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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Laser-arc hybrid welding of high strength steel : Weld quality and process stability

Lohse, David January 2021 (has links)
The development of high strength steel enables constructions to be made with less material than with previous used steel grades. The possibility of creating lightweight constructions with the same or even better mechanical properties is of high focus in the steel industry today. This can reduce productional costs as well as transportation related costs and have a less negative environmental impact. As steels are developed to be more durable, the processing of these steels grow more challenging and the use of conventional welding methods such as MIG/MAG-welding prove difficult (impossible for some steel grades) to obtain acceptable quality with single pass welds. The interest and use of laser-arc hybrid welding has increased during the last decade for its high welding speed and deep weld penetration. There are however still areas of the process that are not well documented. In this master thesis project, joining of laser cut high strength steel sheets with laser-arc hybrid welding has been tested to evaluate weld quality and process stability. The tests was performed on threesteel grades with increasing strength (S960QL, S1100QL and S1300QL). Steel sheets with different pre-welding preparations has been laser-arc hybrid welded and a documentation displaying resulting differences in weld geometry, microstructure, process stability and hardness has been created. For example, samples welded withthe mill scale still present was found not to have negative impact in terms of weld geometry and hardness when using laser-arc hybrid welding. Cooling rates was collected to aid the evaluation of microstructural composition in the welded area. The results of the work in this thesis project can be of aid in making the joining process of high strength steels more efficient.
42

Microstructural Evaluation in Friction Stir Welded High Strength Low Alloy Steels

Abbasi Gharacheh, Majid 04 November 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Understanding microstructural evolution in Friction Stir Welding (FSW) of steels is essential in order to understand and optimize the process. Ferritic steels undergo an allotropic phase transformation. This makes microstructural evolution study very challenging. An approach based on Electron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD) and phase transformation orientation relationships is introduced to reconstruct pre-transformed grain structure and texture. Reconstructed pre-transformed and post-transformed grain structures and textures were investigated in order to understand microstructural evolution. Texture results show that there is evidence of shear deformation as well as recrystallization in the reconstructed prior austenite. Room temperature ferrite exhibits well-defined shear deformation texture components. Shear deformation texture in the room temperature microstructure implies that FSW imposes deformation during and after the phase transformation. Prior austenite grain boundary analysis shows that variant selection is governed by interfacial energy. Variants that have near ideal BCC/FCC misorientation relative to their neighboring austenite and near zero misorientation relative to neighboring ferrite are selected. Selection of coinciding variants in transformed prior austenite Σ3 boundaries supports the interfacial-energy-controlled variant selection mechanism.
43

An Investigation into the Mechanisms of Formation of the Hard Zone in FSW X65

Allred, Jacob D. 13 November 2013 (has links) (PDF)
Friction stir welding (FSW) of HSLA steel commonly produces a hard zone (HZ) on the advancing side (AS) of the weld. Despite its detrimental effects on weld toughness, the mechanisms of its formation have not been thoroughly investigated and are not well understood. This paper investigates the various mechanisms in FSW believed to affect the weld HZ, namely: strain, strain-rate, peak temperature and cooling rate. Gleeble tests indicate that strain and strain rate have negligible effects on weld HZ with cooling rate and peak temperature as dominant effects. Jominy tests resulted in cooling rate having 270% greater influence than peak temperature on the formation of lath ferrite microstructures similar to what is observed in the HZ of FSW X65. Comparing weld HZ microstructures to Jominy tests, it is estimated that cooling rates on the AS of the weld are at least 150°C/s higher than the retreating side. Reducing the cooling rate on the AS will likely lead to an improved microstructure at the weld HZ.
44

Macro segregation in continuous cast HSLA steels : With correlation to impact toughness

Åström, August, Sten, Morgan January 2019 (has links)
The report reviews macro segregations in continuous cast steels and possible correlations to impact toughness. The purpose of the thesis is to investigate centreline segregates and V-segregates to see which of them that affect impact toughness the most. Apart from a literature study, Charpy-V data was collected with permission from SSAB for two steel types, grade A and grade B, each with respective dominant segregation type. The collected data was yielded in three individual Charpy-V tests at different spots on the metal sheet, derived within a close area. The average value of these tests were used in statistical analysis to observe the spread of values in different heats of the two steels. Additionally, the specimens were etched and captured in cross-section. Results indicated that for the data of grade A, where centreline segregates were dominant, the spread of values was higher than for the data of grade B. The conclusion is that centreline segregations are worse in relation to impact toughness, since higher deviations translates to less predictable properties from a customers perspective. / Denna rapport granskar makrosegringar i stränggjutet stål och eventuella kopplingar till slagseghet. Centrumsegringar och V-segringar undersöks för att undersöka vilken segringstyp som har störst effekt på slagseghet, vilket är syftet med denna avhandling. Förutom en litteraturstudie, hämtades Charpy-V data med SSAB’s medgivande från två olika stålsorter, kvalitet A och kvalitet B, med respektive dominant segringstyp. Datan som inhämtades erhölls från tre stycken Charpy-V tester för varje plåt, från ett närliggande område. Medelvärdet för dessa datapunkter användes i statistisk analysför att obeservera spridningen av datapunkter i olika charger av de två stålen. Dessutom, erhölls segringsbilder för respektive slab från SSAB. Resultaten visade att datapunkterna för kvalitet A, som hade centrumsegring som domiant segringstyp, var mer spridd än datan för kvalitet B. Således, är slutsatsen att centrumsegring är värre i relation till slagseghet eftersom en högre avvikelse leder till mindre förutsägbara egenskaper från en kunds perspektiv.
45

Friction Stir Welding and Microstructure Simulation of HSLA-65 and Austenitic Stainless Steel

Failla, David Michael, II 08 September 2009 (has links)
No description available.
46

[en] WELDABILITY ANALISES OF API 5L X-80 STEEL USING TEKKEN TEST AND IMPLANT TEST / [pt] ANÁLISE DA SOLDABILIDADE DO AÇO API 5L X-80 POR MEIO DOS TESTES TEKKEN E DE IMPLANTE

GISELLE CALOI 28 October 2008 (has links)
[pt] Este trabalho apresenta um estudo da soldabilidade do aço API 5L X-80 utilizando os Testes Tekken e de Implante. A pesquisa avalia a soldabilidade do aço X-80 para a soldagem circunferencial com eletrodo revestido e arame tubular com relação à formação de trincas induzidas por hidrogênio. O objetivo é viabilizar diferentes opções de processos de soldagem para o aço em questão. Para o Teste Tekken foram soldados dois pares de chapas pelo processo SMAW utilizando o consumível E8010-G e mais dois pares pelo processo FCAW-G com o consumível E101T1-GM-H8. Para o Teste de Implante foram utilizados três chapas de suporte e dez implantes, sendo que quatro implantes foram soldados pelo processo SMAW com E8010-G e seis pelo processo FCAW- G com E101T1- GM-H8. Todos os implantes apresentavam 6 mm de diâmetro. Para todos os testes a temperatura de preaquecimento foi de 100°C. A quantidade de hidrogênio difusível nos metais de solda produzidos pelos dois consumíveis foi medida pelo processo de Cromatografia Gasosa. Após a realização dos testes, todas as amostras foram observadas sem e com ataque no MO e no MEV para que as trincas induzidas por hidrogênio na ZTA e no MS (no caso do Teste Tekken) pudessem ser analisadas e medidas. A partir desse procedimento foi possível observar que todas as amostras apresentaram trincas transgranulares com comprimentos da ordem de 17,68 um, muito pequenas e improváveis de serem prejudiciais ao aço. Isso possibilita dizer que o aço X- 80 pode ser soldado utilizando os consumíveis avaliados, sem riscos de danos maiores para o material. / [en] This work shows a study of the weldability of API 5L X-80 steel using the Tekken Test and the Implant Test. The research analises the weldability of HSLA X-80 steel for orbital circunferencial welding with the Shielded Metal Arc Weld and the Flux Core Arc Weld processes with regard to hydrogen induced cracking formation. The aim is to make feasible different options of welding process for the steel at issue. For the Tekken Test two pairs of plates were welded by SMAW process using E8010-G consumable and two more pairs by FCAW- G process using E101-T1-GM-H8. The Implant Test used three base plates and ten implants, being four implants welded by SMAW process and with E8010-G consumable and six by FCAW-G process with E101T1-GM-H8 consumable. All the implants have 6 mm of diameter. For all tests the preheating temperature was 100°C. The diffusible hydrogen content deposited by both consumables was measured by the Gas Chromatography Method. After the tests all the samples were examined without and with attack by means of optical microscope and SEM to allow hydrogen induced cracking in the HAZ and in the weld metal (for Tekken Test) to be viewed and measured. By means of this procedure it was possible to observe that all samples showed transgranular cracking with length of 17,68 um, too small and unlikely to the be bad to the steel. It allows saying that X-80 steel can be welded using the consumables tested, without a risk of damage of the material.
47

Resistência à corrosão e ao trincamento induzido por hidrogênio de aços para tubos API 5L X65. / Corrosion and hydrogen induced cracking resistance of pipeline steels API 5L X65.

Hincapie Ladino, Duberney 26 October 2012 (has links)
Com a descoberta de novas fontes de petróleo e gás, em regiões remotas e de difícil acesso, tem-se a necessidade do desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias para garantir a eficácia da exploração destes recursos. Essa exploração e extração muitas vezes se dão em ambientes altamente corrosivos e os equipamentos devem apresentar propriedades que garantam um fator de segurança em serviço. Os aços de alta resistência e baixa liga (ARBL) são utilizados em tubulações para o transporte de gás natural e petróleo. Estes estão constantemente expostos a ambientes ácidos os quais são compostos de umidade e sulfeto de hidrogênio (H2S), podendo causar falha induzida pela presença de hidrogênio (Hydrogen Induced Cracking HIC). Este tipo de falha é normalmente abordado na literatura através de ensaios em solução contendo ácido acético e/ou sais (cloreto de sódio, entre outros), sempre com a injeção de H2S. Há vários mecanismos propostos, no entanto, o assunto não está totalmente resolvido. As alterações de composição química dos aços, processos de refino do aço e processos de conformação mecânica são responsáveis pela microestrutura final e determinantes da resistência à fragilização por hidrogênio. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar e comparar o comportamento quanto à resistência à corrosão e resistência à HIC de quatro materiais: tubo X65 sour, sua região de solda, tubo X65 não-sour e uma chapa destinada a confecção de tubo X65. Os eletrólitos empregados foram: solução A (ácido acético contendo cloreto de sódio) e a solução B (água do mar sintética), os quais correspondem às soluções recomendadas pela norma NACE TM0284-2003. Os materiais foram submetidos a: ensaios de polarização (Polarização Linear para determinação da Resistência de Polarização - Rp) e ensaios de resistência a HIC segundo a norma NACE TM0284-2003; exames em microscópio óptico e eletrônico de varredura para caracterização da morfologia da corrosão e do trincamento. Os ensaios de Rp revelaram que a solução A é mais agressiva do que a solução B, sendo isso explicado pela diferença de pH entre estas duas soluções. Os resultados mostraram ainda que a máxima resistência à corrosão sempre é obtida para o tubo sour, enquanto a mínima ocorreu para o tubo não-sour. Após o ensaio de resistência a HIC os exames em microscópio óptico revelaram que, em ambas as soluções, o tubo de X65 sour, e a sua solda não apresentaram trincas, bem como a chapa destinada a tubo X65; já o tubo de X65 não-sour apresentou trincamento principalmente na região central. Os exames das trincas revelaram que a presença de cementita intergranular e a estrutura bandeada foram as causas do trincamento. No caso do tubo sour, o bom desempenho foi discutido em termos da microestrutura de ferrita poligonal, acicular e microconstituinte M/A. Já o comportamento distinto encontrado para a chapa (para tubo X65), foi discutido levando-se em conta que esta chapa apresentou menor quantidade de cementita intergranular, uma vez que, sua microestrutura é bandeada e não foi encontrado trincamento. Os resultados também revelaram que a solução B, como no caso da resistência à corrosão, é uma solução menos agressiva, pois o trincamento obtido foi muito menor. / The discovery of new oil and gas reserves, at remote and hard to reach locations, makes imperative the development of new technologies to ensure effective exploitation of these resources. This exploitation is often performed at highly corrosive environments and equipment such as pipelines should have special mechanical and corrosion properties to guarantee safety levels in service. High-Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) steels are used in pipelines for transporting gas and oil. These steels are in constant exposure to acid environments containing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and water, that can cause pipeline failures due to Hydrogen-Induced Cracking - HIC. The literature reports that Hydrogen-Induced Cracking in steels is normally tested in solutions containing acetic acid and/or, salts (sodium chloride and others) with addition of H2S. Chemical composition, steel refining processes and metal forming processes are responsible for the final microstructure of the steel and have effect on the hydrogen embrittlement resistance. The purpose of this work is to analyze and compare the corrosion resistance and HIC resistance, and compare of four materials: pipeline steel API 5L X65 for sour service, its welded junctions, pipeline steel API 5L X65 for non-sour service and pipeline steel plate API 5L X65. The materials were submitted to linear polarization test (Rp) and HIC resistance test according to NACE TM0284-2003 standard. Both tests were carried out with two different electrolytes: the solution A (acetic acid and sodium chloride) and solution B (synthetic seawater). Subsequently; the surface of the steels were evaluated by optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy in order to characterize the cracking modes and corrosion morphology. The Rp tests showed that the solution A is more aggressive than solution B, behavior attributed to the pH difference between solutions. Steel API 5L X65 for sour service had the highest corrosion resistance and pipeline steel API 5L X65 for non-sour service had the lowest. The HIC test and the surface examination revealed that in both solutions, pipeline steel API 5L X65 for sour service, the welded junctions and the pipeline steel plate API 5L X65 showed no cracks. On the other hand, pipeline steel API 5L X65 for non-sour service presented cracking mainly in the central region. The tests revealed that the cracks nucleated at the intergranular cementite in the banded structure. The good performance of the pipeline steel API 5L X65 for sour service was discussed in terms of the microstructure, formed by polygonal ferrite, acicular ferrite and M/A microconstituent. The performance of steel plate (for pipeline API 5L X65) was different. This material did not exhibit cracks in the matrix in spite of its banded microstructure. This result was discussed taking into account that the plate studied had a small amount of intergranular cementite. The results also showed that the solution B, as in the case of corrosion resistance tests, was less aggressive than solution A, because the cracks produced were smaller.
48

Estudo da soldabilidade do tubo API 5L X80 utilizando os processos de soldagem: MAG com transferência controlada e eletrodo tubular. / Study of the weldability of API 5L X80 pipe using the gmaw-stt and fcaw welding process.

Rocha, David Bellentani 11 March 2010 (has links)
Os tubos API 5L X80, construídos com aços alta resistência e baixa liga, são especificados para a construção de dutos para transporte de petróleo e derivados sob alta pressão, com conseqüente redução no peso dos tubos. O processo mais empregado para a soldagem circunferencial de tubos em campo no Brasil é o processo com eletrodo revestido, tanto para o passe de raiz quanto para os passes de enchimento. Uma alternativa para o passe de raiz é o processo de soldagem MAG com Transferência Controlada (MAG-TC), enquanto que o enchimento pode ser feito com o processo de soldagem utilizando eletrodo tubular (AT), tanto o auto-protegido (AT-AP) como o com proteção gasosa (AT-PG). Esta combinação de processos (MAG-TC + AT) apresenta-se como um promissor substituto do processo de soldagem com eletrodo revestido, reunindo alta qualidade do metal de solda depositado e alta produtividade. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a soldabilidade do tubo API 5L X80 nacional, com 508 mm (20\") de diâmetro e 19 mm (3/4\") de espessura, comparando-se duas combinações de processos de soldagem circunferencial: MAG-TC + AT-PG e MAG-TC + AT-AP. A soldagem foi realizada com o arame ER80S-G no passe de raiz e processo MAG-TC com proteção de CO2. O enchimento foi feito com os arames E101T1-GM-H8 (com proteção gasosa) e E91T8-G (auto-protegido). Foram fixadas as temperaturas de pré-aquecimento (150 °C) e interpasse (250 °C) para ambas combinações de processos de soldagem. As juntas foram caracterizadas utilizando-se: análise química, saturação magnética, metalografia óptica e eletrônica de varredura e ensaios mecânicos: dureza Vickers, tração, dobramento, nick-break e ensaio de impacto a 0°C. Foi seguido como referência os requisitos técnicos básicos para a qualificação de um procedimento de soldagem conforme a norma API 1104. Os resultados mostraram que, segundo os critérios da norma API 1104, apenas uma das combinações de processos foi aprovada, sendo a outra reprovada no ensaio nick-break devido à ocorrência de falta de fusão na raiz de um dos quadrantes. O processo MAG-TC na raiz exige uma habilidade específica do soldador. / API 5L X80 pipes, built with high strength - low alloy steel, are specified for the construction of pipelines to transport oil and oil products under high pressure, with consequent reduction in weight of the tubes. The most often pipeline construction used for welding circumferential pipe field in Brazil is the SMAW process, for root and filling passes. An alternative welding process to the root pass is the GMAW-STT® process, while the filling passes can be welded with FCAW-G (Flux Cored Arc Welding with Gas shielding) and FCAWS (Flux Cored Arc Welding with Self shielding). This combination of processes (GMAW-STT® + FCAW) is presented as a promising substitute for the SMAW process, bringing high-quality weld metal deposited and high productivity. The objective of this work is to study the weldability of the Brazilian API 5L X80 pipe, with 508 mm (20 inches) in diameter and 19 mm (3 / 4 inch) thick, comparing the two combinations of circumferential welding processes: GMAWSTT ® + FCAW-G and GMAW-STT® + FCAW-S. The welding was done with the ER80S-G wire in the root pass and process GMAW-STT® using pure CO2 as shielding gas. The filling passes were made with the wires E101T1-GM-H8 for FCAW-G and E91T8-G for FCAW-S. Preheat and interpass temperatures were kept constant, respectively 150 °C and 250 °C for both welding processes combinations. The joints were characterized using: chemical analysis, magnetic saturation, optical metallography and scanning electron microscopy and mechanical tests such as: Vickers hardness, tensile, bending, nick-break and Charpy V test at 0°C. It was followed API 1104 standard as reference to the basic technical requirements for the qualification of a welding procedures. The results showed that, according to the criteria of the API 1104 standard, only one combination of the two processes was approved. The other combination was reproved in the nick-break test due to lack of fusion occurred in one of the quadrants in the root pass. The GMAW-STT® process at the root pass requires a specific skill of the welder.
49

Influência do tempo de imersão em solução aquosa contendo H2S  sobre a tenacidade de tubo API 5L X65 sour avaliada a partir de ensaio Charpy / Influence of immersion time in water solution containing H2S opn the toughness of pipe API 5L X65 Sour evaluated from Charpy test.

Brandão, Bryane Prando 13 November 2015 (has links)
Com o decorrer dos anos o consumo de petróleo e seus derivados aumentou significativamente e com isso houve a necessidade de se investir em pesquisas para descobertas de novas jazidas de petróleo como o pré-sal. Porém, não apenas a localização dessas jazidas deve ser estudada, mas, também, sua forma de exploração. Essa exploração e extração, na maioria das vezes, se dão em ambientes altamente corrosivos e o transporte do produto extraído é realizado através de tubulações de aço de alta resistência e baixa liga (ARBL). Aços ARBL expostos a ambientes contendo H2S e CO2 (sour gas) sofrem corrosão generalizada que promovem a entrada de hidrogênio atômico no metal, podendo diminuir sua tenacidade e causar falha induzida pela presença de hidrogênio (Hydrogen Induced Cracking HIC), gerando falhas graves no material. Tais falhas podem ser desastrosas para o meio ambiente e para a sociedade. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a tenacidade, utilizando ensaio Charpy, de um tubo API 5L X65 sour após diferentes tempos de imersão em uma solução saturada com H2S. O eletrólito empregado foi a solução A (ácido acético contendo cloreto de sódio) da norma NACE TM0284 (2011), fazendo-se desaeração com injeção de N2, seguida de injeções de H2S. Os materiais foram submetidos a: ensaios de resistência a HIC segundo a norma NACE TM0284 (2011) e exames em microscópio óptico e eletrônico de varredura para caracterização microestrutural, de inclusões e trincas. As amostras foram submetidas a imersão em solução A durante 96h e 360h, sendo que, após doze dias do término da imersão, foram realizados os ensaios Charpy e exames fractográficos. Foram aplicados dois métodos: o de energia absorvida e o da expansão lateral, conforme recomendações da norma ASTM E23 (2012). As curvas obtidas, em função da temperatura de impacto, foram ajustadas pelo método da tangente hiperbólica. Esses procedimentos foram realizados nas duas seções do tubo (transversal e longitudinal) e permitiram a obtenção dos seguintes parâmetros: energias absorvidas e expansão lateral nos patamares superior e inferior e temperaturas de transição dúctil-frágil (TTDF) em suas diferentes definições, ou seja, TTDFEA, TTDFEA-DN, TTDFEA-FN, TTDFEL, TTDFEL-DN e TTDFEL-FN (identificação no item Lista de Abreviaturas e Siglas). No exame fractográfico observou-se que o material comportou-se conforme o previsto, ou seja, em temperaturas mais altas ocorreu fratura dúctil, em temperaturas próximas a TTDF obteve-se fratura mista e nas temperaturas mais baixas observou-se o aparecimento de fratura frágil. Os resultados mostraram que quanto maior o tempo de imersão na solução A, menor é a energia absorvida e a expansão lateral no patamar superior, o que pode ser explicado pelo (esperado) aumento do teor de hidrogênio em solução sólida com o tempo de imersão. Por sua vez, os resultados mostraram que há tendência à diminuição da temperatura de transição dúctil-frágil com o aumento do tempo de imersão, particularmente, as TTDFEA-DN e TTDFEL-DN das duas seções do tubo (longitudinal e transversal). Esse comportamento controverso, que pode ser denominado de tenacificação com o decorrer do tempo de imersão na solução A, foi explicado pelo aparecimento de trincas secundárias durante o impacto (Charpy). Isso indica uma limitação do ensaio Charpy para a avaliação precisa de materiais hidrogenados. / Over the years the consumption of crude oil and its derivatives increased significantly, creating the necessity to invest in research to discover new sources of pre-salt crude oil. However, not only the location of these deposits should be studied, but also its extraction. This exploration and extraction, in most cases, occur in highly corrosive environments and the transport of the extracted product is performed by high strength low alloy steel pipes (HSLA). HSLA steels exposed to environments containing CO2 and H2S (sour gas) suffer general corrosion that promotes the diffusion of atomic hydrogen into the metal structure, which may decrease its toughness and induce cracks by the presence of hydrogen (Hydrogen Induced Cracking - HIC), leading the material to severe failures. Such events can be disastrous for the environment and the society. The objective of this work is to study the toughness using Charpy Impact Tests on an API 5L X65 sour service steel pipe, submitted to different immersion times in a H2S saturated solution. The used electrolyte was the NACE TM0284 (2011) solution A (acetic acid containing sodium chloride), with deaeration by N2 injection followed by H2S injection. The materials were submitted to HIC resistance tests according to NACE TM0284 (2011) standard and examination by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy for microstructural inclusions and cracks characterization. The samples were immersed in the solution for 96h and 360h and after twelve days of immersion, Charpy tests and fracture analysis were performed. Two analytical methods were applied to Charpy tests results: the energy absorbed and lateral expansion, as recommended by the ASTM E23 (2012). The obtained curves, that are a function of impact temperature, were adjusted by the hyperbolic tangent method. This procedure was performed in two different orientations in the pipe (transverse and longitudinal) and allowed the determination of the following parameters: energy absorbed and lateral expansion in the upper and lower levels and ductile-to-brittle transition temperatures (DBTT) in its different definitions: DBTTAE, DBTTAE-DN, DBTTAE-FN, DBTTLE, DBTTLE-DN e DBTTLE-FN. Fracture analysis revealed that the material behaved as expected, meaning that at higher temperatures ductile fracture occurred, at temperatures near DBTT it was obtained a mixed fracture and at lower temperatures it was observed the presence of brittle fracture. Results showed that when the immersion time in the solution was higher, the energy absorbed in upper shelf decreases, and also lateral expansion in upper shelf decreases, which may be explained by the (expected) increase of hydrogen level in solid solution, induced by the immersion time. It was found that there is a tendency of the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature to be lower with the increase of immersion time, particularly the DBTTAE-DN and DBTTLE-DN of the two pipe sections (longitudinal and transversal). This controversial behavior, which may be defined as the toughening by the increase of immersion time in the solution A, was explained by the appearance of secondary cracks during impact test (Charpy). This indicates a limitation of the Charpy test for the accurate characterization of hydrogenated materials, concerning toughness.
50

Caracterização mecânica e microestrutural do aço API 5L - X65 soldado por feixe de elétrons / Mechanical and microstructural characterization of API 5L - X65 steel welded by electron beam

Filipe Corrêa Pinto 09 August 2011 (has links)
O objetivo deste trabalho é a caracterização mecânica e microestrutural do aço API 5L-X65 soldado por feixe de elétrons para possível aplicação no processo de fabricação de dutos para o transporte de óleo e gás. A caracterização do material será realizada por meio de microscopia ótica, análise de textura via difração de raios X, microdureza Vickers e ensaio Charpy V. Para a caracterização microestrutural, foram testados diferentes ataques químicos para a identificação das fases presentes na microestrutura de cada uma das três regiões que compõem uma junta soldada, zona fundida (ZF), zona termicamente afetada (ZTA) e o metal base (MB). As microestruturas das regiões que foram submetidas ao ciclo térmico de soldagem, apresentaram-se bastante distintas da microestrutura bandeada ferrítico-perlítica encontrada no MB. A ZTA apresentou uma estrutura de grãos refinados, as bandas perlíticas do MB se tornaram completamente difusas, não mantendo qualquer semelhança com a microestrutura perlítica anterior e também, foram evidenciadas ilhas do constituinte M-A (martensita-austenita). Na ZF foram evidenciadas as fases tipicamente encontradas em metais de solda de aços microligados, tais como: ferrita de Widmanstätten, acicular, alotriomórfica, além de bainita e ilhas do constituinte M-A. Os resultados das propriedades mecânicas do material submetido ao processo de soldagem por EBW foram satisfatórios e atendem os requisitos da Norma API 5L. Desta forma, de acordo com os resultados obtidos neste trabalho é possível a aplicação da soldagem por EBW na fabricação e montagem de sistemas de dutos. / The aim of this work is the mechanical and microstructural characterization of API 5L-X65 steel welds performed by electron beam welding, as well as to investigate the technical feasibility of applying this welding process in the manufacture and assembly of pipelines for oil and gas. The characterization was carried out by using light optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction texture analysis, Vickers micro-hardness testing and tests Charpy V. For the microstructural characterization, several chemical etchants were tested in order to identify the phases present in the microstructure of the regions associated to the weld, i.e. the weld metal (WM), the heat affected zone (HAZ) and the base metal (BM). The microstructures of the regions exposed to thermal welding cycles displayed quite distinct microstructure than the one found in the BM (banded ferritic-pearlitic structure). The HAZ showed a refined grain structure where the pearlite bands of BM became quite diffuse. Islands of the M-A (martensite-austenite) constituent were found in the HAZ. The phases typically found in weld metals of microalloyed steels such as Widmanstätten ferrite, acicular ferrite, allotriomorphic ferrite, bainite, and M-A constituent were found in the WM. The results of the mechanical properties of the material submitted to the welding process by EBW were satisfactory and meet the requirements of the standard API 5L. Thus, the according to the results obtained in this work is possible the application of EBW in the manufacture and assembly of pipeline systems.

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