Introduction: The use of high frequency oscillatory ventilation is increasing in treatment ofacute respiratory distress syndrome over the past decade. The technique of HFOV of ventilatingthe lungs at volumes less than the anatomical dead space calms the clinical concerns surroundingventilating stiff ARDS lungs with high pressures and volumes. This largely reduces theprobability of barotraumas and/or atelectrauma. Purpose: The study was on an in vitro bench model that answered the following researchquestions: 1. The effect of three inline closed suction adapters on delivered tidal volume duringHFOV with varying lung compliance 2. The effect of varying compliance on the amplitudedelivered by HFOV; and 3. The effect of compliance on tidal volume delivered by HFOV. Method: An in vitro bench model using high fidelity breathing simulator (ASL 5000, IngMarMedical) simulating an adult patient with ARDS was set up with 3100B SensorMedic highfrequency ventilator. The simulation included varying the compliance for each lung at 50, 40, 30and 20cmH2O while maintaining fixed resistance of 15 cmH2O/L/sec. The ventilator was set tothe following parameters: power of 6, frequency (f) of 5, inspiratory time (Ti) of 33%, bias flow(BF) of 30 LPM and oxygen concentration of 50%. The breathing simulator was connected withthe high frequency ventilator using a standard HFOV circuit and a size 8.0mm of endotrachealtube. Fourteen French Kimberly Clark suction catheters (with T and Elbow adapters) and Air-Life suction catheters (Y adapter) were placed in-line with the circuit successively to carry outthe study. Each run lasted for 1 minute after achieving stable state conditions. Thisapproximated to 300 breaths. The data was collected from the stimulator and stored by the hostcomputer. Data Analysis: The data was analyzed using SPSS v.11 to determine the statistical significance.A probability value (P value) of ≤ 0.001 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: The data analysis showed that Air-Life Y-adapter suction catheters caused the least lostin tidal volume when placed in line with HFOV and hence proved to be the most efficient. Thestudy also showed a direct relationship between amplitude and lung compliance i.e. an increasein lung compliance caused an associated increase in amplitude (power setting remainingunaltered). Lastly, the study did not show a statistically significant change in tidal volume withchanges in lung compliance. Future studies may be required to further evaluate the clinicalsignificance of the same. Conclusion:1. Many factors affect delivery of tidal volume during high frequency ventilation and thus it isnot constant. Choice of in-line suction system to be placed in line is one of the determinants ofthe same.2. Lung compliance changes lead to associated changes in amplitude delivery by HFOV. Thisshould be adjusted as patient condition improves by altering the power settings to ensure optimalventilation and to avoid trauma to the lungs.

COMPARISON OF ALBUTEROL DELIVERY BETWEEN HIGH FREQUENCY OSCILLATORY VENTILATION AND CONVENTIONAL MECHANICAL VENTILATION IN A SIMULATED ADULT LUNG MODEL USING DIFFERENT COMPLIANCE LEVELS By Waleed A. Alzahrani, BSRT BACKGROUND: Delivery of aerosol by pMDI has been described with conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) but not with high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV). The purpose of this study was to compare aerosol delivery to a simulated 75 kg adult with low compliance during both CMV and HFOV. Since actuation of pMDI with inspiration is not feasible with HFOV, we investigated the impact of actuation timing only during CMV. METHOD: CMV (Respironics Esprit) and HFOV (Sensor Medics 3100B) ventilators with passover humidifiers and heated circuits were connected by 8 mm ID ETT and filter (Respirgard II, Vital Signs) to a test lung (TTL) with compliance settings of 20 and 40 ml/cm H2O in order to simulate a non compliant lung. Settings for CMV (VT 6 ml/kg, I:E 1:1, PEEP 20 cm H2O, and RR 25/min), and HFOV (RR 5 Hz, IT 33%, ∆P 80 cm H2O and mPaw 35 cm H2O) were used, with similar mPaw on CMV and HFOV. Parameters were selected based on ARDSnet protective lung strategy (Fessler and Hess, Respiratory Care 2007) Eight actuations of albuterol from pMDI (ProAir HFA, Teva Medical) with double nozzle small volume spacer (Mini Spacer, Thayer Medical) placed between the “Y” adapter and ETT at more than 15 sec intervals for each condition (n=3). During CMV, pMDI actuations were synchronized (SYNC) with the start of inspiration at more than 15 s, and nonsynchronized (NONSYNC) with actuations at 15 s intervals. Drug was eluted from the filter and analyzed by spectrophotometry (276 nm). Repeated measures ANOVA, pairwise comparisons and independent t- tests were performed at the significance level of 0.05. RESULTS: In all cases, aerosol delivery was greater with HFOV than CMV (p<0.05). Synchronizing pMDI actuations with the beginning of inspiration increased aerosol deposition significantly at compliance levels 20 ml/cm H2O and 40 ml/cm H2O (p=0.011 and p=0.02, respectively). Lung compliance and aerosol delivery are directly related. Increasing lung compliance to 40 ml/cmH2O improved aerosol delivery during CMV and HFOV (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Albuterol deposition with pMDI was more than two fold greater with HFOV than CMV in this in-vitro lung model. Changing lung compliance has almost 2 fold impact on aerosol delivery during both modes of ventilation. Furthermore, synchronizing pMDI actuations during CMV improved aerosol delivery up to 4 fold.

Mechanical ventilation can be a life saving treatment. However, due to the inhomogeneous and anisotropic behavior of the lung tissue, ventilation can also lead to overdistensions of lung regions whereas other areas remain even collapsed. A first step is a more comprehensive understanding of the flow mechanics under normal breathing conditions in a healthy lung as well as for a diseased, collapsed lung. This is the aim of this work. Therefore, a realistic model of the upper human airways has been generated at which experimental and numerical investigations could be carried out. Experimentally, the flow was analyzed by means of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements which revealed new details about the flow patterns occurring during different ventilation frequencies. Numerical results were in good agreement with the experimental results and could provide new details about the three-dimensional flow structure and emerging secondary flow within the upper airways. The study of reopening of collapsed airways has shown that larger frequencies lead to airway reopening without overdistension of already open parts. Higher frequencies also lead to homogenization of mass flow distribution within the human lung. / Künstliche Beatmung ist meist eine lebensrettende Maßnahme. Aufgrund der räumlich anisotropen und inhomogenen Eigenschaften der Lunge kann die Beatmung jedoch auch zu einer Schädigung der Lunge führen. Daraus ergibt sich die Forderung einer „Protektiven Beatmung“. Ein erster Schritt dahingehend ist ein verbessertes Verständnis der Atmung und Beatmung am Beispiel der gesunden sowie kranken, teilweise kollabierten Lunge. Dies ist das Ziel der Arbeit. Hierfür wurde ein realistisches Modell der oberen Atemwege (Tracheobronchialbaum) angefertigt. An diesem Modell können sowohl experimentelle als auch numerische Untersuchungen durchgeführt werden. Experimentell wurde die Strömung mittels Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) untersucht, wobei neue Details bezüglich der auftretenden Strömungsmuster für unterschiedliche Frequenzen gefunden wurden. Numerische Strömungsberechnungen stimmen gut mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen überein. Dreidimensionale Strömungsstrukturen sowie die Entwicklung von Sekundärwirbeln in der Lunge konnten erklärt werden. Eine Studie am kranken, teilweise kollabierten Lungenmodell zeigte, dass mit steigender Frequenz kollabierte Bereiche wiedereröffnet werden können. Höhere Frequenzen führen weiterhin zu einer Homogenisierung der Massenstromverteilung in der Lunge.

Mechanical ventilation can be a life saving treatment. However, due to the inhomogeneous and anisotropic behavior of the lung tissue, ventilation can also lead to overdistensions of lung regions whereas other areas remain even collapsed. A first step is a more comprehensive understanding of the flow mechanics under normal breathing conditions in a healthy lung as well as for a diseased, collapsed lung. This is the aim of this work. Therefore, a realistic model of the upper human airways has been generated at which experimental and numerical investigations could be carried out. Experimentally, the flow was analyzed by means of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements which revealed new details about the flow patterns occurring during different ventilation frequencies. Numerical results were in good agreement with the experimental results and could provide new details about the three-dimensional flow structure and emerging secondary flow within the upper airways. The study of reopening of collapsed airways has shown that larger frequencies lead to airway reopening without overdistension of already open parts. Higher frequencies also lead to homogenization of mass flow distribution within the human lung. / Künstliche Beatmung ist meist eine lebensrettende Maßnahme. Aufgrund der räumlich anisotropen und inhomogenen Eigenschaften der Lunge kann die Beatmung jedoch auch zu einer Schädigung der Lunge führen. Daraus ergibt sich die Forderung einer „Protektiven Beatmung“. Ein erster Schritt dahingehend ist ein verbessertes Verständnis der Atmung und Beatmung am Beispiel der gesunden sowie kranken, teilweise kollabierten Lunge. Dies ist das Ziel der Arbeit. Hierfür wurde ein realistisches Modell der oberen Atemwege (Tracheobronchialbaum) angefertigt. An diesem Modell können sowohl experimentelle als auch numerische Untersuchungen durchgeführt werden. Experimentell wurde die Strömung mittels Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) untersucht, wobei neue Details bezüglich der auftretenden Strömungsmuster für unterschiedliche Frequenzen gefunden wurden. Numerische Strömungsberechnungen stimmen gut mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen überein. Dreidimensionale Strömungsstrukturen sowie die Entwicklung von Sekundärwirbeln in der Lunge konnten erklärt werden. Eine Studie am kranken, teilweise kollabierten Lungenmodell zeigte, dass mit steigender Frequenz kollabierte Bereiche wiedereröffnet werden können. Höhere Frequenzen führen weiterhin zu einer Homogenisierung der Massenstromverteilung in der Lunge.