framtida konstruktioner är att lägga större fokus på resonanspunkterna för olika komponenter. Examensarbetet har visat att skador ofta uppkommer för olika komponenter vid just resonanspunkterna, att konstruera för att undvika att dessa uppkommer under produktens livscykel är således ett sätt att erhålla tillförlitligare produkter. Sammantaget visar denna rapport hur och att den föreslagna modellen kan nyttjas i syfte att finna svaga länkar snabbt med endast ett fåtal testobjekt, genom att testa vid höga stressnivåer under kort tid. Efter åtgärdande av de svaga länkarna erhålls tillförlitligare produkter och i slutändan nöjdare kunder. / Competition against low price countries, increased demands on high quality products and the need to quickly launch new products on the market are reasons why companies need to look over and increase the efficiency of their test methods. To guarantee customer satisfaction over time, companies need reliable products that fulfill their intended function for as long as the company wishes them to. Costs arising from poor quality such as repairs, warranty costs, recalls and delayed product releases are often large and one way to decrease them is to perform more efficient tests. The purpose of this master thesis is to develop and evaluate an efficient test method which renders possible an identification of the weak links within a construction with as few test objects and as quickly as possible. The master thesis was carried out at the company Whirlpool Corporation in Norrköping, regarding the product microwave oven. In this master thesis a test method is described, which is based on the theory behind Highly Accelerated Life Test (HALT). HALT represents testing with high levels of stress aiming at product failure, thus exposing weak links. The model is constructed with the aim of creating opportunities for design changes, therefore increasing the reliability of the product. The test method results in a model which starts with a mapping of the failures that occur in the field. After that the stresses that can cause failures are listed. Afterwards, a test object and a stress is chosen. Based on this, a test appliance is designed and built. The product is placed in the test equipment so that it can be monitored and maneuvered. The stress is then applied step by step, i.e. gradually increased, until something fails. An analysis is carried out regarding the failure, which is corrected if possible depending on technological and financial limitations. This procedure increases the reliability of the product because weak links are identified and eliminated. The tests have been performed with already existing equipment at Whirlpool. The theory regarding HALT usually demand special test equipment, so called chaos machines. This master thesis shows an example that less advanced equipment can be used in finding relevant failures, and therefore opportunities for improvement. The evaluation of the method in this master thesis has been carried out as a proof of concept, meaning an evaluation with the purpose of finding proof that the test method is valid. Tests have therefore been performed on a mature product, where statistics collected from the field regarding field failures existed. By testing two units according to the defined method with the stress vibration and a comparison between the failures that occurred with the ones that have occurred on the field can be performed, proof can be provided that the method works. Accordance was found between the field failures and the test failures. The model therefore seems to be work when it is applied on Whirlpool’s products. One way to implement the results from these tests in future constructions is to emphasis the importance of resonance points for different components, since the master thesis has shown that failures often occur for different components at their resonance points. Designing with the goal to avoid that the product is exposed to their resonance points will make the products more reliable. To summarize, this report shows how it is possible, by using the suggested model, to find weak links quickly with only a few test objects and by testing with high levels of stress during a short period of time. After attending to the weak links more reliable products can be designed and constructed, resulting in higher customer satisfaction.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Deparment of English Language and Literature, August 2000. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T14:11:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_4737_.pdf: 382289 bytes, checksum: b66f8c9a38c15f7a908e9f6e5802a32f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-15 / Duas seções compõem o presente trabalho, que procura interrogar a palavra poética como um modo de criação do real. Na primeira, intitulada Aproximações, elabora-se, em diálogo com vozes diversas, uma meditação acerca de determinados núcleos temáticos, de acordo com o questionamento dos dispositivos teóricos que orientam a reflexão proposta, com especial foco dirigido a conceitos como tempo, fluxo, canto, experiência. Na segunda, intitulada Leituras, constroem-se, a partir da meditação desenvolvida, três planos de análise, a começar pelo debate de quatro produções de Orides Fontela. Em seguida, a atenção se concentra, especificamente, em três composições de Fiama Hasse Pais Brandão. Por fim, discute-se um poema de Cecília Meireles.

<p> The de Haas-van Alphen (dHvA) effect has been studied in single crystals of calcium using the modulation method in magnetic fields up to 55 kOe. Four distinct orbits were observed with dHvA frequency minima at the [110] or [100] directions. The results do not support calculations predicting a disconnected first-band Fermi surface for calcium. The dHvA data of crystalline calcium is consistent with the topology of the two-OPW model in which the first band is connected and pockets of electrons are about the point L of the second zone.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

<p> Field modulation techniques were used to observe the de Haas-van Alphen effect in magnetic fields up to 5.5 tesla and at temperatures below 1.1°K. A data acquisition system recorded on magnetic tape the large amount of data necessary for computer fourier analysis of the oscillations. All of the orbits predicted by Keeton and Loucks' model of the Fermi surface of mercury were at least tentatively identified. The data on the β, τ and α orbits were in essential agreement with previous work. The γ and X-face orbits were also investigated in some detail, while tentative identification was made of the μ and T-face orbits. When the data permitted, the areas were fitted to ellipsoids or hyperboloids of revolution by a least squares calculation.</p> <p> A search was made for modifications to the de Haas-van Alphen theory due to phonons. Accurate torque de Haas-van Alphen amplitude measurements were taken as a function of temperature and magnetic field. The analysis of the results revealed no systematic dependence of either the cyclotron effective mass or the Dingle temperature on temperature from 1.25°K to 4.2°K or on magnetic field from 1.5 tesla to 2.3 tesla. Thus no effects due to phonons were observed.</p> <p> A method of observing the open orbits in metallic single crystals was developed and used to observe the open orbits in mercury. The method utilized the eddy currents induced in the sample by the rotation of a magnetic field. This provided a signal which was dependent on the conductivity in the plane perpendicular to the open orbit. The torque amplitude, which indicated the number of open orbit carriers, was used to detect the angular range of the bands of open orbits in mercury. The method was experimentally simple since no special sample geometry was necessary and no electrical connections to the sample were needed.</p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar cada una de las 4 dimensiones del modelo Uppsala, “reconocimiento de oportunidades”, “posición de la red de contactos”, “aprendizaje, creación y construcción de la confianza” y “decisiones de relación de compromiso”, las cuales son empleadas por las agro exportadoras hacia Estados Unidos de palta Hass en Ica. Hallando así, diferentes variables dentro de estas dimensiones que se emplean para lograr la internacionalización del agro exportador iqueño. El enfoque de la investigación es mixto, se comenzó con un análisis cualitativo donde se usó como herramienta la entrevista a profundidad, realizada a 6 expertos para poder validar las variables más destacadas dentro las 4 dimensiones establecidas en Uppsala. Luego se realizó el análisis cuantitativo, en donde la herramienta que se empleó fue una encuesta aplicada a las 10 empresas agro exportadoras de palta Hass iqueñas pertenecientes a la población total de la investigación. Analizamos los resultados aplicando el modelo de análisis factorial, el cual nos ayudó a hallar perfiles de las agro exportadoras por cada dimensión. Los resultados obtenidos concluyen que las dimensiones “reconocimiento de oportunidades” y “aprendizaje, creación y construcción de la confianza” del modelo Uppsala son las más influyentes en la internacionalización de la palta Hass de agro exportadoras iqueñas. Asimismo, se concluyó que los factores “estudio de mercado en el país de destino”, “clientes fidelizados”, “empaque perfecto”, “tener mayores ganancias” fueron los que impactaron más en la decisión de estas agro exportadoras para internacionalizar la palta Hass hacia un mercado tan competitivo como es Estados Unidos. / The objective of this research is to analyze each of the 4 dimensions of the Uppsala model, "recognition of opportunities", "position of the network of contacts", "learning, creation and construction of trust" and "decisions of commitment relationship ", Which are used by agricultural exporters to the United States of Hass avocado in Ica. Thus, finding different variables within these dimensions that are used to achieve the internationalization of Ica's agricultural exporter. The research approach is mixed, it began with a qualitative analysis where the in-depth interview was used as a tool, carried out with 6 experts to be able to validate the most outstanding variables within the 4 dimensions established in Uppsala. Then the quantitative analysis was carried out, where the tool that was used was a survey applied to the 10 agro-exporting companies of Hass avocado belonging to the total population of the investigation. We analyzed the results by applying the factor analysis model, which helped us find profiles of agricultural exporters for each dimension. The results obtained conclude that the dimensions "recognition of opportunities" and "learning, creation and construction of trust" of the Uppsala model are the most influential in the internationalization of the Hass avocado from agro-exporters from Ica. Likewise, it was concluded that the factors "market study in the destination country", "loyal customers", "perfect packaging", "having higher profits" were the ones that had the greatest impact on the decision of these agro-exporters to internationalize Hass avocado towards a market as competitive as the United States. / Tesis

How to Factor Loss is a collection of poems and translations prefaced by a critical paper over Robert Hass's “Meditation at Lagunitas.” The preface, “A Sensuous Theory, A Sensuous Poem,” explores how Hass merges the discourses of theory and poetry to create a poem that hangs suspended between a confidence and an anxiety about language. The poems in this thesis are primarily responses to finitude. The first section turns toward an “other” as a strategy of placating desire and of reaching both inward and outward. The second section explores the potential failures of art as a means of touching objects. The final section acknowledges that finitude is the condition of humankind, and it turns toward a more tender language, one that embraces limitations and is filled with something like faith. The collection is followed by an appendix which contains translations of several poems by René Guy Cadou and Georg Trakl.

La presente investigación analiza los factores determinantes que influyeron en las exportaciones peruanas de Palta Hass a Estados Unidos en los periodos 2010-2011 y 2013-2014, los cuales representan la mayor variación porcentual entre los años 2010 al 2017. Las exportaciones de palta hass peruana a Estados Unidos aumentaron de USD $316 miles en el 2010 a USD 30,174 miles en el 2011, con una variación de 9,499%. Seguido del periodo 2013-2014, donde las exportaciones aumentaron de USD 50,700 miles en el 2013 a USD 160,470 miles en el 2014, con un crecimiento porcentual de 228%. Al analizar estos dos momentos, se desea encontrar los factores determinantes que lograron este impacto en las exportaciones de palta hass y puedan ser retomadas o replicables a futuro. Como parte de la investigación, se realizaron entrevistas a los actores involucrados como entidades de El Estado, Académicos, ProHass y empresas exportadoras peruanas de palta hass a Estados Unidos durante ambos periodos. La información analizada indica que durante el primer periodo 2010-2011, existe una mayor relevancia de factores internos sobresaliendo el factor eliminación del tratamiento de frío. A diferencia del segundo periodo, donde los factores externos poseen más relevancia, resaltando el factor baja en la producción de la competencia, México y California. / The present investigation analyzes the determining factors that influenced the Peruvian exports of Palta Hass to the United States in the periods 2010-2011 and 2013-2014, which represent the highest percentage variation between 2010 and 2017. Peruvian avocado exports have The United States increased from USD $ 316 thousand in 2010 to USD 30,174 thousand in 2011, with a variation of 9.499%. Followed by the period 2013-2014, where exports increased from USD 50,700 thousand in 2013 to USD 160,470 thousand in 2014, with a percentage growth of 228%. When analyzing these two moments, we want to find the determining factors that have achieved this impact in avocado hass exports and can be resumed or replicated in the future. As part of the investigation, interviews were conducted with the actors involved such as the State, Academicians, ProHass and Peruvian companies exporting avocados to the United States during both periods. The analyzed information indicates that during the first period 2010-2011, there is a greater relevance of internal factors, excelling the factor of elimination of cold treatment as an outstanding factor. Unlike the second period, where external factors have more relevance, highlighting the factor of low in the production of the competition, Mexico and California. / Tesis

En los últimos años se ha notado el incremento de las exportaciones no tradicionales en el Perú. Dentro de ellos se puede destacar al sector Agroindustrial y los diversos frutos como el mango, los Arándanos, la palta, entre otros. Según un reporte del Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo (MINCETUR, 2019), las exportaciones del sector agropecuario ascendieron a 1134 millones en el primer bimestre del 2019, siendo este un aumento de 7.2% con respecto al año anterior. El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo determinar los factores que influyen en las exportaciones de Palta Hass de las empresas de la región La Libertad, Perú en el periodo 2014-2018. Según la Cámara de Comercio de Lima (CCL, 2018), las exportaciones de palta rompieron un récord al cierre del año 2018, estimando cerca de 800 millones de dólares en envíos de este producto. Por tal motivo, se realizará un análisis sobre las principales razones del aumento en las exportaciones de dicho producto en la región La Libertad en el periodo establecido. Lo cual estará debidamente sustentado por bases teóricas, fuentes primarias y secundarias, así como también entrevistas a profundidad a empresarios del sector en cuestión. Posteriormente se plantea el objetivo principal, los objetivos específicos, y el planteamiento de las hipótesis de la investigación. Finalmente, se desarrollará la metodología de investigación, determinando el tamaño de la población, el análisis de la metodología mixta, la relación de las variables y los instrumentos utilizados para la recolección, procesamiento y análisis de los datos. / In recent years, an increase in non-traditional exports has been noted in Peru. Among them we can highlight the Agroindustrial sector and the various fruits such as mango, blueberries, avocado, among others. According to a report from the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism (MINCETUR, 2019), exports from the agricultural sector amounted to 1,134 million in the first two months of 2019, this being an increase of 7.2% compared to the previous year. The objective of this research work is to determine the factors that influence the exports of Hass avocado from companies in the La Libertad region, Peru in the period 2014-2018. According to the Lima Chamber of Commerce (CCL, 2018), avocado exports broke a record at the end of 2018, estimating about 800 million dollars in shipments of this product. For this reason, an analysis will be carried out on the main reasons for the increase in exports of said product in the La Libertad region in the established period. Which will be duly supported by theoretical bases, primary and secondary sources, as well as in-depth interviews with entrepreneurs in the sector in question. Subsequently, the main objective, the specific objectives, and the statement of the research hypotheses are proposed. Finally, the research methodology will be developed, determining the size of the population, the analysis of the mixed methodology, the relationship of the variables and the instruments used for the collection, processing and analysis of the data. / Tesis