Dans le cadre des travaux sur le rôle des connaissances phonologiques dans le processus de reconnaissance de mot écrit, l’objectif de notre thèse est de contribuer à mieux décrire la nature du code impliqué et de comprendre les mécanismes par lesquels les connaissances phonologiques interviennent en lecture. Nous voudrions avant tout défendre l’idée selon laquelle les premières étapes du processus de reconnaissance de mot écrit impliquent un code phonologique suffisamment fin pour être décrit en termes de traits phonologiques, en montrant que les lecteurs sont sensibles à des aspects infra-phonémiques et qu’il existerait une organisation hiérarchique de ces traits. D’autre part, cette thèse vise à apporter des arguments en faveur de l’existence de troubles phonologiques chez les enfants dyslexiques, à préciser certaines anomalies de leurs représentations au niveau infra-phonémique, tout en tenant compte de disparités possibles dans ces anomalies selon le type de dyslexie.Nous présenterons en premier lieu le cadre théorique et les travaux expérimentaux en psychologie cognitive et psycholinguistique nous conduisant à formuler des questions précises à ce propos. La présentation de travaux réalisés en linguistique et en neuropsychologie étayera les hypothèses que nous proposerons ensuite. Dans la partie théorique, nous présenterons notamment une proposition de modèle de lecture articulant deux mécanismes basés sur les traits phonologiques et l’orientation de nos hypothèses sera guidée par les contraintes de ce modèle.Une démarche expérimentale sera développée en plusieurs étapes pour apporter des données comportementales permettant de discuter nos hypothèses à propos d’adultes bons lecteurs, d’enfants présentant un développement ordinaire et d’enfants dyslexiques. / Some studies in literature show the involvement of phonological knowledge in printed words processing. The goal of this work is to contribute to describe the nature of the code involved in printed word recognition, and to understand the mechanisms of phonological knowledge involvement in reading. We firstly want to show that the early steps of printed words recognition involve a phonological code described in terms of phonological features, by showing that skilled readers are sensitive to infra-phonemic elements and that a hierarchical organisation of these features could exist. Otherwise, this work aims to provide clues in favour of the existence of phonological impairments in dyslexic children, to define some deficits of their infra-phonemic organisation, and to show that these deficits could be different according to the type of developmental dyslexia. On the one hand, we present the theory and the experimental studies in cognitive psychology and in psycholinguistics that lead us to some questions. On the other hand, the presentation of studies in linguistics and in neuropsychology provide clues in favour of our hypothesis. In the theorical part, we present a reading model that involve two reading mechanisms based on phonological features, and our hypothesis allow us to test this model. Our experimental word is developped in several steps to provide behavior data that lead us to discuss our hypothesis about adult skilled readers, normal reading children, and dyslexic chilmdren.

Cette étude porte sur l'arabe standard parlé par des locuteurs algériens (trois femmes et trois hommes). Notre objectif était d'apporter des précisions quant au système consonantique de cette langue, en particulier les fricatives. Ce système est riche en lieux d'articulation: labiodental,interdental, alvéolaire, postalvéolaire, uvulaire, pharyngal et laryngale. Il est également caractérisé par le phénomène de la pharyngalisation lié à deux paires de fricatives, les interdentales et les alvéolaires. A travers cette étude à visée acoustique, nous nous sommes focalisée sur les propriétés relatives au bruit de friction des fricatives, en calculant son centre de gravité (CoG). Nous nous sommes intéressée également aux caractéristiques des quatre premiers formants des voyelles [a]brève et [a:] longue à proximité des fricatives, dans les séquences d'ordre CV. Puis, nous avons étudié la durée segmentale absolue et relative, l'intensité relative et l'harmonicité (HNR) des quatorze fricatives de cette langue, en ciblant leur lieu d'articulation, et le trait phonologique de leur voisement. Enfin, nous avons relevé les particularités phonétiques des lieux postérieurs, uvulaire, pharyngal et laryngal qui se sont révélés intéressants en tant qu'indices phonétiques discriminants. / This acoustic study focuses on standard Arabic, spoken by Algerian subjects (three female and three male subjects). The main thrust of the investigations is to provide clarification on the consonantal system of the language, and more particularly on the acoustic properties of its fricatives. This system is rich in places of articulation: labiodental, interdental, alveolar, postalveolair, uvular, pharyngeal and laryngeal. It is also characterized by the phenomenon of pharyngalisation, appearing in two pairs of fricatives: the interdental and alveolar fricatives. Based on our acoustic study, we have observed the properties relating to the frication noise of fricatives by calculating their center of gravity (CoG). We have also discussed the characteristics of the first four formants of the back vowels, short [a] and long [a:], in the vicinity of the fricatives, in CV sequences. Then, we have study absolute and relative segmental durations, relative intensity and harmonicity (HNR) of the fourteen fricatives of our study. This analyse was carried out to target their place of articulation and the phonological voicing contrast. Finally, we have tried to address the features of posterior locations, uvular, pharyngeal and laryngeal, which proved to be relevant as contrastive phonetic cues

Este estudo pretendeu verificar como aprendizes de inglês (L2) do sul do Brasil percebem, em termos de ponto de articulação, consoantes plosivas surdas sem soltura audível em codas simples finais de palavras do inglês. A pesquisa contou com 17 acadêmicos do primeiro semestre do curso de graduação em Letras, matriculados na disciplina Inglês I, turmas A e B, da UFRGS. Os acadêmicos foram submetidos ao Oxford Placement Test (ALLAN, 2004), que apontou duas categorias, básico e intermediário. Para medir a acurácia quanto ao ponto de articulação das consoantes propostas, foram aplicados dois testes de percepção: (a) teste de identificação perceptual, com 81 questões e (b) teste de discriminação categórica [de acordo com o modelo ABX (LIBERMAN et al. 1957)], com 135 questões. As palavras que serviram como estímulos auditivos nos testes foram selecionadas segundo a estrutura silábica CVC e equidistribuídas de acordo com as vogais [], [] e [] (como em ―beep”, ―lit”, ―sack”). Todas as palavras foram gravadas por três falantes nativos de inglês americano, gênero masculino, provenientes do oeste americano. De modo a verificar se a instrução explícita sobre o fenômeno da não soltura de oclusivas teria papel sobre a acuidade na percepção dos pontos de articulação das consoantes, os acadêmicos foram alocados em dois grupos: (a) grupo experimental, que recebeu instrução sobre o fenômeno, contando com 10 alunos; e (b) grupo controle, o qual foi composto de 7 alunos que não receberam qualquer instrução sobre o fenômeno. Os testes foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Línguas da universidade e executados durante 25 minutos em média. Através dos experimentos mencionados, os resultados mostram que: (a) os pontos de articulação labial e velar obtiveram maiores índices de acuidade; (b) as vogais nucleares [] e [] são as que favorecem a percepção do ponto de articulação das consoantes abordadas; (c) o grupo experimental obteve maiores índices de acuidade quando comparado ao grupo controle; e (d) os acadêmicos de nível intermediário apresentam maiores índices de acuidade, comparados aos acadêmicos de nível básico. / This study aimed to investigate how Southern Brazilian EFL learners perceive, in terms of distinctions in place of articulation, the English unreleased voiceless stops in word-final position. Seventeen undergraduate students of English from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul participated in this research study. The participants took the Oxford Placement Test (Allan, 2004), which grouped them in two levels of proficiency (basic and intermediate). In order to determine the perceptual accuracy regarding the place of articulation of the three consonants, two perception tasks were applied: (a) a perceptual identification task, containing 81 questions, and (b) a categorical discrimination task, following the ABX pattern (Liberman et al., 1957), with 135 questions. The words which served as auditory stimuli in both tasks were selected to meet the CVC syllabic structure and were equidistributed according to the vowels [], [], and [], as in ―beat”, “bit”, “bat”. The stimuli were recorded by three male native speakers of American English. In order to check whether explicit instruction regarding wordfinal consonant unrelease would play a role in the perception of the consonants‘ places of articulation, the participants were divided into two groups: (a) an experimental group, which has been instructed on the phenomenon, composed by 10 students; and (b) a control group, which refers to 7 students who were not instructed on the phonetic aspect researched. The tasks were conducted in the Language Laboratory of the university and took the participants around 25 minutes to be done. The results are the following: (a) the labial and velar places of articulation had higher levels of accuracy; (b) the nuclear vowels [] and [] are the ones that optimize the perception of the consonants‘ place of articulation; (c) the experimental group showed higher levels of accuracy, when compared to the control group; and (d) intermediate students show higher levels of accuracy in the perception tasks, when compared to the basic students.

Este estudo pretendeu verificar como aprendizes de inglês (L2) do sul do Brasil percebem, em termos de ponto de articulação, consoantes plosivas surdas sem soltura audível em codas simples finais de palavras do inglês. A pesquisa contou com 17 acadêmicos do primeiro semestre do curso de graduação em Letras, matriculados na disciplina Inglês I, turmas A e B, da UFRGS. Os acadêmicos foram submetidos ao Oxford Placement Test (ALLAN, 2004), que apontou duas categorias, básico e intermediário. Para medir a acurácia quanto ao ponto de articulação das consoantes propostas, foram aplicados dois testes de percepção: (a) teste de identificação perceptual, com 81 questões e (b) teste de discriminação categórica [de acordo com o modelo ABX (LIBERMAN et al. 1957)], com 135 questões. As palavras que serviram como estímulos auditivos nos testes foram selecionadas segundo a estrutura silábica CVC e equidistribuídas de acordo com as vogais [], [] e [] (como em ―beep”, ―lit”, ―sack”). Todas as palavras foram gravadas por três falantes nativos de inglês americano, gênero masculino, provenientes do oeste americano. De modo a verificar se a instrução explícita sobre o fenômeno da não soltura de oclusivas teria papel sobre a acuidade na percepção dos pontos de articulação das consoantes, os acadêmicos foram alocados em dois grupos: (a) grupo experimental, que recebeu instrução sobre o fenômeno, contando com 10 alunos; e (b) grupo controle, o qual foi composto de 7 alunos que não receberam qualquer instrução sobre o fenômeno. Os testes foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Línguas da universidade e executados durante 25 minutos em média. Através dos experimentos mencionados, os resultados mostram que: (a) os pontos de articulação labial e velar obtiveram maiores índices de acuidade; (b) as vogais nucleares [] e [] são as que favorecem a percepção do ponto de articulação das consoantes abordadas; (c) o grupo experimental obteve maiores índices de acuidade quando comparado ao grupo controle; e (d) os acadêmicos de nível intermediário apresentam maiores índices de acuidade, comparados aos acadêmicos de nível básico. / This study aimed to investigate how Southern Brazilian EFL learners perceive, in terms of distinctions in place of articulation, the English unreleased voiceless stops in word-final position. Seventeen undergraduate students of English from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul participated in this research study. The participants took the Oxford Placement Test (Allan, 2004), which grouped them in two levels of proficiency (basic and intermediate). In order to determine the perceptual accuracy regarding the place of articulation of the three consonants, two perception tasks were applied: (a) a perceptual identification task, containing 81 questions, and (b) a categorical discrimination task, following the ABX pattern (Liberman et al., 1957), with 135 questions. The words which served as auditory stimuli in both tasks were selected to meet the CVC syllabic structure and were equidistributed according to the vowels [], [], and [], as in ―beat”, “bit”, “bat”. The stimuli were recorded by three male native speakers of American English. In order to check whether explicit instruction regarding wordfinal consonant unrelease would play a role in the perception of the consonants‘ places of articulation, the participants were divided into two groups: (a) an experimental group, which has been instructed on the phenomenon, composed by 10 students; and (b) a control group, which refers to 7 students who were not instructed on the phonetic aspect researched. The tasks were conducted in the Language Laboratory of the university and took the participants around 25 minutes to be done. The results are the following: (a) the labial and velar places of articulation had higher levels of accuracy; (b) the nuclear vowels [] and [] are the ones that optimize the perception of the consonants‘ place of articulation; (c) the experimental group showed higher levels of accuracy, when compared to the control group; and (d) intermediate students show higher levels of accuracy in the perception tasks, when compared to the basic students.

Este estudo pretendeu verificar como aprendizes de inglês (L2) do sul do Brasil percebem, em termos de ponto de articulação, consoantes plosivas surdas sem soltura audível em codas simples finais de palavras do inglês. A pesquisa contou com 17 acadêmicos do primeiro semestre do curso de graduação em Letras, matriculados na disciplina Inglês I, turmas A e B, da UFRGS. Os acadêmicos foram submetidos ao Oxford Placement Test (ALLAN, 2004), que apontou duas categorias, básico e intermediário. Para medir a acurácia quanto ao ponto de articulação das consoantes propostas, foram aplicados dois testes de percepção: (a) teste de identificação perceptual, com 81 questões e (b) teste de discriminação categórica [de acordo com o modelo ABX (LIBERMAN et al. 1957)], com 135 questões. As palavras que serviram como estímulos auditivos nos testes foram selecionadas segundo a estrutura silábica CVC e equidistribuídas de acordo com as vogais [], [] e [] (como em ―beep”, ―lit”, ―sack”). Todas as palavras foram gravadas por três falantes nativos de inglês americano, gênero masculino, provenientes do oeste americano. De modo a verificar se a instrução explícita sobre o fenômeno da não soltura de oclusivas teria papel sobre a acuidade na percepção dos pontos de articulação das consoantes, os acadêmicos foram alocados em dois grupos: (a) grupo experimental, que recebeu instrução sobre o fenômeno, contando com 10 alunos; e (b) grupo controle, o qual foi composto de 7 alunos que não receberam qualquer instrução sobre o fenômeno. Os testes foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Línguas da universidade e executados durante 25 minutos em média. Através dos experimentos mencionados, os resultados mostram que: (a) os pontos de articulação labial e velar obtiveram maiores índices de acuidade; (b) as vogais nucleares [] e [] são as que favorecem a percepção do ponto de articulação das consoantes abordadas; (c) o grupo experimental obteve maiores índices de acuidade quando comparado ao grupo controle; e (d) os acadêmicos de nível intermediário apresentam maiores índices de acuidade, comparados aos acadêmicos de nível básico. / This study aimed to investigate how Southern Brazilian EFL learners perceive, in terms of distinctions in place of articulation, the English unreleased voiceless stops in word-final position. Seventeen undergraduate students of English from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul participated in this research study. The participants took the Oxford Placement Test (Allan, 2004), which grouped them in two levels of proficiency (basic and intermediate). In order to determine the perceptual accuracy regarding the place of articulation of the three consonants, two perception tasks were applied: (a) a perceptual identification task, containing 81 questions, and (b) a categorical discrimination task, following the ABX pattern (Liberman et al., 1957), with 135 questions. The words which served as auditory stimuli in both tasks were selected to meet the CVC syllabic structure and were equidistributed according to the vowels [], [], and [], as in ―beat”, “bit”, “bat”. The stimuli were recorded by three male native speakers of American English. In order to check whether explicit instruction regarding wordfinal consonant unrelease would play a role in the perception of the consonants‘ places of articulation, the participants were divided into two groups: (a) an experimental group, which has been instructed on the phenomenon, composed by 10 students; and (b) a control group, which refers to 7 students who were not instructed on the phonetic aspect researched. The tasks were conducted in the Language Laboratory of the university and took the participants around 25 minutes to be done. The results are the following: (a) the labial and velar places of articulation had higher levels of accuracy; (b) the nuclear vowels [] and [] are the ones that optimize the perception of the consonants‘ place of articulation; (c) the experimental group showed higher levels of accuracy, when compared to the control group; and (d) intermediate students show higher levels of accuracy in the perception tasks, when compared to the basic students.

<p>This study argues that the observed-over-expected ratio, or O/E, is an inadequate metric for measuring the strength of consonant co-occurrence in Similar Place Avoidance. I advocate for the use of Yule's Q, an odds ratio based statistic that is not influenced by the relative proportions of labials, coronals, and dorsals in the dataset. This position is advanced on general statistical and linguistic considerations as well as through the analysis of empirical data from 32 languages. </p> <p><br></p> <p>Parallel typological analyses are conducted using O/E and Yule's Q. Cross-linguistic comparisons using O/E suggest that CVC sequences with two coronals are the least marked of the homorganic pairs. The same analysis using Yule's Q suggests any place of articulation may be the least/most marked in a given language; there are no cross-linguistic preferences. The disagreement between the two statistics can be accounted for by the fact that O/E is sensitive to the margin totals: coronals only appear to pattern separately from the labials and dorsals in the O/E analysis because they are considerably more frequent than are labial and dorsal segments.</p> <p><br></p> <p>To advance the use of Yule's Q in the study of Similar Place Avoidance, the paper provides guidance on constructing confidence intervals, measuring/interpreting effect size, and appropriate use of significance testing. Two case studies on aspects of Similar Place Avoidance in Latin and Medieval Castilian illustrate the proposed methodology.</p>

This thesis focuses on changes in the height of articulation in Czech Sign Language affected by coarticulation. The theoretical base of the thesis originates from both Czech and foreign linguistic literature devoted to phonological processes in speech. One part of the thesis is basic insight into the issues of phonological processes in sign languages. The research of the height of articulation in Czech Sign Language affected by coarticulation follows the recent studies dedicated on changes in height of articulation of speakers of Dutch, American, Australian and New Zealand Sign Languages (Ormel, Crasborn, Kooij 2013; Tyrone, Mauk 2010; Grosvald, Corina 2012a; Russell, Wilkinson, Janzen 2011; Lucas et al. 2002; Schembri et al. 2009). The goal of the research is to describe the changes in height of articulation by the one-handed lexical signs with the place of articulation in the head area (the target signs KNOW and REMEMBER) affected by their phonetic context. The data were collected during the recordings of sign langugae production of 15 participants, all speakers of Czech Sign Language. 1400 tokens of target signs were excerpted and analysed in total. Results of research are compared with the present findings on coarticulation in foreign sign languages. Key words: Czech Sign Language, production...