This thesis was focused on a determination of heparin using sequential injection analysis with spectrofluorimetric and spectrophotometric detection. The principle of determination was based on the interaction of heparin with phenothiazine dye. A decrease of fluorescence intensity of dye in its emission maximum was detected. In the case of spectrophotometric detection a decrease of the absorbance of dye was measured. Azure A, azure B and methylene blue were used as representantive selection of phenothiazine dyes. The determination was performed on a laboratory made SIA apparatus, for which a control software in LabVIEW 7.1 graphical programming was created. Two types of flow configuration for spectrofluorimetric detection were implemented. Type 1: For deionized water as a carrier stream with a injection of heparin and dye zones there were found the following optimal conditions: cdye = 1×10-5 mol dm-3 ; vflow = 2500 µl min-1 ; reaction coil length of 0 cm; injected volume of dye 150 µl and injected volume of sample 150 µl. Dynamic range of calibration curves with an exponential course for the individual dyes in the range of LOQ - 1200, eventually up 1500 IU dm-3 were detected. Limits of detection between 7.6 - 39.1 and the limits of quantification between 58.8 - 124.5 IU dm-3 were found. Type 2: For...

La reconnaissance de biomolécules dans des milieux biologiques complexes est un réel défi pour les chimistes et les biologistes, associé à des enjeux médicaux majeurs. Face à cette problématique, le chimiste peut choisir d’utiliser des molécules désignées par ses soins, ou encore de sélectionner et d’utiliser directement des structures commerciales ou naturelles. Suivant cette dernière approche, les dendrigrafts de lysines (DGL) ont montré une neutralisation des héparines de différentes tailles supérieures à l’action de la protamine, le seul médicament autorisé en cas de surdosage de l’anticoagulant. Une étude par dynamique moléculaire a permis de mettre en avant le mécanisme d’interaction entre les héparines d’une part, et les DGLs et la protamine d’autre part. Par ailleurs, suivant la première approche de design et synthèse, nous avons utilisé la chimie combinatoire dynamique pour obtenir des nouveaux récepteurs synthétiques à partir de brique moléculaires diverses de type 1,4-dithiphénols. Des études à la fois théorique, en DFT et dynamique moléculaire, et expérimentale, ont été menés pour comprendre les phénomènes régissant l’auto-assemblage de ces briques en oligomères cycliques et la complexation de ces cavitands avec des biomolécules d’intérêt / The recognition of biomolecules in complex biological media is a challenge associated with various therapeutic applications. The chemist can address this issue following two approaches: either he designs him-self and synthesises its molecules or he selects a commercially available or natural molecule and directly uses it for its properties. Following the last strategy, dendrigraft of lysine (DGL) efficiently neutralised all classes of the anticoagulant heparin, with a superior effect compared to protamine, the only FDA-approved drug in case of heparin overdosage. A study by molecular dynamic revealed the mechanism of binding between heparins and DGL and protamine respectively. At the opposite of this approach, we used dynamic combinatorial chemistry in order to obtain disulfide bridged cyclophanes from the self-assembly of various 1,4-bisthiophenols by oxidation of thiols into disulfide bonds. By a combination of theoretical (DFT and molecular dynamic) and experimental studies, we investigated the driving forces and the influences of fundamental concepts such as solvation and steric effects for the self-assembly of these polythiols and the binding of the corresponding cavitands with therapeutic biomolecules

Ce travail est consacré à l'élaboration de nano-complexes polyélectrolytes (CPEs) ayant une stabilité améliorée en milieux physiologiques et à l'exemplification de leur fort potentiel d'application comme système de délivrance de (macro) molécules bioactives. Le chitosane comme polycation a été compléxé avec quatre polyanions naturels ayant différents densités de charges et groupements fonctionnels(-COO- et SO3-) à savoir l'acide hyaluronique (HYA), le chondroïtine sulfate (ChonS), le sulfate de dextrane (DS) et l'héparine (HEP). Les facteurs qui influent sur la formation et les propriétés physico-chimiques des nano-complexes chitosane-HYA ont été étudiés. Ces nanovecteurs perdent leur caractère colloïdal en milieux physiologiques. Pour améliorer leur stabilité dans ces conditions, une stratégie innovante qui implique l'ajout de zinc a été conçue. Cette stratégie de stabilisation a été démontrée comme étant polyvalente et a été étendue aux complexes polyélectrolytes (CPEs) chitosane-ChonS. Même si de cette manière une stabilité à long terme a été observée, cette stratégie reste uniquement applicable aux CPEs cationiques. Pour cette raison, une approche alternative permettant l'amélioration de la stabilité des colloïdes à charges positives ou négatives a été mise en oeuvre en concevant des nano-complexes de type coeur-couronne ternaires composés de polyacides forts c'est-à-dire de DS ou d'HEP associés au chitosane en coeur et un complexe chitosane-HYA en couronne. Tous les nano-complexes stables obtenus peuvent encapsuler le ténofovir, une molécule antirétrovirale et être fonctionnalisés par des IgAs de ciblage. En in vitro, ces nanovecteurs montrent une inhibition de l'infection des PBMC par le virus VIH-1 supérieure à l'antirétrovirale seule / This work is devoted to the elaboration of nano-polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) systems with improved stability in physiological media and to the establishment of their high potential of applications as bioactive (macro) molecule delivery systems. Chitosan as polycation were complexed with four natural polyanions of different charged groups and densities (-COO- and SO3 - as negative charges), namely hyaluronan (HYA), chondroitin sulfate (ChonS), dextran sulfate (DS) and heparin (HEP). The factors impacting the formation and physical-chemical properties of chitosan-HYA nanocomplexes were investigated. However, these nanovectors lost their colloidal character in physiological media. To improve their colloidal stability in physiological conditions, an innovative stabilization strategy was designed, involving zinc ion. This stabilization strategy proved versatile and was extended to chitosan-ChonS PECs. Though a long-term stability was achieved, this strategy was only applicable to cationic PECs. Therefore, an alternate approach enabled the improvement of the colloidal stability in physiological media of both positive and negative colloids by designing core-shell ternary polyelectrolyte nanocomplexes composed of strong polyacid (DS or HEP)-chitosan PECs as core and a chitosan-HYA complex as shell. Furthermore, all of the stabilized nanocomplexes allowed the encapsulation of active molecules anti-retroviral drug tenofovir and surface functionalization with targeting IgAs. In vitro, these nanovectors exhibited an inhibition of infection of PBMCs by HIV-1 virus which could be superior to the free drug

Impaired wound healing and the resulting chronic wounds may cause significant morbidity and mortality. In these pathogenic wound environments, the ratio of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines is highly biased to the pro-inflammatory side. While the inflammatory process is an essential step in healthy wound healing, chronic wounds remain in a constant self-sustaining state of inflammation. Thus, decreased cell proliferation, reduced matrix deposition and delayed wound closure are the results. Although various cytokine-based therapies have shown promising results on skin regeneration in preliminary studies, their overall clinical use has been considerably limited by the short half-life time of the signaling molecules due to rapid dilution and degradation in the protease-rich chronic wound environment. In this work, we explored the ability of starPoly(ethylene glycol)-GAG hydrogels to modulate the hallmarks of chronic wound development, such as the prolonged inflammation, increased cell influx and delayed proliferative phase. Therefore, different strategies were developed to shape the cytokine levels in the wound towards a more pro-regenerative direction, finally promoting the natural repair process in chronic skin wounds. By biomimetically utilizing the interactions between cytokines and the tissue ECM in a GAG-based biohybrid hydrogel, we could engineer the concentrations of various signaling factors involved in the regulation of the repair process. More in detail, we utilized customized functionalized starPEG-GAG hydrogels to (1) reduce the extensive levels of inflammatory chemokines by scavenging them via GAG component of the hydrogel and thus diminish immune cell influx in a mouse wound model; (2) locally deliver the immunomodulatory IL-4 and IL-10 to shift the signaling balance into the pro-regenerative direction and thus resolve inflammation and (3) administer pre-conjugated TGF-β to enhance myofibroblast differentiation and extracellular matrix deposition. We believe that the presented hydrogel platform may become a promising tool in the management of cytokines in regenerative applications, which can be translated towards the clinical use for the treatment of chronic wounds and other diseases characterized by uncontrolled inflammation.:1 introduction 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Current state of biomaterial-based concepts in dermal wound healing 1.3 Objective 2 fundamentals 2.1 The physiological process of wound healing 2.1.1 The role of macrophages in wound healing 2.1.2 The role of fibroblasts in wound healing 2.1.3 The role of cytokines and their interaction with the ECM 2.2 The pathophysiology of chronic wounds 2.3 Strategies for treatment of chronic wounds 2.4 Biomaterials in medicine 2.4.1 Polymers in medicine 2.4.2 Mechanical properties 2.4.3 Cellular adhesion 2.4.4 Interaction with cytokines 2.4.5 Scaffold degradability 2.4.6 StarPEG-GAG hydrogels as potential material in wound healing 3 materials & methods 3.1 Preparation of hydrogels 3.1.1 Functionalization of glass surfaces 3.1.2 Hydrogel formation with EDC - NHS chemistry 3.1.3 Hydrogel formation with thiol - maleimide chemistry 3.1.4 Rheometric measurement of hydrogel discs 3.1.5 Characterization of cytokine uptake and release 3.2 Culture of human & murine cells 3.2.1 Isolation and differentiation of murine dermal fibroblasts 3.2.2 Isolation & differentiation of murine macrophages 3.2.3 Culture of human & murine cell lines 3.3 In vitro methods 3.3.1 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 3.3.2 Bead-based multiplex immunoassay 3.3.3 Live/Dead Staining 3.3.4 Crystal violet staining 3.3.5 Cell proliferation assay 3.3.6 RNA extraction & analysis 3.3.7 cDNA synthesis 3.3.8 Quantitative real time rt-PCR 3.4 Statistical analysis 3.5 Software use 4 scavenging inflammatory chemokines to control immune cell influx in the wound 4.1 Results 4.1.1 Engineering heparin-based hydrogels to scavenge chemokines 4.1.2 Heparin-based hydrogels reduce migration of immune cells 4.1.3 Heparin-based hydrogels decrease wound immune cell influx and inflammatory signaling 4.2 Discussion 5 promotion of regenerative macrophage polarizationin inflammatory environments 5.1 Results 5.1.1 Reversible complexation of IL-4 & IL-10 to starPEG-heparin gels 5.1.2 Stabilizing effects of starPEG-heparin gels on IL-4 5.1.3 IL-4 & IL-10-laden starPEG-heparin hydrogels modulate macrophage polarization 5.1.4 IL-4-laden starPEG-heparin induce collagen deposition in dermal fibroblasts 5.2 Discussion 6 modulation of human dermal fibroblast proliferation and differentiation 6.1 Results 6.1.1 Reversible complexation of TGF-b to starPEG heparin gels 6.1.2 Cell attachment, spreading and proliferation 6.1.3 Matrix deposition by fibroblasts grown on starPEG-heparin hydrogels 6.1.4 Degradation of starPEG-heparin hydrogels 6.1.5 TGF-b-laden starPEG-heparin that efficiently induces myofibroblast differentiation 6.2 Discussion 7 general discussion 7.1 Summary and conclusion 7.2 Future perspective Appendix 8 supplementary materials & methods 9 declaration of authorship 10 publications and conference contributions bibliography list of figures list of tables nomenclature selbstständigkeitserklärung

A mixed self assembling monolayer (mSAM) chip with attached heparin was developed to analyze heparin-protein interactions using a Reichert Inc, SR7000, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) instrument. The heparin was attached via streptavidin-biotin linkage where the streptavidin was covalently coupled to the mSAM and biotinylated heparin bound to it. These chips were then used to quantify the interactions of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) with the surface bound heparin. Kinetic rate constants of association and disassociation were calculated. The association data of FGF-2 with heparin was fit to a single compartment, well-mixed model as the data did not exhibit mass transfer limitations. The results suggested that rebinding was prevalent and observed disassociation rates differed significantly in the presence of competing soluble heparin during disassociation. Our results indicate that the Reichert instrument and mSAM chips can be used to analyze heparin-protein interactions but that a careful protocol, outlined in this thesis, should be followed to obtain optimal data. / Master of Science

Many members of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) family are activated by glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Visceral adipose tissue-derived serpin (vaspin), serpin A12 of the serpin family, and its target protease kallikrein 7 (KLK7) are heparin-binding proteins, and inhibition of KLK7 by vaspin is accelerated by heparin. However, the nature of GAG binding to vaspin is not known. Here, we measured vaspin binding of various glycosaminoglycans and low molecular weight heparins by microscale thermophoresis and analyzed acceleration of protease inhibition by these molecules. In addition, basic residues contributing to heparin binding and heparin activation were identified by a selective labeling approach. Together, these data show that vaspin binds heparin with high affinity (KD = 21 ± 2 nm) and that binding takes place at a basic patch on top of β-sheet A and is different from other heparin-binding serpins. Mutation of basic residues decreased heparin binding and activation of vaspin. Similarly, reactive center loop insertion into sheet A decreased heparin binding because it disturbs the basic cluster. Finally, using vaspin-overexpressing keratinocyte cells, we show that a significant part of secreted vaspin is bound in the extracellular matrix on the cell surface. Together, basic residues of central β-sheet A contribute to heparin binding and activation of vaspin. Thus, binding to GAGs in the extracellular matrix can direct and regulate vaspin interaction with target proteases or other proteins and may play an important role in the various beneficial functions of vaspin in different tissues.

Establishing highly sophisticated polymer films for delivery systems in a biological environment and bioanalytical tasks, the formation, thickness, swelling behavior, and (physiological) stability of highly biocompatible polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) are described. These PEMs are composed of the very weak polycation maltose-modified hyperbranched poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI-Mal), strongly polyanion heparin sodium salt (HE − Na +) or weakly charged polyanion hyaluronic acid sodium salt (HA-Na+) deposited on Si wafer substrates. Two different glyco architectures for PEI-Mal are used, characterized by two different degrees of maltose decoration on a PEI scaffold. Using three pH-dependent deposition approaches for optimizing the (physiological) PEM stability and swelling, PEMs are characterized by (in situ) ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and (in situ) attenuated total reflection-Fouriertransform infrared (ATR-FTIR). Thus, PEMs reveal significantly different thicknesses, growth mechanisms (linear versus exponential), and swelling behavior in dependence of both the polycation architectures and the deposition protocol. These PEMs will allow the study of their complexation and release properties as preswollen PEMs against anionic drug molecules, adenosine triphosphate sodium salt (ATP), especially under physiological conditions for future drug delivery coatings.

Pulmonary TNFa concentration and wall thickness after on- versus off pump cardiac surgery

Beim Tissue Engineering ist die Vaskularisierung von größeren Zell-Matrix-Konstrukten nach Implantation bis heute ein großes Problem. Durch das initiale Fehlen eines mikrovaskulären Netzwerkes kommt es zu einem raschen Zellsterben im Scaffold. Aufgrund dessen war das Ziel dieser Arbeit, im Sinne des in situ-Tissue Engineering ein Scaffold auf Basis von mineralisiertem Kollagen zu entwickeln, welches mit dem angiogenen Wachstumsfaktor VEGF funktionalisiert wird, um den Prozess der Vaskularisierung – die Einsprossung von Blutgefäßen – zu fördern und gleichzeitig durch Chemoattraktion in vivo Zellen aus dem umliegenden Knochengewebe in das Innere des Scaffolds migrieren zu lassen, so dass eine beschleunigte Defektheilung erzielt wird. Poröse Scaffolds aus mineralisiertem Kollagen wurden durch zwei unterschiedliche Strategien funktionalisiert und durch in vitro-Testungen charakterisiert. Die erste Strategie umfasste die Heparin-Modifizierung der gesamten Scaffolds, während die zweite Strategie die Injizierung eines zentralen VEGF-haltiges Depots in das Scaffoldinnere darstellte. Neben der Charakterisierung der Scaffolds wurde die Freisetzungskinetik des Modellwachstumsfaktors VEGF aus den modifizierten Scaffolds untersucht und die biologische Aktivität des freigesetzten Faktors auf Endothelzellen getestet. Zusätzlich wurde bei der 2. Strategie, der Injizierung eines Wirkstoffdepots, die Ausbildung eines Wirkstoffgradienten und die zielgerichtete Migration von Endothelzellen in Richtung des Wirkstoffdepots analysiert.

Pulmonary TNFa concentration and wall thickness after on- versus off pump cardiac surgery