The Heyang dialect has many distinct phonological features, which make it quite different from its adjacent dialects. The phonological features of the Heyang dialect are systematically studied, and the historical strata are revealed. Diverse historical strata exist in the current system of the Heyang dialect. In the Heyang dialect, there are phonological features which belong to the stratum of the Northwestern dialect during the Tang and Song dynasties. These features include: the Middle Chinese voiced obstruents are all aspitrated; the -ŋ ending is lost in the colloquial readings of Dang (宕) and Geng (梗) rhyme groups; the division III hekou syllables in Zhi (止) and Yu (遇) rhyme groups merge; and the division III and IV hekou finals of Xie (蟹) rhyme group are xiyin. The initials yi (疑) and wei (微) in the Heyang dialect are pronounced the same as they are in the Zhongyuan yinyun. The kaikou contrasted with the hekou finals in Guo (果) rhyme group when they combined with velar and glottal initials, the division I contrasted with division II finals of Xiao (效) rhyme group in the Heyang dialect. Those phonological phenomena belong to the historical stratum of the Zhongyuan yinyun. The Heyang dialect was further compared with the Meixian dialect, a representive of the Hakka dialect group. The two dialects share so many phonological characteristics. The relation between the two dialects is even closer than that between the Heyang dialect and Mandarin, in some essential aspects, which strongly suggests that the Heyang dialect may be rooted from the Zhongyuan dialects during the Tang and Song dynasty.

Com o objetivo de contribuir para a caracterização da variedade falada no noroeste paulista, bem como de auxiliar na compreensão da diversidade linguística encontrada no Brasil, descrevemos as características fonético-fonológicas da variedade falada em São José do Rio Preto, utilizando o referecial teórico-metodológico da Sociolingüística Laboviana e da Dialetologia. Analisaremos doze amostras de fala do banco de dados do Projeto Iboruna, selecionadas segundo os fatores sociais: sexo, faixa etária e grau de escolaridade. Descreveremos as vogais orais e nasais, as realizações dos fonemas /s/, /l/, /´/, /r/ e /d/ e /t/ antes de [i] e outros fenômenos linguísticos. Fizemos também referência a obras que tratam da descrição de outras variedades do português com o objetivo de observar se as realizações encontradas em São José do Rio Preto são conservadoras ou inovadoras, se são peculiaridades de lá, ou se também são encontradas em outras variedades. Concluímos que a variedade estudada apresenta características fonético-fonológicas que são comuns em outras comunidades lusófonas e que, se partirmos do português europeu para se estabelecer comparações com a variedade estudada, esta apresenta algumas características conservadoras. / Aiming to contribute to the characterization of the variety spoken in the northwestern region of São Paulo, as well as help understanding the linguistic diversity found in Brazil, the phonetic-phonological features of the variety spoken in São José do Rio Preto were described, using the theoretical and methodological references of the Labovian Sociolinguistics and the Dialectology. Twelve samples of speech from Project Iboruna database, selected according to the following social factors: gender, age and education level will be analyzed. The oral and nasal vowels, the pronunciation of the phonemes /s/, /l/, /´/, /r/ and /d/ and /t/ before [i], and other linguistic phenomena were analyzed. The literature on the description of other varieties of Portuguese language was referred in order to observe if the variants found in São José do Rio Preto are conservative or innovative, if they are peculiarities from there, or whether they are found in other varieties. The conclusion was that the analyzed variety presents phonetic-phonological features that are common in other lusophone communities, and if compared to the European Portuguese, it has some conservative features.

Com o objetivo de contribuir para a caracterização da variedade falada no noroeste paulista, bem como de auxiliar na compreensão da diversidade linguística encontrada no Brasil, descrevemos as características fonético-fonológicas da variedade falada em São José do Rio Preto, utilizando o referecial teórico-metodológico da Sociolingüística Laboviana e da Dialetologia. Analisaremos doze amostras de fala do banco de dados do Projeto Iboruna, selecionadas segundo os fatores sociais: sexo, faixa etária e grau de escolaridade. Descreveremos as vogais orais e nasais, as realizações dos fonemas /s/, /l/, /´/, /r/ e /d/ e /t/ antes de [i] e outros fenômenos linguísticos. Fizemos também referência a obras que tratam da descrição de outras variedades do português com o objetivo de observar se as realizações encontradas em São José do Rio Preto são conservadoras ou inovadoras, se são peculiaridades de lá, ou se também são encontradas em outras variedades. Concluímos que a variedade estudada apresenta características fonético-fonológicas que são comuns em outras comunidades lusófonas e que, se partirmos do português europeu para se estabelecer comparações com a variedade estudada, esta apresenta algumas características conservadoras. / Aiming to contribute to the characterization of the variety spoken in the northwestern region of São Paulo, as well as help understanding the linguistic diversity found in Brazil, the phonetic-phonological features of the variety spoken in São José do Rio Preto were described, using the theoretical and methodological references of the Labovian Sociolinguistics and the Dialectology. Twelve samples of speech from Project Iboruna database, selected according to the following social factors: gender, age and education level will be analyzed. The oral and nasal vowels, the pronunciation of the phonemes /s/, /l/, /´/, /r/ and /d/ and /t/ before [i], and other linguistic phenomena were analyzed. The literature on the description of other varieties of Portuguese language was referred in order to observe if the variants found in São José do Rio Preto are conservative or innovative, if they are peculiarities from there, or whether they are found in other varieties. The conclusion was that the analyzed variety presents phonetic-phonological features that are common in other lusophone communities, and if compared to the European Portuguese, it has some conservative features.

Dans le cadre des travaux sur le rôle des connaissances phonologiques dans le processus de reconnaissance de mot écrit, l’objectif de notre thèse est de contribuer à mieux décrire la nature du code impliqué et de comprendre les mécanismes par lesquels les connaissances phonologiques interviennent en lecture. Nous voudrions avant tout défendre l’idée selon laquelle les premières étapes du processus de reconnaissance de mot écrit impliquent un code phonologique suffisamment fin pour être décrit en termes de traits phonologiques, en montrant que les lecteurs sont sensibles à des aspects infra-phonémiques et qu’il existerait une organisation hiérarchique de ces traits. D’autre part, cette thèse vise à apporter des arguments en faveur de l’existence de troubles phonologiques chez les enfants dyslexiques, à préciser certaines anomalies de leurs représentations au niveau infra-phonémique, tout en tenant compte de disparités possibles dans ces anomalies selon le type de dyslexie.Nous présenterons en premier lieu le cadre théorique et les travaux expérimentaux en psychologie cognitive et psycholinguistique nous conduisant à formuler des questions précises à ce propos. La présentation de travaux réalisés en linguistique et en neuropsychologie étayera les hypothèses que nous proposerons ensuite. Dans la partie théorique, nous présenterons notamment une proposition de modèle de lecture articulant deux mécanismes basés sur les traits phonologiques et l’orientation de nos hypothèses sera guidée par les contraintes de ce modèle.Une démarche expérimentale sera développée en plusieurs étapes pour apporter des données comportementales permettant de discuter nos hypothèses à propos d’adultes bons lecteurs, d’enfants présentant un développement ordinaire et d’enfants dyslexiques. / Some studies in literature show the involvement of phonological knowledge in printed words processing. The goal of this work is to contribute to describe the nature of the code involved in printed word recognition, and to understand the mechanisms of phonological knowledge involvement in reading. We firstly want to show that the early steps of printed words recognition involve a phonological code described in terms of phonological features, by showing that skilled readers are sensitive to infra-phonemic elements and that a hierarchical organisation of these features could exist. Otherwise, this work aims to provide clues in favour of the existence of phonological impairments in dyslexic children, to define some deficits of their infra-phonemic organisation, and to show that these deficits could be different according to the type of developmental dyslexia. On the one hand, we present the theory and the experimental studies in cognitive psychology and in psycholinguistics that lead us to some questions. On the other hand, the presentation of studies in linguistics and in neuropsychology provide clues in favour of our hypothesis. In the theorical part, we present a reading model that involve two reading mechanisms based on phonological features, and our hypothesis allow us to test this model. Our experimental word is developped in several steps to provide behavior data that lead us to discuss our hypothesis about adult skilled readers, normal reading children, and dyslexic chilmdren.

Pendant la perception de la parole, les locuteurs sont biaisés par un grand nombre de facteurs. Par exemple, il existe des limitations cognitives comme la mémoire ou l’attention, mais aussi des limitations linguistiques comme leur langue maternelle. Cette thèse se concentre sur deux de ces facteurs : les biais de traitement pendant la reconnaissance des mots, et les biais d’apprentissage pendant le processus de transmission. Ces facteurs peuvent se combiner et, au cours du temps, influencer l’évolution des langues. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous nous concentrons sur le processus de la reconnaissance des mots. Des recherches antérieures ont établi l’importance des traits phonologiques (p. ex. le voisement ou le lieu d’articulation) pendant le traitement de la parole. Cependant, nous en savons peu sur leur poids relatif les uns par rapport aux autres, et comment cela peut influencer la capacité des locuteurs à reconnaître les mots. Nous avons testé des locuteurs français sur leur capacité à reconnaître des mots mal prononcés et avons trouvé que les traits de mode et de lieu sont plus importants que le trait de voisement. Nous avons ensuite considéré deux sources de cette asymétrie et avons trouvé que les locuteurs sont biaisés et par la perception acoustique ascendante (les contrastes de mode sont plus facile à percevoir à cause de leur distance acoustique importante) et par la connaissance lexicale descendante (le trait de lieu est plus exploité dans le lexique français que les autres traits). Nous suggérons que ces deux sources de biais se combinent pour influencer les locuteurs lors de la reconnaissance des mots. Dans la seconde partie de cette thèse, nous nous concentrons sur la question d’un biais d’apprentissage. Il a été suggéré que les apprenants peuvent être biaisés vers l’apprentissage de certains patrons phonologiques grâce à leurs connaissances phonétiques. Cela peut alors expliquer pourquoi certains patrons sont récurrents dans la typologie, tandis que d’autres restent rares ou non-attestés. Plus spécifiquement, nous avons exploré le rôle d’un biais d’apprentissage sur l’acquisition de la règle typologiquement commune de l’harmonie vocalique comparée à celle de la règle non-attestée (mais logiquement équivalente) de la disharmonie vocalique. Nous avons trouvé des preuves d’un biais d’apprentissage aussi bien en perception qu’en production. En utilisant un modèle d’apprentissage itéré simulé, nous avons ensuite montré comment un biais, même petit, favorisant l’un des patrons, peut influencer la typologie linguistique au cours du temps et donc expliquer (en partie) la prépondérance de systèmes harmoniques. De plus, nous avons exploré le rôle du sommeil sur la consolidation mnésique. Nous avons montré que seul le patron commun bénéficie d’une consolidation et que cela est un facteur supplémentaire pouvant contribuer à l’asymétrie typologique. Dans l’ensemble, cette thèse considère certaines des sources de biais possibles chez l’individu et discute de comment ces influences peuvent, au cours du temps, faire évoluer les systèmes linguistiques. Nous avons démontré la nature dynamique et complexe du traitement de la parole, à la fois en perception et dans l’apprentissage. De futurs travaux devront explorer plus en détail comment ces différentes sources de biais sont pondérées les unes relativement aux autres. / During speech perception, listeners are biased by a great number of factors, including cognitive limitations such as memory and attention and linguistic limitations such as their native language. This thesis focuses on two of these factors: processing bias during word recognition, and learning bias during the transmission process. These factors are combinatorial and can, over time, affect the way languages evolve. In the first part of this thesis, we focus on the process of word recognition. Previous research has established the importance of phonological features (e.g., voicing or place of articulation) during speech processing, but little is known about their weight relative to one another, and how this influences listeners' ability to recognize words. We tested French participants on their ability to recognize mispronounced words and found that the manner and place features were more important than the voicing feature. We then explored two sources of this asymmetry and found that listeners were biased both by bottom-up acoustic perception (manner contrasts are easier to perceive because of their acoustic distance compared to the other features) and top-down lexical knowledge (the place feature is used more in the French lexicon than the other two features). We suggest that these two sources of bias coalesce during the word recognition process to influence listeners. In the second part of this thesis, we turn to the question of bias during the learning process. It has been suggested that language learners may be biased towards the learning of certain phonological patterns because of phonetic knowledge they have. This in turn can explain why certain patterns are recurrent in the typology while others remain rare or unattested. Specifically, we explored the role of learning bias on the acquisition of the typologically common rule of vowel harmony compared to the unattested (but logically equivalent) rule of vowel disharmony. We found that in both perception and production, there was evidence of a learning bias, and using a simulated iterated learning model, showed how even a small bias favoring one pattern over the other could influence the linguistic typology over time, thus explaining (in part) the prevalence of harmonic systems. We additionally explored the role of sleep on memory consolidation and showed evidence that the common pattern benefits from consolidation that the unattested pattern does not, a factor that may also contribute to the typological asymmetry. Overall, this thesis considers a few of the wide-ranging sources of bias in the individual and discusses how these influences can over time shape linguistic systems. We demonstrate the dynamic and complicated nature of speech processing (both in perception and learning) and open the door for future research to explore in finer detail just how these different sources of bias are weighted relative to one another.