Pour la conception des cœurs de réacteurs de 4ème génération, une précision accrue est requise pour les calculs des différents paramètres neutroniques. Les ressources mémoire et le temps de calcul étant limités, une solution consiste à utiliser des méthodes de raffinement de maillage afin de résoudre l'équation de transport des neutrons. Le flux neutronique, solution de cette équation, dépend de l'énergie, l'angle et l'espace. Les différentes variables sont discrétisées de manière successive. L'énergie avec une approche multigroupe, considérant les différentes grandeurs constantes sur chaque groupe, l'angle par une méthode de collocation, dite approximation Sn. Après discrétisation énergétique et angulaire, un système d'équations hyperboliques couplées ne dépendant plus que de la variable d'espace doit être résolu. Des éléments finis discontinus sont alors utilisés afin de permettre la mise en place de méthodes de raffinement dite hp. La précision de la solution peut alors être améliorée via un raffinement en espace (h-raffinement), consistant à subdiviser une cellule en sous-cellules, ou en ordre (p-raffinement) en augmentant l'ordre de la base de polynômes utilisée.Dans cette thèse, les propriétés de ces méthodes sont analysées et montrent l'importance de la régularité de la solution dans le choix du type de raffinement. Ainsi deux estimateurs d'erreurs permettant de mener le raffinement ont été utilisés. Le premier, suppose des hypothèses de régularité très fortes (solution analytique) alors que le second utilise seulement le fait que la solution est à variations bornées. La comparaison de ces deux estimateurs est faite sur des benchmarks dont on connaît la solution exacte grâce à des méthodes de solutions manufacturées. On peut ainsi analyser le comportement des estimateurs au regard de la régularité de la solution. Grâce à cette étude, une stratégie de raffinement hp utilisant ces deux estimateurs est proposée et comparée à d'autres méthodes rencontrées dans la littérature. L'ensemble des comparaisons est réalisé tant sur des cas simplifiés où l'on connaît la solution exacte que sur des cas réalistes issus de la physique des réacteurs.Ces méthodes adaptatives permettent de réduire considérablement l'empreinte mémoire et le temps de calcul. Afin d'essayer d'améliorer encore ces deux aspects, on propose d'utiliser des maillages différents par groupe d'énergie. En effet, l'allure spatiale du flux étant très dépendante du domaine énergétique, il n'y a a priori aucune raison d'utiliser la même décomposition spatiale. Une telle approche nous oblige à modifier les estimateurs initiaux afin de prendre en compte le couplage entre les différentes énergies. L'étude de ce couplage est réalisé de manière théorique et des solutions numériques sont proposées puis testées. / The different neutronic parameters have to be calculated with a higher accuracy in order to design the 4th generation reactor cores. As memory storage and computation time are limited, adaptive methods are a solution to solve the neutron transport equation. The neutronic flux, solution of this equation, depends on the energy, angle and space. The different variables are successively discretized. The energy with a multigroup approach, considering the different quantities to be constant on each group, the angle by a collocation method called Sn approximation. Once the energy and angle variable are discretized, a system of spatially-dependent hyperbolic equations has to be solved. Discontinuous finite elements are used to make possible the development of $hp-$refinement methods. Thus, the accuracy of the solution can be improved by spatial refinement (h-refinement), consisting into subdividing a cell into subcells, or by order refinement (p-refinement), by increasing the order of the polynomial basis.In this thesis, the properties of this methods are analyzed showing the importance of the regularity of the solution to choose the type of refinement. Thus, two error estimators are used to lead the refinement process. Whereas the first one requires high regularity hypothesis (analytical solution), the second one supposes only the minimal hypothesis required for the solution to exist. The comparison of both estimators is done on benchmarks where the analytic solution is known by the method of manufactured solutions. Thus, the behaviour of the solution as a regard of the regularity can be studied. It leads to a hp-refinement method using the two estimators. Then, a comparison is done with other existing methods on simplified but also realistic benchmarks coming from nuclear cores.These adaptive methods considerably reduces the computational cost and memory footprint. To further improve these two points, an approach with energy-dependent meshes is proposed. Actually, as the flux behaviour is very different depending on the energy, there is no reason to use the same spatial discretization. Such an approach implies to modify the initial estimators in order to take into account the coupling between groups. This study is done from a theoretical as well as from a numerical point of view.

1. Beim feldaktivierten Sintern im Temperaturbereich von 500 bis 1000 °C fließen elektrische Ströme mit einer Dichte von 1 bis 3 A/mm². 2. Daraus folgt für die größten verwendeten Pulverteilchen mit einem Radius von 50 µm ein Strom je Teilchenkontakt von 10 bis 50 mA. 3. Die durch das Aufbringen des prozesstechnisch notwendigen Pressdruckes gebildeten relativen Kontaktradien (Kontaktradius geteilt durch Teilchenradius) haben eine Größe von 0,05 bis 0,3. 4. Die Einengung der Strompfade im Kontakt der Pulverteilchen erhöht, zusammen mit dem elektrischen Widerstand der Oxidschicht auf den Pulverteilchen, den elektrischen Widerstand des Pulverpresslings. 5. Der Stromfluss durch die Teilchenkontakte führt mit dem zusätzlichen elektrischen Widerstand dieser Teilchenkontakte zu einer lokalen Temperaturerhöhung (Übertemperatur) von 10-4 bis 1 Kelvin für Kupfer- respektive Stahlpulver. 6. Der zusätzliche elektrische Widerstand der Oxidschicht kann die Übertemperatur beim Kupferpulver auf bis zu 1 mK erhöhen. 7. Mit abnehmendem Teilchenradius sinkt die Übertemperatur quadratisch. 8. Das Wachstum der Teilchenkontakte im Verlauf der Verdichtung führt zu einer kontinuierlichen Verringerung der Übertemperatur. 9. Das Auftreten von schmelzflüssiger Phase, von Metalldampf oder von Plasma wird in den untersuchten metallischen Systemen ausgeschlossen. 10. Auch Elektromigration, Thermomigration oder andere Wirkungen des elektrischen Stromes spielen keine Rolle für die Verdichtung beim feldaktivierten Sintern. 11. Die Verwendung von gepulstem anstelle von kontinuierlichem Gleichstrom beeinflusst die Verdichtung der untersuchten Werkstoffe nicht. 12. Die Verdichtung vom Pulver zum kompakten Werkstoff findet für Pulverteilchen mit einem Radius größer als R = 10 µm über plastische Verformung durch verschiedene Formen des Kriechens statt. 13. Die Verformung ist im Anfangsstadium auf den Kontaktbereich begrenzt. 14. Bei Pulverteilen mit Teilchenradien unter R = 10 µm findet die Verdichtung zunächst als Folge von Leerstellenströmen in die Kontaktkorngrenze statt (Sintern). 15. Durch die schnelle Verdichtung bei niedriger homologer Temperatur werden Kornwachstum und Rekristallisation verringert.

Les alliages de type HP constituent un matériau de choix pour l'élaboration des tubes de vaporeformage et de vapocraquage dans l'industrie pétrochimique. Exposés à des températures comprises entre 700°C et 1000°C sous des pressions gazeuses de plusieurs MPa, leur microstructure initiale associée à une fine précipitation secondaire, intervenant en cours de service, leur confèrent une excellente résistance aux mécanismes de fluage auxquels ils sont sujets. Néanmoins, à terme, la coalescence des précipités conduit à la dégradation rapide des tubes.Les effets de certains éléments d'alliages (V, Ti/W) sur la précipitation secondaire des carbures M23C6 et NbC ont été étudiés au travers de simulations via le logiciel TC-PRISMA. Sur la base de résultats prometteurs en termes d'optimisation des caractéristiques de la précipitation, deux alliages modèles ont été coulés au laboratoire et soumis à divers vieillissements dans la gamme de température correspondant aux conditions de service. Les microstructures de ces alliages ont d'abord été comparées à celle d'un alliage HP industriel de composition standard à l'état brut de coulée. La précipitation secondaire a par la suite été caractérisée au sein des trois alliages dans les différents états vieillis. Les investigations microstructurales ont permis de mettre en avant certains effets bénéfiques d'un ajout de vanadium et d'ajouts combinés de titane et de tungstène sur les caractéristiques de la précipitation secondaire. / HP alloys are typically used as steam methane reforming tubes in the petrochemical industry. During service, they are exposed to temperatures between 700°C and 1000°C under gaz pressure of several MPa. Their as-cast microstructure, together with fine in-situ secondary precipitation, provide these alloys with an excellent resistance to creep deformation. Nevertheless, after long-time ageing, coarsening of secondary carbides leads to the weakening of the tubes and therefore to an accelerated damaging.The effects of some alloying elements (V, Ti/W) on secondary precipitation of M23C6 and NbC carbides were investigated through numerical simulations performed with TC-PRISMA software. On the basis of encouraging results in terms of precipitation optimization, two model HP-type alloys were cast at the laboratory and aged in the range of temperatures corresponding to service conditions. As-cast microstructures were first compared with an industrial "standard" alloy. Then, secondary precipitation were characterized for all the alloys and all ageing temperatures. Microstructural investigation highlighted the beneficial effect of vanadium and titanium/tungsten additions on secondary precipitation characteristics.

The compressible Euler equations describe the motion of compressible inviscid fluids. They are used in many areas ranging from aerospace, automotive, and nuclear engineering to chemistry, ecology, climatology, and others. Mathematically, the compressible Euler equations represent a hyperbolic system consisting of several nonlinear partial differential equations (conservation laws). These equations are solved most frequently by means of Finite Volume Methods (FVM) and low-order Finite Element Methods (FEM). However, both these approaches are lacking higher order accuracy and moreover, it is well known that conforming FEM is not the optimal tool for the discretization of first-order equations. The most promissing approach to the approximate solution of the compressible Euler equations is the discontinuous Galerkin method that combines the stability of FVM, with excellent approximation properties of higher-order FEM. The objective of this Master Thesis was to develop, implement and test new adaptive algorithms for the nonstationary compressible Euler equations based on higher-order discontinuous Galerkin (hp-DG) methods. The basis for the new methods were the discontinuous Galerkin methods and space-time adaptive hp-FEM algorithms on dynamical meshes for nonstationary second-order problems. The new algorithms...

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 22-25, 2001 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / This article presents a measurement system based on the RS-485 interface. The presented system is an alternative solution for distributed measurement systems, which cannot be built using IEEE-488 interface due to distance limitation between elements of the system. The RS-485 interface is a base for communication between measurement instruments and uses a Master-Slave protocol to exchange data between them. One dedicated master device, usually a PC, controls all slave devices connected to the interface. To control measurement devices SCPI language is used. This solution simplifies communication between measurement devices and allows utilizing the HP-VEE environment to control any SCPI devices connected to the RS-485 network.

There is potential for improving creep properties of stainless steels by reinforcing them with tungsten (W) wires. Past studies have shown that a detrimental factor that impairs the mechanical properties of tungsten wire reinforced superalloy composites is the formation of brittle intermetallic phases due to the interaction between W wire and constituents of the alloy matrices. Formation and growth of the intermetallic phases strongly depends on the matrix chemistry and for the retention of creep strength, matrix compositions that do not form intermetallic phases with tungsten are desirable for fabricating W wire reinforced composites for high temperature applications. This research investigated the formation and growth of reaction phases in W wire reinforced 316L (W/316L) stainless steel and HP alloy steel (W/HP) that were fabricated by casting method. Additionally, the effect of composition on the evolution and kinetics of reaction phases was studied in some W wire reinforced experimental alloys based on Fe-Ni-Cr only (W/Fe-Ni-Cr). The fabricated composites were diffusion annealed in the temperature range 1000-1200°C for 25-500 hours. Microstructure and chemistry of the reaction phases in the as-cast and diffusion annealed composites were studied using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and electron backscattered diffraction techniques. Growth kinetics of the reaction layers and average effective interdiffusion coefficients in the layers were determined for the composites. Results showed that an intermetallic phase isostructural with µ-phase formed in the as-cast W/316L and W/Fe-Ni-Cr composites with 1 and 2 Fe:Ni matrix ratios. In W/HP a phase M12C with crystal structure similar to η-carbide was formed. These phases developed and formed brittle reaction layers around the W wires during diffusion annealing. A parabolic relationship between the µ-phase and η-carbide growth and diffusion annealing time indicated that the growth of reaction layers was diffusion controlled. In the W/Fe-Ni-Cr composites, formation of intermetallic phases did not occur in the matrices with 0.5Fe:Ni ratio, instead some isolated tungsten particles were observed in the matrix adjacent to the wires after diffusion annealing. In W/Fe-Ni-Cr composites with 1 and 2 Fe:Ni matrix ratio, the growth of µ-phase reaction layers during annealing was observed to be dependent on the matrix composition. It was found that with an increase in the Ni content in the matrix, growth of µ-phase reaction layer decreased. The study presented in this thesis gives first-hand information on phase formation and growth kinetics of the reaction layers in W/316L and W/HP composites. It revealed that the interaction of W with 316L and HP alloy matrices leads to formation of cracked intermetallic and carbide reaction layers which are not desirable in the composites designed for high temperature applications. It has also been shown in this study that in W/Fe-Ni-Cr composites, intermetallic phase formation can be suppressed by increasing Ni content in the matrix. In the composite with high Ni contents in the matrix (0.5Fe:Ni ratio) intermetallic phases do not form even after diffusion annealing at 1200°C. This intermetallic free W/Fe-Ni-Cr composite can further be studied for its creep strength.

Inspired by the pectoral flippers of the humpback whale, the use of spanwise waviness in wings has been considered in the literature as a possible way of delaying the stall, and possibly also reducing the drag coefficient, allowing for improved aerodynamic characteristics. In order to provide a better understanding of this flow control mechanism, the present work investigates numerically the effect of the waviness on the flow around infinite wings with a NACA0012 profile. The study consists of direct numerical simulations employing the spectral/hp method, which is available through the nektar++ library. Considering the high computational cost of the simulations performed, several improvements were introduced to the method, making it more efficient and allowing higher Reynolds numbers to be analysed. These improvements to the method include a coordinate transformation technique to treat the waviness, changes to the parallelism strategy, and an adaptive polynomial order refinement procedure. Initially, simulations were performed for a very low value of the Reynolds number Re = 1, 000, allowing the three-dimensional flow structures to be observed in de- tail. In this case, the results show that the waviness leads to a decrease in the lift-to-drag ratio, accompanied by a strong reduction in the fluctuations of the lift force. The reduction in the lift-to-drag ratio is the combined effect of lower drag and lift forces, and is associated with a regime where the flow remains attached behind the peaks of the leading edge while there are distinct regions of flow separation behind the troughs. Then, simulations with Re = 10, 000 were considered. For high angles of attack, the results for this case are similar to the lower Re, with the waviness leading to separation behind the troughs and reducing both the lift and the drag. However, for a lower angle of attack the waviness leads to a large increase in the lift coefficient. This was observed to be related to the fact that flow around the straight wing is laminar in this case, with the waviness inducing transition to a turbulent state. Finally, the case Re = 50, 000 was considered, with the results showing a good agreement with experiments presented in the literature. / Inspirado na nadadeira peitoral da baleia jubarte, o uso de ondulações ao longo da envergadura de asas tem sido considerado na literatura como uma possível maneira de atrasar o estol, e possivelmente também reduzir o arrasto, levando a melhores características aerodinâmicas. Com o objetivo de obter um melhor entendimento desse mecanismo de controle do escoamento, o presente trabalho investiga numericamente o efeito de ondulações no escoamento ao redor de asas infinitas com o perfil NACA0012. O estudo consiste de simulações diretas do escoamento usando o método espectral/hp, que está disponível através da biblioteca nektar++. Considerando o alto custo computacional das simulações realizadas, diversas melhorias foram introduzidas no método, tornando-o mais eficiente e permitindo que números de Reynolds mais elevados fossem analisados. Essas melhorias ao método incluem uma técnica de mudança de coordenadas para tratar a ondulação, mudanças na estratégia de paralelismo e um procedimento de refinamento usando ordem polinomial variável. Inicialmente, simulações foram realizadas para um número de Reynolds muito baixo Re = 1, 000, o que permitiu observar as estruturas tridimensionais do escoamento em detalhe. Nesse caso, os resultados mostram que a ondulação leva a uma diminuição da razão sustentação-arrasto, combinada com uma forte redução das flutuações da força de sustentação. A redução da razão sustentação-arrasto é consequência de uma combinação de arrasto e sustentação mais baixos e está associada a um regime no qual o escoamento permanece colado atrás dos picos do bordo de ataque, enquanto que regiões distintas de escoamento separado estão presentes atrás dos vales. Em seguida, simulações com Re = 10, 000 foram consideradas. Para ângulos de ataque elevados, os resultados neste caso são similares àqueles com Re mais baixo, com a ondulação levando a separação atrás dos vales e provocando reduções na sustentação e no arrasto. No entanto, para um ângulo de ataque mais baixo a ondulação leva a um grande aumento na força de sustentação. Foi observado que isso está relacionado ao fato de que o escoamento ao redor da asa lisa é laminar neste caso, com a ondulação induzindo a transição para um estado turbulento. Finalmente, o caso Re = 50, 000 foi considerado, com os resultados apresentando uma boa concordância com experimentos apresentados na literatura.

Submitted by FERNANDA DA SILVA VON PORSTER (fdsvporster@univates.br) on 2016-11-30T18:06:35Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) 2016IomaradeAlbuquerqueMadeiraMartins.pdf: 3171751 bytes, checksum: 7f82be210e19e703640aa2b134bc0de8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Lisboa Monteiro (monteiro@univates.br) on 2016-12-07T13:23:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) 2016IomaradeAlbuquerqueMadeiraMartins.pdf: 3171751 bytes, checksum: 7f82be210e19e703640aa2b134bc0de8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-07T13:23:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) 2016IomaradeAlbuquerqueMadeiraMartins.pdf: 3171751 bytes, checksum: 7f82be210e19e703640aa2b134bc0de8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11 / A atividade docente desafia o professor a utilizar práticas pedagógicas diferenciadas que contribuam para o alcance da aprendizagem dos alunos. Por isso, este estudo de caso com abordagem qualitativa teve como objetivo geral verificar como a utilização de práticas pedagógicas diferenciadas contribuiu para a aprendizagem de conceitos como juros, empréstimos e amortização nas aulas de Matemática Financeira, no Curso de Ciências Contábeis. O embasamento teórico está alicerçado em Berbel (2011), a qual defende a utilização de metodologias que permitam ao aluno associar a teoria à prática, e em Gimenes (2013) que traz para a reflexão quais os limites e as possibilidades da aplicação de práticas pedagógicas diferenciadas na melhoria do aprendizado dos alunos. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida ao longo de 10 encontros, durante o segundo semestre de 2015, com 46 alunos do Instituto Maranhense de Ensino e Cultura – IMEC do Curso de Ciências Contábeis, nos 3º/4º períodos, na disciplina de Matemática Financeira. Como procedimentos técnicos de coleta de dados foram utilizados mapas conceituais, fotos, filmagens, relatórios e questionário. Os resultados mostraram que os alunos envolvidos neste estudo, de posse de diferentes instrumentos, entre os quais a calculadora financeira HP 12C, fazendo uso da função especial BEGIN, puderam constatar, enquanto consumidores conscientes, que nem todos os estabelecimentos comerciais visitados cumprem o que é divulgado nas propagandas. Houve, assim, uma elevação significativa e qualitativa do suporte conceitual da temática em estudo. Por meio dos relatos dos alunos, também foi possível constatar que a utilização da Planilha Eletrônica Microsoft Excel possibilitou a criação das mais diversas situações, propiciando um aprender diferenciado. Enfim, os resultados apontaram que, quando o aluno pratica os conteúdos desenvolvidos em sala de aula, a partir de práticas pedagógicas diferenciadas, pode passar a ser um indivíduo mais atento e consciente na instrumentalização e na compreensão dos juros aplicados no mercado. / The teaching activity challenges the teacher to employ different pedagogical practices that contribute to the achievement of students’ learning. Therefore, this case study aims to assess how the utilization of different pedagogical practices can contribute to learning of concepts such as interest, loans and depreciation in Financial Mathematics classes, in an Accounting Major. The theoretical basis is from Berbel (2011), which advocates the use of methodologies that allow students to associate theory to practice, and from Gimenes (2013), that considers the limitations and possibilities of the application of different pedagogical practices in improving students’ learning. This research was conducted over 10 meetings during the second half of 2015 with 46 third and fourth-semester Accounting students at Instituto Maranhense de Ensino e Cultura - IMEC in the course of Financial Mathematics. Conceptual maps, photos and footage, reports and questionnaires were used as data collection instruments. Results indicate that students who utilized different tools, among them the HP 12C financial calculator, using the BEGIN special function, could realize that not all shops visited by them in this study comply with what is disclosed in advertisements. Thus there was a significant qualitative and conceptual elevation of the support of the subject under study. Through the reports made by students, it was also established that the use of Excel spreadsheets enabled the simulation of various situations, providing a differentiated learning. Finally, results indicate that when students exercise the contents developed in the classroom, using differentiated pedagogical practices, they may become more aware and conscious in relation to the instrumentalization and understanding of interest applied on the market.

知識就是力量，是戰場上打敗敵人的力量，也是商場上擊退競爭對手的力量。由於資訊產業發展重心逐漸由資訊硬體市場轉為資訊服務市場，為了維持台灣在全球資訊市場的領先地位，發展國內資訊服務產業成為刻不容緩的議題，另外，資訊服務業乃是高度知識密集的產業，故本研究擬探討國內資訊服務業知識管理之先進廠商－台灣HP與台灣IBM－如何運用知識管理創造競爭力，內容包括：如何使用科技工具促進知識管理、如何藉由人事制度改善知識管理、如何利用組織結構促進知識管理…等主題，提供給國內其他資訊服務廠商觀摩參考，期能促進國內資訊服務業的發展以及知識管理實務的推展。 本研究針對台灣HP與台灣IBM之「業務/技術支援單位」、「人事制度」與「專業服務單位」，在「知識移轉與流通」、「知識轉換」、「知識創造」、「知識蓄積與擴散」、「知識管理的組織」等知識管理議題中，分別選定其中數項主題進行深入探討，而研究方法則以「個案研究法」為主，藉由實地訪談各單位相關人員，深入瞭解該部門知識管理作法。之後，除了介紹台灣HP與台灣IBM現行知識管理實務，並加以相互比較之外，本研究也將個案知識管理實務與相關知識管理理論進行對照驗證，並檢討個案現行作法之利弊得失。最後，根據文獻理論與訪問結果，本研究也於文末提出整合性的結論與心得，盼能作為實務界人士與後續研究者探討相關議題時之參考。 本研究主要結論如後： 1. 在「知識的移轉與流通」方面，關於知識流通的來源，企業應將顧客視為重要的知識流通來源，而關於種子部隊的移轉使命，企業應挑選具備相關技能專長之成員，輪流擔任種子部隊，並評估其受訓成效以及授課成效，同時給予適當獎勵，以促進組織新知識之移轉。 2. 在「知識的轉換」方面，促進主管傳授技能經驗給下屬的方法包括「領導成效的評估」以及「工作記錄」（將下屬之技能發展軌跡記載於主管之工作記錄當中），而促進成員之間彼此傳授技能經驗的方法則包括「評估各成員『團隊合作』的績效」、「公共評議制」、「利益不重疊」、「評估整體績效」等。 3. 在「知識的創造」方面，促進組織知識創造的作法包括「給予員工充分的自主權」、「培養多種才能的員工」、「與外在環境保持聯繫」、「減少組織的垂直疆界與水平疆界」等。 4. 在「知識的蓄積與擴散」方面，促進知識蓄積與擴散的作法包括「萃取個人經驗並儲存之」（要求各成員重點記錄工作內容並將之存檔）、「知識擴散」（邀請績優人員在會議中分享經驗，或擔任內部講師，或領導專案團隊）、「工作編制與工作設計」（藉工作編制與工作設計提高各成員工作內容之間的互賴性）等，而創造知識分享的文化之作法則包括「主管必須以身作則」、「績效評估」、「鼓勵分享」、「審慎甄選新人」等。 第壹章、 緒論 1 第一節、 研究動機 1 第二節、 研究目的 4 第貳章、 文獻探討 5 第一節、 知識的定義 5 第二節、 知識的特質 6 第三節、 知識與資訊 7 第四節、 知識的內涵與分類 8 第五節、 知識管理的議題 20 第參章、 研究方法 58 第一節、 研究取向 58 第二節、 研究議題 58 第三節、 研究對象 59 第四節、 研究內容 60 第五節、 研究架構 63 第六節、 研究方法 65 第七節、 研究限制 66 第肆章、 個案介紹－台灣HP 67 第一節、 HP簡介 67 第二節、 台灣HP簡介 73 第三節、 業務單位的知識管理議題 78 第四節、 技術支援單位的知識管理議題 92 第五節、 人事制度與知識管理 112 第六節、 知識管理組織－HPC 132 第七節、 其他知識管理議題 146 第伍章、 個案介紹－台灣IBM 153 第一節、 IBM簡介 153 第二節、 台灣IBM簡介 158 第三節、 業務單位的知識管理議題 161 第四節、 技術支援單位的知識管理議題 171 第五節、 人事制度與知識管理 185 第六節、 知識管理組織－Y2K綜合策進處 196 第七節、 其他知識管理議題 203 第陸章、 個案分析 215 第一節、 個案對照 215 第二節、 理論與實務的比較 226 第柒章、 結論與建議 230 第一節、 結論 230 第二節、 後續研究建議 245 第三節、 結語 246 參考文獻 247