Cette étude porte sur l'arabe standard parlé par des locuteurs algériens (trois femmes et trois hommes). Notre objectif était d'apporter des précisions quant au système consonantique de cette langue, en particulier les fricatives. Ce système est riche en lieux d'articulation: labiodental,interdental, alvéolaire, postalvéolaire, uvulaire, pharyngal et laryngale. Il est également caractérisé par le phénomène de la pharyngalisation lié à deux paires de fricatives, les interdentales et les alvéolaires. A travers cette étude à visée acoustique, nous nous sommes focalisée sur les propriétés relatives au bruit de friction des fricatives, en calculant son centre de gravité (CoG). Nous nous sommes intéressée également aux caractéristiques des quatre premiers formants des voyelles [a]brève et [a:] longue à proximité des fricatives, dans les séquences d'ordre CV. Puis, nous avons étudié la durée segmentale absolue et relative, l'intensité relative et l'harmonicité (HNR) des quatorze fricatives de cette langue, en ciblant leur lieu d'articulation, et le trait phonologique de leur voisement. Enfin, nous avons relevé les particularités phonétiques des lieux postérieurs, uvulaire, pharyngal et laryngal qui se sont révélés intéressants en tant qu'indices phonétiques discriminants. / This acoustic study focuses on standard Arabic, spoken by Algerian subjects (three female and three male subjects). The main thrust of the investigations is to provide clarification on the consonantal system of the language, and more particularly on the acoustic properties of its fricatives. This system is rich in places of articulation: labiodental, interdental, alveolar, postalveolair, uvular, pharyngeal and laryngeal. It is also characterized by the phenomenon of pharyngalisation, appearing in two pairs of fricatives: the interdental and alveolar fricatives. Based on our acoustic study, we have observed the properties relating to the frication noise of fricatives by calculating their center of gravity (CoG). We have also discussed the characteristics of the first four formants of the back vowels, short [a] and long [a:], in the vicinity of the fricatives, in CV sequences. Then, we have study absolute and relative segmental durations, relative intensity and harmonicity (HNR) of the fourteen fricatives of our study. This analyse was carried out to target their place of articulation and the phonological voicing contrast. Finally, we have tried to address the features of posterior locations, uvular, pharyngeal and laryngeal, which proved to be relevant as contrastive phonetic cues

1 Abstract The present thesis is concerned with the study of creaky voice and its communicative functions in audio-visual presentation of a brand. This study analyzes nineteen videos that were part of the Sign On campaign produced by Greenpeace in 2009. The main purpose of this thesis is to measure the level of creaky voice in communicative functions. The communicative functions presented in this study are based on the model of Roman Jakobson (1960) and some new functions are proposed as addition to the model. One of the predictions of this thesis is that functions that are emotionally loaded will be comparatively more creaky and this prediction is partially met. Secondly, it was expected to see the same order of the communicative functions based on their level of creakiness among different groups of speakers. This expectation was not met and the possible reasons for the findings are discussed. This thesis uses only acoustic measurements for the comparison of the communicative functions based on their levels of creaky voice. Finally, this thesis discusses the possibilities and current limitations of acoustic methods used for detection of creaky phonation. Keywords: creaky voice, vocal fry, laryngealization, communicative functions, F0, HNR, H1-H2, antimode

This study examines the framing of environmental policies within two military organisations;the Swedish Armed Forces and the United States’ Department of Defence. Additionally, key similarities and differences between the two were described and discussed, as well as which possibilities and challenges each organisation faces moving forward. By using a two-part method consisting partly of a content analysis performed through the chosen theoretical framework of Human Nature Relationships (HNR), along with Carol Bacchi’s policy analysis tool ‘What’s the problem represented to be’ (WPR) when examining both organisation’s respective sustainability reports from 2020, underlying problems were identified and analysed from a critical environmental perspective. The results show that the two policy documents were framed seemingly differently, where the SAF derives their sustainable efforts from the UN Sustainable Development Goals with these being clearly integrated into the operations internal goals, and the DoD mainly mentions sustainability in relation to a bigger picture of cost efficiency. Despite these differences, at their core the organisations both show signs of upholding environmental worldviews which place humans as more valuable than nature, which can be identified through the recurring priority of fulfilling military interests and thereby perceiving sustainable efforts as important, but inevitably, less than. Therein, the main challenge for both organisations stems from the task of balancing differing interests – military interests contra the needs of nature. Possibilities here arise partly from already existing developments, on part of the SAF, and from financial resources on part of the DoD. The dissertation concludes with a discussion of these aspects along with recommendations for future research.