Este estudo dedica-se a levantar elementos que configurem a dinâmica da rua de comércio dentro de um contexto de transformações recentes da atividade comercial na cidade de São Paulo. O método envolve primeiro, num âmbito geral, o estudo da dinâmica da rua de comércio sob três diferentes aspectos: pela evolução urbana, pelas transformações sócio-econômicas e pelos hábitos de compra do consumidor. A síntese se apóia em pesquisas quantitativas para relacionar as principais ruas de comércio, categorias de produtos mais procurados e as razões pelas quais as pessoas freqüentam estas ruas de comércio. Apresenta, em conclusão, os principais atributos de uma rua de comércio, através do levantamento do seu mix de lojas, ocupação e transformações. / This study proposes to come up with elements which configurate the commerce street dynamic inside a recent transformation context of commercial activity in São Paulo city. The method envolves the study of the street dynamic upon three different aspects: through the urban evolution, the socio-economic transformation and the consumer shopping habits. The synthesis is supported on quantitative researches to relate the main commerce streets, products categories most required and the reason why people go to those commerce streets. It presents the main attributes of a commerce street, through the survey of its mix, occupation and present transformation.

Orientador: Maria Beatriz Duarte Gavião / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T16:30:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leme_MarinaSeveri_D.pdf: 1841366 bytes, checksum: 4f6f01ad18a2009a7fa7d7f25ee40691 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Essa tese foi dividida em dois capítulos. Capítulo 1: O desenvolvimento da maloclusão é o resultado de interações entre fatores genéticos e ambientais, e a função orofacial é considerada um fator ambiental. Dessa forma, o presente estudo objetivou determinar a prevalência de disfunção orofacial e maloclusão, e estabelecer a interrelação entre disfunção orofacial e maloclusão em crianças e adolescentes de 4 a 14 anos de idade. A amostra consistiu de 1561 sujeitos divididos em quatro grupos: Dentição decídua (DD), Dentição mista 1º período transitório (DM1), Dentição mista 2º período transitório (DM2) e Dentição permanente (DP). A disfunção orofacial foi avaliada usando o Nordic Orofacial Test ¿ Screening (NOT-S) e a maloclusão foi avaliada utilizando critérios sugeridos por Grabowski et al. 2007, e, a partir disso a amostra foi subdividida em grupos sem maloclusão e com os tipos de maloclusão. A análise estatística consistiu de análise descritiva dos dados, e aplicação dos testes Qui-quadrado, Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis. A prevalência da maloclusão encontrada foi de 64.9% na DD, 83.2% na DM1, 80.4% na DM2 e 90.7% na DP, sendo a sobressaliência aumentada a maloclusão mais frequente. A frequência de disfunção orofacial encontrada foi de 86.6% na DD, 88.1% na DM1, 91.3% na DM2 e 89.6% na DP, sendo a presença de hábitos a disfunção mais frequente. Os grupos de maloclusão Classe II bilateral (no grupo DD), mordida aberta anterior (nos grupos DD e DP), classe III unilateral, mordida cruzada posterior unilateral e bilateral (no grupo DD e DP) apresentaram mais disfunção orofacial quando comparados ao grupo sem maloclusão. Como conclusão, a prevalência de maloclusão e disfunção orofacial na população avaliada é alta, e verificou-se uma relação positiva entre maiores impactos de fisfunção orofacial e presença de maloclusão. Capítulo 2: Os hábitos orais deletérios (HOD) são disfunção orofacial cujo possível fator etiológico é a ansiedade. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste capítulo foi avaliar a relação entre HOD e sintomas de ansiedade em crianças e adolescentes de 7 a 14 anos. A amostra (n=1174) foi dividida em 3 grupos : Dentição mista 1º período transitório (DM1), Dentição mista 2º período transitório (DM2) e Dentição permanente (DP). A avaliação dos HOD foi realizada usando-se o domínio III (hábitos) do NOT-S e os sintomas de ansiedade foram avaliados utilizando o Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC). A prevalência de HOD encontrada foi de 69.5% na DM1, 78.9% na DM2, 77.1 na DP. O HOD mais frequente foi a onicofagia. Os escores do MASC foram maiores em meninas nos grupos DM2 e DP. Os grupos de hábito apresentaram mais sintomas de ansiedade quando comparados ao grupo sem hábito nos grupos DM1, DM2 e DP. Conclui-se que crianças e adolescentes com HOD apresentaram, significativamente, mais sintomas de ansiedade / Abstract: This thesis was divided in two chapters. Chapter 1: The development of maloclusion is the result of interactions of genetically and environmental factors. The orofacial function is considered an environmental factor. In this way, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence of orofacial dysfunction and malocclusions and to establish the interrelation between orofacial dysfunction and malocclusion in children and adolescents aged 4 to 14 year-old. Sample was constituted by 1561 subjects divided in four groups: Primary dentition (PRD), Intermediate mixed dentition (IMD), Late mixed dentition (LMD) and Permanent dentition (PD). The orofacial dysfunction was assessed using the Nordic orofacial test-screening (NOT-S) and malocclusion was assessed using the criteria of Grabowski et al., 2007, by this the sample was subdivided in malocclusion and no malocclusion groups. Statistical analysis constituted of descriptive analysis, chi-squared partition and independence tests, and Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Rates from malocclusion prevalence was 64.9% in PRD, 83.2% in IMD, 80.4% in LMD and 90.7% in PD, being increased overjet the most common malocclusion found. The frequency for orofacial dysfunction observed was 86.6% in PRD, 88.1% in IMD, 91.3% in LMD and 89.6% in PD, being the presence of deleterious oral habits the most frequent one. Malocclusion groups of bilateral class II (in PRD), frontal open bite (in PRD and PD), unilateral class III and unilateral and bilateral posterior crossbite (in PD) presented significant more orofacial dysfunction compared to no malocclusion group. As conclusion, the prevalence of malocclusion and orofacial dysfunction in assessed sample were high and it was detected a positive interrelation between higher impacts on orofacial dysfunction and the presence of malocclusion. Chapter 2: Deleterious oral habits (DOH) are orofacial dysfunction whit anxiety as a possible etiological factor. In this way, this chapter objective to evaluate the relationship between DOH and symptoms of anxiety in children and adolescents aged from 7 to 14 year-old. Subjects (n=1174) were divided in 3 groups: Intermediate mixed dentition (IMD), Late mixed dentition (LMD) and Permanent dentition (PD). The assessment of DOH was done using the domain III (Habits) of the NOT-S and anxious symptoms were assessed using the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC). Data were analysed descriptivaly and with Chi-squared, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The prevalence of DOH was 69.5 % in IMD, 78.9% in LMD and 77.1% in PD. The most frequent one in the assessed groups was nail biting. MASC scores were higher in females in LMD and PD. Habit groups presented more symptoms of anxiety when compared to Habit free group in IMD, LMD and PD. As conclusion children and adolescents with DOH presented significant more symptoms of anxiety / Doutorado / Odontopediatria / Doutora em Odontologia

D.Ed. (Education Management) / The link between dietary practices and the prevalance as well as the prevention of various diseases have been proven beyond any doubt; the guidelines of the Prudent Diet were subsequently put forward to reduce many of these nutrition-related risk factors. Due to inadequate numbers, qualified nutrition educators cannot target their efforts to reach all vulnerable groups and everybody is thus not in a position to glean sound nutrition knowledge, enabling them to plan -healthy diets. Teachers could fill this gap, provided they are well versed in nutritional matters. Eating habits are usually formed in chidhood but the establishment of sound practices is a dynamic life-long process. Exposure to accurate and convincing information could benefit eating behaviour, but incorrect nutrition messages may have a confusing and detrimental influence upon people's choice of foods. Magazines and parents are reported as the major sources of nutrition information as well as misinformation for school children and students. School subjects are seldom singled out as being of significant value. These findings suggest the dire need for teachers to be properly trained in nutrition. Since students are notoriously ignorant on nutrition related issues and tend to follow a typical but often poor diet, this study aimed at determining the effect of a nonformal consumer orientated nutrition education programme on the nutrition knowledge and eating habits of student teachers at the Rand Afrikaans University (RAU). All the students in the 1993 Didactics class (representative of the student teachers at this university) were selected as an appropriate target audience. Nutrition education can only be effective and efficient if the particular needs of the target group are addressed by means of a popular and acceptable teaching strategy. A nutrition education programme based on the guidelines of the Prudent Diet and similar in format to magazine articles, seemed to be an appropriate teaching method. Questionnaires were developed to collect and compare pre- and post-test information on nutrition knowledge, levels of interest, eating habits and individual queries or comments. Test questions were based on common misconceptions as responded in the literature, and food frequency questionnaires included 20 items of which prudent lowered or increased intakes are recommended. Actual and perceived nutrition and consumer knowledge scores were analyzed for sex, age, residence, sports activities, personal opinions and sources of information by means of paired t-tests. These data contributed towards interpreting the test results, assessing knowledge needs, gauging interest and formulating the contents and format of the learning material.

Abstract This study focuses on the clinical use of laser fluorescence compared to visual inspection (VI) for detecting and monitoring the progress of caries lesions during a one-year follow-up period and for screening subjects with unfavourable dietary habits causing demineralization of teeth. The effect of professional cleaning on laser fluorescence was also studied. The study groups were comprised of schoolchildren (n = 259), and altogether 3 651 occlusal tooth surfaces were examined visually and by using laser fluorescence. Laser fluorescence was found to be useful as an adjunct to visual inspection in detecting dental caries lesions during routine dental check-ups. The variation of laser fluorescence values in each visual category excludes its use as a primary or only method for caries detection. It rather functions as an alarm for a closer or more thorough examination. In addition, it can be a useful tool when deciding on the intervention method and the length of the recall-interval. The best cut-off point for considering operative intervention was found to be 30/99. Laser fluorescence was also found to be useful in monitoring lesion progression. Monitoring can be done through clear sealants. High laser fluorescence values (> 20) of sound tooth surfaces may predict decaying within a period of one year. Professional cleaning increased laser fluorescence values of molars, especially second molars. The increase was significant in molars with a visual score of > 0 or when visually detected initial and dentinal caries lesions were included. Professional cleaning was most efficient when using only a rubber cup and water spray without paste. A computer-based questionnaire on dietary habits was used to evaluate the cariogenity of children's dietary habits. The laser fluorescence values of tooth surfaces of children with harmful dietary habits were found to be higher than among children with favourable dietary habits. Laser fluorescence can be used for screening children whose current dietary habits may harm their teeth.

Presented diploma thesis deals with a problematics of shopping and nutritional habits in the Czech society. Its primary aims are to identify the shopping characteristics of Czech consumers, to find out whether the consumers are interested in a healthy lifestyle, if they pursue and consume organic (bio) food, and most importantly, what are the motivation factors of the consumers for shopping in general. The secondary aim is a comparison of the presented survey and the foreign FRL (Food Related Lifestyle) concept which served as an inspiration of the analytical part of this thesis. The research section of the thesis is characterized as a pilot survey for which the method of quantitative research by questionnaire survey was chosen. The previously determined hypotheses are verified by the crosstabs and by the cluster analysis method. The main parameter of the study is the healthy lifestyle which is confronted with particular aspects of the FRL concept and also compared to the identified consumer segments. On the general level, the main contribution of the presented diploma thesis is the introduction of the FRL concept, which allows to create a typology of consumers on which is possible to build some effective measures to streamline the eating habits of the general population. Keywords: food related...

Background: The Navajo population experiences high rates of food insecurity, contributing to high rates of chronic disease. We conducted in-depth interviews with Navajo tribal members in order to understand food insecurity in this community and inform the design of an intervention to improve access to healthy foods. Methods: Thirty individuals were interviewed over a three-month period, including Chapter House officials, Community Health Representatives and heads of households living in the Crownpoint Service Unit in Navajo Nation. Data was coded, grouped into analytical categories and integrated into a thematic framework. Results: Food insecurity in Navajo Nation demonstrates variability at the structural, community, and individual and household levels. Income, transportation, vendors, Chapter Houses, social support and health literacy were the main factors contributing to participants’ access to healthy foods. Responses to food insecurity were explored through coping strategies as well as through food purchasing strategies such as price, proximity, shelf life, family preferences, and ease of preparation. Lastly, participants discussed their endorsement for a proposed intervention to increase access to healthy foods. Conclusion: Food insecurity in Navajo Nation is a complex issue, influenced by the dynamic relationship between determinants of individual behavior and the broader environmental context in which they are embedded. A community-based multi-level intervention is necessary in order to achieve sustainable improvement in access to healthy foods.

Emotional, motivational, or species-specific behaviour can be elicited by intracranial electrical stimulation (ICS) in unanesthetized and unrestrained animals with chronically implanted electrodes. The purpose of this investigation was to describe and quantify, using an escape and avoidance task, a behaviour called flight, using rats as the experimental animal. An enclosed test box was used that had a hole in one wall covered by a moveable clear plastic plate. With the interior light on and exterior lights off, the hole represented the only opening in the box. Flight was then operationally defined as plate-pushing in response to ICS (escape response). It was found that only 25% of rats which showed manifestations of flight on pre-test screening would perform the escape response. After establishing reliable escape, the rats were given the opportunity to avoid ICS, at the threshold voltage for escape, by responding to a signal (bell, light or click) predicting the occurrence of ICS. In over 200 trials there were at most only 10% avoidances and no tendency for faster responding. A current explanation for this, proposed by W. W. Roberts, was tested by allowing these rats to press a bar for brief ICS at the voltage used in avoidance. Only 40% of the subjects would self-stimulate. These, and other results from the literature suggest that rewarding onset of ICS, as in the Roberts hypothesis, is insufficient to explain the lack of avoidance. The electrode sites producing escape were found to be in the central gray of the midbrain, and in both the medial and lateral divisions of the middle to posterior hypothalamus near the fornix. The sites producing similar behavioural manifestations but not escape were found to be in the same regions of the hypothalamus and midbrain. / Medicine, Faculty of / Graduate

North American cities consist of a variety of different ethnic groups. Many of these groups are minority communities who live in clearly defined areas of the cities and maintain many of the habits and traditions of their homelands. This leads them to live in a way which is often quite distinctive from the dominant Anglo-American culture prevalent in most Canadian or American cities. The present study is concerned with one such community. More particularly, this study examines the food habits of Greek immigrants in Vancouver, and attempts to show that the food habits maintained by this group differ from those of the 'average' Canadian. Spatially, such differences are manifested in a distinctive pattern of food shopping behaviour. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

The first chapter describes the general characteristics of the Dutch market from the perspective of the historical, political or economic position. In the second chapter I deals with specific cultural habits of both countries (the Netherlands and the Czech Republic) with a focus on conflicts in the negotiations and cultural differences. The last chapter is devoted to the practical example of Czech company cooperating with the Dutch company. In addition, more present outlined the emergence of cooperation, as is currently developing a partnership and future perspectives.

Recent reports indicate that the nutritional status of native Indians is poorer than that of the general population. The culture of native Canadians is currently in a state of transition, with many factors affecting traditional life patterns, producing rapid changes in lifestyles. The present study was undertaken in order to gain fuller understanding of those problems related to food intake and the influence of social and cultural factors. By use of a 24-hour recall, the nutrient content of diets of 144 individuals living at three reserves adjacent to urban centres was compared with diets of 105 individuals at four relatively isolated Indian reserves. Interviews were conducted with 92 women from the seven reserves and information regarding food beliefs, shopping habits, meal planning, food practices, as well as selected socio-economic and family variables, was collected. In addition, data on food prices and foods available in local stores was gathered. Analysis of nutrient intake data showed that low intakes were frequent for calories, calcium, iron and vitamin C. Low caloric intakes were observed for adolescents and most adults, regardless of reserve location. Calcium intakes were lowest on isolated reserves, while iron status was poorest in non-isolated communities. Vitamin C intakes on isolated reserves were considerably lower than on non-isolated reserves. Rank correlation coefficients using Kendall's tau beta demonstrated that several independent variables were related to the dependent variable, food practices of the female household head. These included the location of the reserve, education of respondents, the women's attitudes toward nutrition, household size, and the level reached on the household facilities scale. The most significant factor related to food consumption was isolation (p<.001), with diets in urban areas being more adequate than those in rural areas. Overall food selection was poorest in isolated reserves, notably Babine and Fort Ware. The items most often in short supply were dairy products, fresh meats and fresh fruits and vegetables. Food costs were also highest in the most isolated reserves. It was concluded that food practices of native Indians are poorer at isolated reserves than at those adjacent to urban centres. Indications are that this is a consequence of the interaction of a number of factors: high food prices, poor selection, unemployment, inadequate housing and household facilities, depleting natural food resources, a lack of food/nutrition information, as well as a lack of involvement in health-related programmes. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate