Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um Sistema de Suporte a Decisão (SSD) para o planejamento operacional de sistemas hidrotérmicos de grande porte formados por um conjunto de usinas hidrelétricas e termelétricas, operados para geração e atendimento a demandas de energia elétrica. São consideradas também outras fontes de geração de energia, a expansão do sistema, transposições, usos múltiplos da água e restrições ambientais. O SSD integra um banco de dados com informações sobre o sistema hidrotérmico, uma interface gráfica para facilitar a edição dos dados e visualização dos resultados e os modelos de simulação e otimização. Os modelos do SSD chamado HIDROTERM baseiam-se na programação não linear (PNL). Nas diversas aplicações feitas do SSD com dados do Sistema Interligado Nacional (SIN), formado por 4 subsistemas e 128 usinas hidrelétricas ativas, foram obtidos resultados bastante satisfatórios demonstrando diversos avanços em relação ao modelo SISOPT de Barros et al. (2003), com destaque para a velocidade de processamento, o porte de sistemas aos quais o modelo pode ser aplicado e a representação bem mais completa do sistema hidrotérmico. Além do planejamento da operação do sistema hidrotérmico, o SSD pode ser aplicado também para diagnósticos do sistema existente, análises de impacto de mudanças em regras operacionais e de usos múltiplos da água, planejamento e avaliação de alternativas de expansão. / This paper presents the development of a Decision Support System (DSS) for the operational planning of large-scale hydrothermal systems formed by a series of hydroelectric and thermoelectric power plants, operated for the production and service demands for energy. Other sources of energy production, the expansion of the system, water transfers, multiple uses of water and environmental constraints are also considered. The DSS integrates a database with information of the hydrothermal system, a graphical interface to facilitate the editing of the data and display the results and the simulation and optimization models. The models of the called DSS HIDROTERM are based on the non-linear programming (NLP). In several applications made with the DSS with data for the Brazilian Hydrothermal System, formed by 4 subsystems and 128 active hydroelectric plants, very satisfactory results were obtained demonstrating various advances in relation to the model SISOPT from Barros et al. (2003), with emphasis on the processing speed, the size of systems to which the model can be applied and in a much more complete representation of the hydrothermal system. In addition to the planning of the operation of the hydrothermal system, the DSS can be applied also to the existing system diagnoses, analyses the impact of changes in operating rules and of multiple uses of water, planning and evaluation of expansion alternatives.

A expansão da oferta energética frente à crescente demanda se mostra como um grande desafio para o país nas últimas décadas, tanto que para estimular os investimentos privados na área de geração de energia elétrica, o poder executivo, em 2003, iniciou as discussões de forma a apresentar seus objetivos e os pré-requisitos para alcançá-los e que mais tarde viria a se transformar na reforma do modelo institucional, introduzida no ano de 2004. Um dos marcos da reforma promovida são os leilões de compra de energia elétrica, tanto de geração existente, quanto de empreendimentos novos, sendo que a modalidades de contratação da energia pode ser por quantidade e por disponibilidade. Na modalidade de contratação por quantidade, o gerador vender um determinado montante de energia a um preço e deverá entregá-la ao comprador independentemente do seu montante de geração verificada em cada período. Na modalidade de contratação de energia por disponibilidade, o empreendedor é remunerado pelo investimento incorrido para construção e manutenção da usina, sendo ressarcido pelos compradores do contrato no custo de operação da usina incorrido, em caso de despacho da geração pelo operador do sistema elétrico. A contratação por disponibilidade é aplicada aos empreendimentos termelétricos e eólicos, cujos combustíveis podem ser desde os ventos e resíduos agrícolas de baixo custo, até óleo combustível derivado de petróleo com um alto custo e suscetível às oscilações de preço no mercado internacional. Esse custo assumido pelo comprador é um dos principais pontos de discussão desse trabalho, uma vez que por ocasião do leilão esse custo é ainda uma mera estimativa intrinsecamente relacionada com a operação eletro-energética do sistema elétrico brasileiro. Além disso, será introduzida a discussão sobre o impacto do custo da energia contratada por disponibilidade na tarifa dos consumidores, como resultado do próprio leilão associado à estratégia de cada distribuidora para contratação de seu mercado. / Electric energy supply of the fast growing demand in Brazil has been a challenge for the country in the last fifteen years. In order to stimulate power generation investments, a new institutional power sector model was introduced in 2004. This model introduced the obligation of the energy requirements acquisition by Distribution Utilities (DISCO) only through energy auctions from old and new power plants. New power plants energy auctions can be performed in two different ways: energy and capacity contracts. In the energy contracts, the energy amount is guaranteed by the seller, frequently in the case of hydro power plants. On the other hand, in the capacity arrangements the seller requires a fee, which results from the bidding process, as well as a charge defined to recover maintenance and fuel costs of thermal power plants, if the plant were requested to dispatch. Thermal power plants are dispatched by the Independent System Operator (ISO) using hydrothermal system optimization model. However, fuel costs are paid by DISCOs and will be passed-through to the end customers tariffs. The main focus of this work, is the economical and financial risks of capacity arrangement and the impact in the captive customers tariffs.

abstract: Finding habitable worlds is a key driver of solar system exploration. Many solar system missions seek environments providing liquid water, energy, and nutrients, the three ingredients necessary to sustain life. Such environments include hydrothermal systems, spatially-confined systems where hot aqueous fluid circulates through rock by convection. I sought to characterize hydrothermal microbial communities, collected in hot spring sediments and mats at Yellowstone National Park, USA, by measuring their bulk elemental composition. To do so, one must minimize the contribution of non-biological material to the samples analyzed. I demonstrate that this can be achieved using a separation method that takes advantage of the density contrast between cells and sediment and preserves cellular elemental contents. Using this method, I show that in spite of the tremendous physical, chemical, and taxonomic diversity of Yellowstone hot springs, the composition of microorganisms there is surprisingly ordinary. This suggests the existence of a stoichiometric envelope common to all life as we know it. Thus, future planetary investigations could use elemental fingerprints to assess the astrobiological potential of hydrothermal settings beyond Earth. Indeed, hydrothermal activity may be widespread in the solar system. Most solar system worlds larger than 200 km in radius are dwarf planets, likely composed of an icy, cometary mantle surrounding a rocky, chondritic core. I enhance a dwarf planet evolution code, including the effects of core fracturing and hydrothermal circulation, to demonstrate that dwarf planets likely have undergone extensive water-rock interaction. This supports observations of aqueous products on their surfaces. I simulate the alteration of chondritic rock by pure water or cometary fluid to show that aqueous alteration feeds back on geophysical evolution: it modifies the fluid antifreeze content, affecting its persistence over geological timescales; and the distribution of radionuclides, whose decay is a chief heat source on dwarf planets. Interaction products can be observed if transported to the surface. I simulate numerically how cryovolcanic transport is enabled by primordial and hydrothermal volatile exsolution. Cryovolcanism seems plausible on dwarf planets in light of images recently returned by spacecrafts. Thus, these coupled geophysical-geochemical models provide a comprehensive picture of dwarf planet evolution, processes, and habitability. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Astrophysics 2015

Orientador: Alberto Luiz Francato / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T20:05:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_Heloisade_M.pdf: 1716129 bytes, checksum: a0c156b87935ffaf15054c1202f14091 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: A utilização da energia elétrica se faz presente na maioria das atividades humanas. Apesar de invisível, seus efeitos são fundamentais para garantir o pleno funcionamento dos eletrodomésticos, dos sistemas de iluminação, de comunicação, de segurança, etc. A forte dependência deste insumo fez com que o homem procurasse formas de garantir a produção de energia tanto em quantidade quanto em qualidade compatíveis com as tecnologias envolvidas nos equipamentos que fazem uso da energia. O forte incremento na demanda e a escassez de recursos nos meios para obtenção de energia trouxeram incrementos nos preços de energia elétrica, muitas vezes viabilizando a geração de energia por fontes alternativas. Neste sentido, estudar a matriz de custos do setor de geração de energia elétrica e tentar modelar métricas adequadas para fins de orçamento é algo de extremo valor seja para análise de novos investimentos ou mesmo para debater com o poder público as tarifas vigentes aplicadas no setor elétrico brasileiro. / Abstract: The use of electric energy is present in most of human activities. Although invisible, its effects are essential to ensure the full operation of household-electric ones, lighting systems, communication, security, etc. The strong dependence of this input has made the man look for ways to ensure energy production, both quantitatively and qualitatively, compatible with the technologies involved in equipment that make use of energy. The strong increase in demand and shortage of resources in the means of obtaining energy has brought increases in the prices of energy, often allowing the generation of energy by alternative sources. In this sense, consider the matrix of costs from electricity generation sector and try to shape metrics appropriate for the budget is extremely important for analysis of new investments or even to discuss the tariffs applied to the Brazilian electricity sector with the public power. / Mestrado / Recursos Hidricos, Energeticos e Ambientais / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Inputs of the major element potassium into the ocean from rivers and on-axis high temperature hydrothermal systems have likely varied on geological timescales. Variable uptake of potassium into lavas altered in low-temperature, off-axis, hydrothermal systems could keep the potassium concentration in seawater within the narrow range (~9.5 to 11 mmol L-1) observed in the Phanerozoic. To test this hypothesis a better understanding of the timing of alteration, and of the role of changing environmental conditions on seawater/basalt reactions is required. The age of 69 samples of the secondary, potassium-rich, phyllosilicate mineral celadonite from lavas in the Troodos ophiolite were determined using Rb-Sr radiometric dating to test whether potassium uptake occurs within a specific time interval. Measurements used tandem quadrupole ICP-MS/MS. Combined with published radiometric ages the dataset revealed regional differences in the duration of celadonite formation in the Troodos ophiolite lavas. In one area, where significant hydrothermal sediments were deposited on the lavas, celadonite formed as much as ~40 Myr after the crust accreted, whereas in an area with rare hydrothermal sediments celadonite formation was largely limited to the first ~20 Myr after crustal accretion. These differences in duration of celadonite formation in the upper oceanic crust are interpreted as reflecting differences in distribution of hydrothermal sediments that act as a source of labile Fe that is needed for celadonite formation. To test if there are significant variations of duration and timing of celadonite formation on various scales in the upper oceanic crust I measured the first in-situ Rb-Sr ages of celadonite in lavas from DSDP and ODP drill cores. These ages show that ~80% of celadonite formed from pervasive fluid flow within the first ~20 Myr after the oceanic crust accreted. All celadonite ages roughly correlate with the cumulative heat flow removed from the oceanic lithosphere in the same time interval. In combination the >100 new celadonite ages presented here provide strong evidence that most celadonite forms in the first ~20 Myr after crustal accretion and environmental conditions could be significant in controlling potassium uptake. To determine whether the potassium sink from seawater into altered seafloor lavas varied over time I compile a dataset of the potassium content of lavas from DSDP and ODP drill cores (0 to 180 Myr age range). Estimates of the average potassium content of individual holes reveal that this varies with age. However, holes of similar age show a similar magnitude of variability to that which occurs over this time. To investigate the source of the variability of potassium in altered lavas I modelled the effects of bottom seawater temperature and pH using PHREEQC. The models indicate that if the fluid is in equilibrium with K-feldspar, Na-beidellite and calcite, an increase in bottom seawater temperature and/or decrease in pH would lead to the potassium concentration in the off-axis fluid to increase significantly. This emphasizes the need for future studies to investigate feedback mechanisms between low-temperature hydrothermal alteration in response to changing environmental conditions. / Graduate / 2022-07-12

Ever since the discovery of seafloor hydrothermal systems at mid ocean ridges, scientists have been trying to understand the complex dynamic processes by which thermal energy is transported advectively by chemically reactive aqueous fluids from Earth's interior to the surface. Hydrothermal systems are generally assumed to consist of a heat source and a fluid circulation system. Understanding the interconnected physical, chemical, biological, and geological processes at oceanic spreading centers is important because these processes affect the global energy and biogeochemical budgets of the Earth system. Despite two decades of focused study of hydrothermal systems, several key questions remain concerning the behavior and evolution of hydrothermal vent systems. Among these are: (a) the partitioning of heat transport between focused and diffuse flow, and (b) the spatial extent and distribution of hydrothermal recharge. These are the main topics of investigation in this thesis. To address these issues, I first use a single-pass modeling approach using a variety of observational data in a simple parametric scale analysis of a hydrothermal vent field to determine fundamental parameters associated with the circulation and magmatic heat transfer for a number of seafloor hydrothermal systems for which the constraining data are available. To investigate the partitioning of heat flux between focused high temperature and diffuse flow I extend the one-limb single pass model to incorporate two single-pass limbs to represent deep and shallow circulation pathways. As a result, I find that 90% of the heat output is from high temperature fluid circulating in the deep limb even though much of the heat loss appears at the seafloor as low-temperature diffuse flow. Next, I use the parametric description of hydrothermal circulation to investigate hydrothermal recharge at the East Pacific Rise 9°50′ N hydrothermal site. Using a 1-D model of recharge through an area of 10⁵ m² elucidated by microseismicity in the oceanic crust I find that anhydrite precipitation is likely to result in rapid sealing of pore space in the recharge zone. This would lead to rapid decay of hydrothermal venting, which is contrary to observations. Then I consider two-dimensional numerical models of hydrothermal circulation in a porous box heated from below. The preliminary results of these models suggests that the anhydrite precipitation zone will be more diffuse, but additional work is needed to test whether anhydrite precipitation will seal the pore space. / Master of Science

[pt] Esta tese apresenta uma nova proposta para modelagem das funções de custo futuro, utilizadas na Programação Dinâmica Estocástica (PDE). A técnica proposta é aplicada ao planejamento da operação de médio prazo de sistemas elétricos de potência. Através da discretização do espaço de estados, o algoritmo de fechos convexos (convex hull) é utilizado na obtenção de uma série de hiperplanos que compõe um conjunto convexo. Estes planos representam uma aproximação linear por partes da função de custo futuro. O custo operacional médio utilizando a metodologia proposta considerando-se um único cenário de afluências foi comparado com o custo obtido da programação dinâmica dual determinística para o mesmo cenário de afluências. Esta análise mostra a convergência das duas metodologias e é utilizada para determinar o nível mínimo de discretização necessário para modelagem das funções de custo futuro. A partir deste resultado é feita a extensão da análise para diversos cenários de afluências utilizando-se a metodologia proposta, sendo a função de custo futuro obtida através da média do custo de operação para os diversos cenários, em cada discretização. A aplicabilidade do método é mostrada utilizando um caso exemplo de duas usinas hidrelétricas reais em cascata. Adicionalmente, um estudo de caso analisa as vantagens da paralelização do código de programação, onde métricas tais como fator de aceleração e eficiência são analisadas. Por fim, é apresentada uma simulação contendo todo o sistema elétrico brasileiro, representado por reservatórios equivalentes. / [en] This thesis presents a new approach for the expected-cost-to-go functions modeling used in the stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) algorithm. The proposed technique is applied to the long-term operation planning of electrical power systems. Using state space discretization, the convex hull algorithm is used for constructing a series of hyperplanes that composes a convex set. These planes represent a piecewise linear approximation for the expected-cost-to-go functions. The mean operation costs obtained by the proposed methodology for a single water inflow scenario were compared with those from the deterministic dual dynamic programming for the same inflow scenario.This sensitivity analysis shows the convergence of both methods and is used to determine the minimum discretization level necessary to model the expected-cost-to-go functions. From the obtained result the proposed methodology is extended to the analysis of a set of water inflow scenarios, where the expected-cost-to-go function is obtained by the mean operation cost to all the considered scenario in each discretization level. The applicability of the proposed methodology for two hydro plants in a cascade is demonstrated. Additionally, a case study using code parallelization is presented aiming at gaining computational performance, where the parallelization performance, as speedup and efficiency are measured. To finish with a simulation with the whole Brazilian electrical system considering aggregated reservoir is presented.

Les données sismiques et les forages des marges continentales distales permettent de comprendre l'architecture et l'évolution de ces domaines, dont l’évolution thermique est peu connue, même si on connaît que les systèmes hydrothermaux jouent un rôle clé dans la distribution des flux de chaleur. Cette thèse vise à étudier les produits diagénétiques dans les sédiments de pré- à post-rift, qui enregistrent l'évolution des interactions roche-fluide. Deux analogues fossiles ont été étudiés: la marge distale adriatique et le système hyper-étiré pyrénéen. Les études de terrain, pétrographiques et géochimiques révèlent une forte hétérogénéité dans la composition des fluides. Dans les premières phases de rifting, dominées par des failles normales à fort pendage, les fluides sont riches en carbonate,tandis que dans les dernières phases, caractérisées par des failles de détachement à faible pendage qui exhument les roches de la croûte continentale et du manteau, les fluides résultent riches en silice. Cette thèse a donc démontré que l'évolution tectonique des marges de rifting comporte aussi des changements spécifiques dans la chimie des fluides hydrothermaux. / Seismic and drill hole data from deep-water distal rifted margins allow to understand the architecture and evolution of these yet little investigated domain. Nonetheless, the thermal evolution is poorly constrained even if hydrothermal systems play a key role in determining the heat fluxes. This Thesis aims to investigate breccias, cements, veins and replacement minerals within the pre- to post-rift sediments that could testify the space-time evolution of rock-fluid interactions. Two fossil analogues are studied: the Adriatic distal margin and the Pyrenean hyper-extended system. Field, petrography and geochemical analyses reveal a strong heterogeneity in the composition of the fluids as well as their hydrothermal features. Two main types of fluids occur: carbonate-rich fluids refer to early rifting phases dominated by high-angle normal faults; silica-rich fluids are related to the last rifting stages characterized by low-angle detachment faults exhuming upper crust and mantle-related rocks. The results of this Thesis highlight how specific changes in the chemistry of the fluid system are intimate lylinked to the tectonic evolution of rifted margins.

[pt] No Brasil, o planejamento da operação energética do Sistema Interligado Nacional - SIN é realizado atualmente por meio de uma cadeia de modelos matemáticos concebidos para otimizar o planejamento segundo o critério de minimização do valor esperado do custo total de operação. No entanto, desde a crise ocorrida no Setor Elétrico Brasileiro entre os anos de 2001 e 2002, cujo ápice ocorreu no racionamento de energia, houve uma intensificação na busca por métodos de otimização que permitam a consideração explicita de critérios adicionais na otimização, tal como a segurança operativa. Neste contexto, este trabalho propõe uma modelagem utilizando algoritmos genéticos que permite a consideração de múltiplos objetivos no processo de otimização sem que a representação física do sistema e de suas incertezas se- jam comprometidas. A abordagem multicritério para o problema possibilita que diversos indicadores, dentre os quais destaca-se o risco anual de déficit, que atualmente são apenas resultados da otimização, se tornem controláveis a partir de sua consideração diretamente no processo de otimização. A modelagem proposta foi computacionalmente implementada na linguagem C# utilizando a biblioteca GAcom desenvolvida pelo ICA/PUC-Rio. O desempenho da metodologia proposta foi avaliado por meio de estudos de casos aplicados ao SIN. Os resultados obtidos, assim como as vantagens observadas ao se utilizar a otimização multicritério, são discutidos ao longo do texto. / [en] In Brazil, the planning of the energy operation of the National Interconnected Power System is currently done through a chain of mathematical models designed to optimise the planning according to criterion of minimisation of the expected value of the total operation`s cost. However, since the 2001-2002 energy supply crisis, there was an intensification in the search for methods of optimization allowing explicit consideration of additional criteria, such as the operative security. In this context, this work proposes a modelling using genetic algorithms that makes possible the consideration of multiple objectives in the optimisation process without compromising the physical representation of the system and its uncertainties. A multicriteria approach to the problem allows that various indicators, like, for instance, annual deficit, which currently are only results of the optimisation, become controllable from its consideration in the optimisation process. The modelling proposal was computationally implemented in language C# using the GAcom library developed by the ICA/PUC-Rio. The performance of the proposed methodology was evaluated through potential National Inter- connected Power System case studies. The results, as well as the benefits seen when using the multicriteria optimisation, are discussed throughout the text.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2017-06-19T13:06:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernando Henrique Fernandes de Camargo - 2017.pdf: 1478139 bytes, checksum: 1a8dae23d70a76b9e72b96aae929d85e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-07-10T12:28:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernando Henrique Fernandes de Camargo - 2017.pdf: 1478139 bytes, checksum: 1a8dae23d70a76b9e72b96aae929d85e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T12:28:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernando Henrique Fernandes de Camargo - 2017.pdf: 1478139 bytes, checksum: 1a8dae23d70a76b9e72b96aae929d85e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-20 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / For countries like Brazil, which has hybrid resources as the major source of electricity, the optimization of the operation of the hydroelectric plants is extremely important and it’s being studied recurrently. Adopting a known temporal decomposition model of this optimization problem, this dissertation is proposed to compare the best multiobjective algorithms of the current literature, applying them to the medium term planning of hydroelectric plants. After several experiments, two algorithms are selected as the best options. / Para um país como o Brasil, que tem seus recursos hídricos como maior fonte de geração de energia elétrica, a otimização da operação das usinas hidrelétricas é extremamente importante e vem sendo estudada de maneira recorrente. Adotando um conhecido modelo de decomposição temporal desse problema de otimização, esta dissertação propôe-se a realizar uma comparação entre os melhores algoritmos de otimização multiobjetivo da literatura atual, aplicado-os ao planejamento de médio prazo de usinas hidrelétricas. Após diversos experimentos realizados, dois algoritmos são selecionados como as melhores opções.