Safeners are the chemicals used to protect plants from detrimental effects of herbicides, but their mode of action at the molecular level is not well understood. As an initial step towards understanding the molecular mechanism of safener action in trees, homologous genes in hybrid poplar (Populus nigra x Populus maximowiczii) that were induced by a safener were identified. We here describe the identification of differentially expressed genes in Populus that are induced by Concep-III, a herbicide safener. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) enriched for transcriptionally induced genes were isolated by suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH). The SSH library cDNA inserts were used to construct a cDNA microarray for high-throughput validation of the up-regulated expression of safener-induced genes. Single-pass and partial sequences of 1,344 safener-induced ESTs were assembled into 418 single-tons and 328 clusters, but the putative functions of almost 53% of the ESTs are not known. Genes encoding proteins involved in all three different phases of safener action, viz., oxidation, conjugation, and sequestration, were found in the SSH library. Almost 75% of genes that showed greater than 2-fold expression upon safener treatment were redundant in the SSH library. The expression pattern for selected genes was validated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. A few safener-induced genes that were not previously reported to be induced by safeners, but which may have a role in herbicide metabolism, were identified. The newly identified genes could have potential for application in genetic engineering of plants for herbicide detoxification and tolerance.

The use of adjuvant The use of adjuvant polychemotherapy (ACT) confers unequivocal benefits in terms of relapse free (RFS) and overall survival (OS) after resection of early breast cancer (BC). Although the magnitude of benefit is the same regardless of clinicopathological factors such as ER expression or nodal stage, it is clear that a substantial proportion of patients will eventually relapse and succumb to the disease. As a result, consistent efforts are made towards exploring biomarkers for prognostication, risk stratification and eventually for patient selection for novel therapies such as the modulation of the tumor-host response with the use of PD-1 inhibitors. Intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) could be a potential driver of resistance to therapy and biologic aggressiveness. Cell-to-cell variability in tumors has been known for over a century, yet attempts to measure it and evaluate its clinical impact are just emerging. Heterogeneity both at the genetic and epigenetic level has been proposed to influence many aspects of tumor biology and clinical behavior, including resistance to pharmacologic therapies. In particular, the ongoing mutation rate continues the ITH of unselected clones, potentially increasing their fitness and thus becoming the driving force that promotes clonal expansion and phenotypic diversification. As a result, the delivery of precision medicine is complicated, possibly affecting patient outcomes. Quantifying the spatial ITH of the disease may result in the optimization of management algorithms. The main objective of this study is to demonstrate the analytical validity of RNAscope for the detection of ER, HER2 and PD-L1 expression in breast cancer tissue. The secondary objective is to study the spatial distribution between protein and gene expression of PD-L1 as determined through the use of immunofluorescence and RNAscope, respectively. polychemotherapy (ACT) confers unequivocal benefits in terms of relapse free (RFS) and overall survival (OS) after resection of early breast cancer (BC). Although the magnitude of benefit is the same regardless of clinicopathological factors such as ER expression or nodal stage, it is clear that a substantial proportion of patients will eventually relapse and succumb to the disease. As a result, consistent efforts are made towards exploring biomarkers for prognostication, risk stratification and eventually for patient selection for novel therapies such as the modulation of the tumor-host response with the use of PD-1 inhibitors. Intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) could be a potential driver of resistance to therapy and biologic aggressiveness. Cell-to-cell variability in tumors has been known for over a century, yet attempts to measure it and evaluate its clinical impact are just emerging. Heterogeneity both at the genetic and epigenetic level has been proposed to influence many aspects of tumor biology and clinical behavior, including resistance to pharmacologic therapies. In particular, the ongoing mutation rate continues the ITH of unselected clones, potentially increasing their fitness and thus becoming the driving force that promotes clonal expansion and phenotypic diversification. As a result, the delivery of precision medicine is complicated, possibly affecting patient outcomes. Quantifying the spatial ITH of the disease may result in the optimization of management algorithms. The main objective of this study is to demonstrate the analytical validity of RNAscope for the detection of ER, HER2 and PD-L1 expression in breast cancer tissue. The secondary objective is to study the spatial distribution between protein and gene expression of PD-L1 as determined through the use of immunofluorescence and RNAscope, respectively.

No description available.

El objetivo de esta investigación es el de analizar el proceso de apropiación y resignificación de los elementos gráficos de la cultura popular por parte de espacios de consumo masivo. En base a ello, se plantearía como hipótesis los efectos en la percepción de los usuarios en base a la resignificación de los elementos iconoplásticos de la gráfica popular utilizada por parte de espacios de consumo masivo y las alteraciones gráficas a las que es sometida. La investigación que se efectuó es descriptiva y se utilizó el método mixto. Para el desarrollo de este trabajo, se realizó entrevistas con diferentes especialistas, así como la realización de trabajo de campo, análisis de piezas gráficas y encuestas al público objeto de estudio dentro del análisis. Los resultados hallados muestran que la mayor cantidad de personas encuestadas relacionan los murales utilizados por parte del centro comercial como representaciones de gráfica popular peruana, de igual manera son estas mismas gráficas lo que más llama la atención del espacio visitado. Finalmente, como conclusiones se obtuvo que la apropiación y resignificación de la gráfica popular utilizada por parte de espacios de consumo masivo ha tenido un impacto positivo en su aplicación, pues en primera instancia, logró obtener la atención del público objetivo deseado y de esta manera mejorar el flujo de consumidores en esta área del centro comercial, de igual manera logra el objetivo de representar la cultura popular del país. / The objective of this research is to analyze the process of appropriation and resignification of the graphic elements of popular culture by mass consumption spaces. Based on this, the effects on the perception of users based on the resignification of the iconoplastic elements of popular graphics used by mass consumption spaces and the graphic alterations to which it is subjected would be hypothesized. The research that was carried out is descriptive and the mixed method was used. For the development of this work, interviews were conducted with different specialists, as well as the realization of field work, analysis of graphic pieces and surveys of the public under study within the analysis. The results found show that the largest number of people surveyed relate the murals used by the shopping center as representations of Peruvian popular graphics, in the same way it is these same graphics that most attract the attention of the space visited. Finally, as conclusions, it was obtained that the appropriation and resignification of the popular graphics used by mass consumption spaces has had a positive impact on its application, since in the first instance, it managed to obtain the attention of the desired target audience and thus improve the flow of consumers in this area of ​​the shopping center, likewise achieves the objective of representing the popular culture of the country. / Trabajo de investigación

Genome maps provide information used to identify economic trait loci and loci proximal to genes affecting economically important traits. This research contributes to the development of the ovine genome map by establishing ovine tissue culture techniques and fluorescent in situ hybridization techniques in this laboratory. In addition, a karyotype for sheep affected with spider lamb syndrome was developed. Ovine tissue culture techniques were established using fibroblasts grown from primary explants of sheep and modified cytogenetic procedures. Metaphase chromosomes were obtained from the fibroblast cultures and used for fluorescent in situ hybridization and for banding procedures to develop the spider lamb karyotype. Fluorescent in situ hybridization procedures were established by hybridizing a fluorescent-labeled probe to fixed ovine chromosome spreads. The probe was a bacterial artificial chromosome clone containing the bovine 3-β-hydroxy-5-ene steroid dehydrogenase gene. In this study, the probe hybridized to ovine chromosome 1. This chromosomal location was supported by the previous hybridization of the probe to bovine chromosome 3, which has a high level of homology with ovine chromosome 1. The final objective of this study was to determine whether a chromosomal abnormality is the cause of spider lamb syndrome, a fatal autosomal recessive genetic disease in North American black-faced breeds of sheep. A fibroblast cell line was produced from a four-week-old male homozygous spider lamb. Chromosomes were banded with trypsin using standard structural banding techniques. The lamb had a normal diploid chromosomes, 23 pairs of autosomal acrocentrics, and a large acrocentric X and a minute biarmed Y chromosome. G-band analysis of all chromosomes within the karyotype did not reveal any abnormality that was attributable to spider lamb syndrome.

Les hautes montagnes des Andes du Nord abritent un écosystème de type tropical alpin connu localement sous le nom de páramo. En dépit de conditions climatiques stressantes, ces habitats totalisent 10 à 20% de la richesse de la flore Andine et contiennent les radiations de plantes alpines les plus rapides au monde. Les Espeletiinae (Asteraceae; Heliantheae), endémique de ces habitats et figurant parmi ces exemples majeurs de diversification andine, ont su profiter des avantages écologiques fournit par la formation des páramos, en développant une remarquable diversité morphologique et écologique en moins de 3 Ma pour faire face aux nombreux stress abiotiques présents dans ces écosystèmes. Ce complexe de +/- 135 espèces inclut des formes de vie arborescentes ramifiées, des rosettes acaules naines, et des rosettes caulescentes aussi bien sessiles que géantes, constituant une adaptation emblématiques des milieux tropicaux alpins. Ces plantes sont également caractérisées par une distribution d'espèces diversifiée au niveau du páramo dans des milieux humides, des prairies alpines ouvertes ou des pentes rocailleuses à partir de la limite supérieur des forets andines vers 2500m d'altitude jusqu'aux bords des glaciers à environ 4600m. Cette forte diversité morphologique et écologique observée, associée à de forts taux de sympatrie entre ces espèces, a conduit à l’hypothèse d’une radiation adaptative des Espeletiinae dans les páramos. Or les reconstructions phylogénétiques préalablement effectuées, permettant de tester cette origine évolutive, s’avèrent peu résolues en raison de l’évolution très récente du complexe couplées à l’utilisation de marqueurs phylogénétiques traditionnels ou encore en raison de nombreux événements d’hybridation observés pouvant biaiser les reconstructions phylogénétiques. Aujourd’hui, l’avènement des nouvelles technologies de séquençage offre de nouvelles perspectives en phylogénomique. Si bien qu’au travers de ce travail de thèse, l’utilisation de fragments génomiques aléatoires (par méthode de shotgun-sequencing) et ciblés (par méthode de ddRAD-sequencing) a permis de reconstruire pour la première fois des phylogénies robustes et d’étudier les événements d’hybridations à l’intérieur du complexe, apportant ainsi de nouvelles réponses quant à l’évolution de ces taxons dans les páramos. / The high-elevations ecosystems in the Northern Andes, known as paramos, exhibit an exceptional diversity of species accounting for 10 to 20% of Andean flora's richness and contain the fastest alpine plant radiation in the world. The Espeletiinae (Asteraceae, Heliantheae), endemic to these habitats and among these major examples of Andean diversification, took advantage of the ecological benefits provided by the uplift of the páramos, by developing a remarkable morphological and ecological diversity in less than 3 Ma to cope with the abiotic stresses of these ecosystems. This complex of +/- 135 species includes branched tree life forms, dwarf rosettes, and caulescent as well sessile as giant rosettes, constituting an emblematic adaptation of tropical alpine environments. These plants are also diversified in páramo, in wetlands, open alpine meadows or rocky slopes from the upper limit of the Andean forests at 2500m altitude to the edges of the glaciers at 4600m. Such morphological and ecological diversity, in association with high sympatric rates between these species, led to the hypothesis of an adaptive radiation of Espeletiinae. However, the first phylogenetic reconstructions, testing this evolutionary origin, failed to depict any relationships between these species because of the very recent evolution of the complex, the use of traditional phylogenetic markers and/or the widely hybridization events, which could skew the phylogenetic signal. Today, the advent of new sequencing technologies offers new perspectives in phylogenomics. As a result of this thesis work, the use of random (shotgun-sequencing) and targeted genomic fragments (by ddRAD-sequencing method) made it possible to reconstruct for the first time robust phylogenies and to study the hybridization events inside this complex, bringing new answers to the evolution of these plants in the páramos.

This research examines the development of management innovation (MI) through resistance encountered in international settings. MI literature is at an embryonic stage and has been missing from the international business discipline even though it has been shown to be a sustainable competitive advantage for firms. This leads to the overarching research questions for this study: How is MI developed in international organizations? The underlying theoretical foundation is based on hybridization, which proposes mixing organizational climate and local culture creates mimicry and resistance. Resistance can be seen in adaptations of policies, practices, and procedures, also known as organizational climate. The initial study links the outcome of hybridization to the current MI process model. The second study delves into the attributes associated with resistance being converted to MI. These empirical studies show MI being created through resistance in international settings and lay the groundwork for additional discoveries. The methodological approach for these studies is nontraditional. The first study was a qualitative deductive case study with analysis including a priori coding, thematic analysis, and pattern matching. The results supported the proposition that resistance, through hybridization, can create MI in international organizations. Building on the initial findings, the second study used fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), which goes beyond linear regression analysis, to identify combinations of attributes that result in MI. Theoretical cues from innovation and cross-cultural literature were referenced to select relevant conditions. The study setting was not a private firm but instead the U.S. Department of State (DOS). The data was composed of reports generated through qualitative methods by the Office of Inspector General (OIG) at 15 large embassies and consulates. This unique data source provides a plethora of rich context and a glimpse into the black box of resistance. The results of both findings contribute to the fledgling MI literature and create additional interdisciplinary research avenues. The theoretical contribution extends hybridization theory beyond simplistic outcomes of mimicry and resistance and further links it to the MI process and the creation model. This study also contributes to methodology literature since the methods of both studies are still scarce in business studies. The empirical findings build on proposed theories and bolster the methodological approaches. Practitioners will also find the results useful and operational. These findings support shifting the view of resistance as merely tolerated or as an obstacle to overcome, to a possible competitive advantage in developing MI. The overarching goal is to encourage a renewed look at resistance so that scholars and managers will embrace the forgotten view of “Vive la Résistance.” / Business Administration/International Business Administration

Identification of genes specific to fiber development would improve the efforts in developing cotton plants with superior fiber quality. Through genetic introgression, 17 interspecific chromosome substitution lines (CS-B lines) of upland cotton in G. hirsutum (TM-1) have been developed and released recently. These substitution lines have TM1 as background and contain either whole chromosome or chromosome arms of G. barbadense (line 3-79) chromosomes. CS-B25 has chromosome 25 from G. barbadense substituted into TM-1 G. hirsutum was reported to show superior fiber properties. In this study, suppression subtraction hybridization (SSH) combined with Affymetrix cotton genome microarray arrays were used to identify differentially expressed genes in CS-B25. An SSH fiber cDNA library was constructed with differentially expressed genes identified in CS-B25. Microarray analysis showed that 23 genes were up-regulated and 9 down-regulated. Majority of these genes were involved in Ethylene signal pathway, Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and cell wall synthesis.

Huntington Disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by expanded CAG repeats in the exon1 of huntingtin gene (HTT). The mutant HTT affects the transcriptional profile of neurons by disrupting the activities of transcriptional machinery and alters expression of many genes. In this study, we identified dysregulated non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in medium spiny neurons of 4-week-old HD model mouse. Also, we observed the intracellular localizations of Abhd11os and Neat1 ncRNAs by ViewRNA in situ hybridization, which could provide more precise detection, suggesting that it is a useful method to investigate the expression changes of genes with low expression levels. / 博士(理学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Science / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

No description available.