FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / O estudo foi desenvolvido em um trecho de 50 km do Rio Salgado, objetivando propor uma metodologia capaz de determinar o padrÃo de emissÃo de poluentes adequado à capacidade de autodepuraÃÃo de um rio em regiÃo semi-Ãrida. Foram realizadas as etapas: (i) reconhecimento da Ãrea a partir do mapeamento do rio Salgado e seus afluentes; (ii) diagnÃstico da qualidade de Ãgua (Fase I, 1300 anÃlises): entre marÃo e setembro de 2005, tendo-se selecionado oito seÃÃes do rio para a coleta e anÃlise de amostras, observando-se 27 parÃmetros em seis campanhas de monitoramento; (iii) diagnÃstico da qualidade de Ãgua (Fase II, 1500 anÃlises): entre fevereiro de 2006 e janeiro de 2007, feito atravÃs de doze campanhas de monitoramento em 14 seÃÃes com os parÃmetros OD, DBO, Coliformes termotolerantes, coliformes totais, pH, turbidez, condutividade elÃtrica, temperatura da Ãgua e do ar; (iv) experimento social, processo participativo envolvendo CSBH-Salgado e demais atores sociais da bacia de estudo, fomentando-se a discussÃo sobre o enquadramento das Ãguas; (v) modelagem da qualidade da Ãgua usando QUAL2E, calibrando-se dois de seus parÃmetros: coeficiente de decaimento de DBO e coeficiente de decaimento de coliformes. A validaÃÃo do modelo QUAL2E foi feita utilizando doze campanhas entre fevereiro de 2006 e janeiro de 2007, distinguindo os perÃodos Ãmido e seco. A simulaÃÃo de cenÃrios foi feita para o padrÃo de emissÃo de DBO com concentraÃÃes de 5 a 100 mg/L, e para o padrÃo de coliformes com as concentraÃÃes de 103 a 107 NMP/100mL. Este trabalho de tese conclui que o Rio Salgado, no trecho em estudo, encontra-se poluÃdo. Foi comprovado que pelo menos cinco parÃmetros se encontram em desacordo com os padrÃes de qualidade, inclusive da classe IV: oxigÃnio dissolvido (OD), demanda bioquÃmica de oxigÃnio (DBO), coliformes termotolerantes (CTT), nitrogÃnio amoniacal e fÃsforo total. O modelo provou ser vÃlido para simulaÃÃo de OD, DBO e CTT para o perÃodo Ãmido com coeficientes de Nash e Sutcliffe (NSE) entre 0,61 e 0,96. Para o perÃodo seco, o modelo mostrou-se aceitÃvel para OD e DBO (NSE entre 0,33 e 0,49) e vÃlido para CTT (NSE 0,83). Os atores sociais identificaram os âpadrÃes de emissÃo â como instrumento essencial para a sustentabilidade ambiental da bacia. A proposta desta pesquisa de se admitir uma âtolerÃnciaâ aos parÃmetros de qualidade de Ãgua foi aceita pelos membros do comità como ferramenta vÃlida. Os membros do comità indicaram, para o trecho em estudo, Classe II com tolerÃncia de aproximadamente 10%. A simulaÃÃo de cenÃrios usando o modelo QUAL-2E mostrou valores do padrÃo de emissÃo de DBO, para a Classe II nos perÃodos Ãmido e seco, de 6 mg/L. Caso o rio seja enquadrado na Classe III, os valores seriam de 20 e 17 mg/L para os perÃodos Ãmido e seco, respectivamente. Apesar de a Classe II ser a desejada para o enquadramento do rio pelo comitÃ, verificou-se que os valores dos padrÃes de emissÃes seriam muito baixos para DBO, tornando inviÃvel a sua adoÃÃo, pois as atividades poluidoras sÃo incapazes de alcanÃar tal eficiÃncia no estado atual. Jà para o padrÃo de emissÃo de coliformes termotolerantes, o padrÃo de emissÃo seria de 103 NMP/100mL (perÃodo seco) e 104 NMP/100mL (perÃodo Ãmido) para que o rio seja de Classe II, enquanto que, para a Classe III, o padrÃo de emissÃo seria da ordem de 105 NMP/100mL, tanto para o perÃodo Ãmido quanto para o perÃodo seco. De acordo com a anÃlise feita nesta tese, o enquadramento mais adequado para o trecho do rio Salgado entre a Fonte da Batateira e a Cachoeira de MissÃo Velha, nas condiÃÃes atuais à a Classe III com tolerÃncia de 10% / This study was carried out on a 50 km length of the Salgado River, aiming to propose a methodology to determine an adequate pattern of pollutants emission, compatible with the natural recovery capacity of a river in a semi-arid region. The following steps were taken: (i) characterization of the study area based on the map of Salgado river and its tributaries; (ii) water quality diagnostic (Phase I, 1300 analysis): from March to September, 2005, in which eight river sections were selected for sampling, and 27 parameters were analysed in six monitoring campaigns; (iii) water quality diagnostic (Phase II, 1500 analysis): from February 2006 to January 2007, composed of twelve monitoring campaigns in 14 river sections with the parameters DO, BOD, faecal coliforms, total coliforms, pH, turbidity, electric conductivity, water and air temperature; (iv) social experiment, a participatory process involving CSBH-Salgado (Salgado Watershed Committee) and other social actors of the study watershed, promoting the discussion on water quality classification; (v) water quality modelling with the QUAL-2E model, calibrating two parameters: BOD and coliforms decay coefficients. Model validation was carried out using twelve campaigns from February 2006 to January 2007, distinguishing wet and dry periods. Scenarios simulation was performed for the BOD emission pattern with concentrations varying from 5 to 100 mg/L, and for the coliforms pattern with concentrations from 103 to 107 PN/100mL. This thesis concludes that the Salgado River, on the study reach, is polluted. It was identified that at least five parameters are in disagreement with the quality standards, inclusive for the Class IV: dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), faecal coliforms (FC), ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus. The model was valid for the DO, BOD and FC simulations for the wet period, with Nash and Sutcliffe coefficient (NSE) from 0.61 to 0.96. For the dry period, the model was acceptable for DO and BOD (NSE) from 0.33 to 0.49) and valid for FC (NSE 0.83). The social actors identified the âemission patternsâ as an essential instrument for the watershed environmental sustainability. The proposal of this research in admitting a âtoleranceâ to the water quality parameters was accepted by the committee members as a valid tool. The committee members indicated, for the study reach, Class II with tolerance of approximately 10%. The scenarios simulation using the QUAL-2E model indicated values of emission pattern for BOD, for the Class II in the wet and dry periods, of 6 mg/L. In the case the river is classified in the Class III, the values would be 20 and 17 mg/L for the wet and dry period, respectively. Although Class II is desired for the river classification by the committee, it was observed that the emission patterns would be too low for BOD, making its adoption impracticable, since the polluting activities are not capable of reaching such efficiency on their current stage. For the faecal coliforms, the emission pattern would be 103 MPN/100mL (dry period) and 104 MPN/100mL (wet period) in the case the river is classified in the Class II, whereas for the Class III, the emission pattern would be of the order of 105 MPN/100mL, for both wet and dry periods. According to the analysis performed in this thesis, the most adequate water quality classification for the Salgado River on the reach between the Batateira Fountain and the MissÃo Velha Waterfall, on the current conditions, is the Class III with tolerance of 10%

The objective of this work is to find an efficient, preferably automated, algorithm or interpretational procedure that can be applied in real time to localise conductors buried in a host rock, with special attention given to a conductor in a conductive environment. The Time Domain Electromagnetic (TDEM) method is considered and more specifically the central loop configuration which can be found in both ground an airborne acquisition systems. The traditional interpretation approach of decay curve analysis is automated and combined with an adapted S-layer differential transform (Sidorov and Tiskshaev, 1969) to produce conductivity-depth sections with superimposed decay behaviour at every station. The adaptations made to the S-layer differential transform include: <ul> <li> a noise filter to improve performance on field data</li> <li> the S-layer differential transform compatibility (SLTC) filter which only allows data conforming to the basic mathematical assumptions made in the transform to be processed (This “compatible” behaviour is derived through a number of synthetic model studies.)</li> <li> a depth correction based on the implications of approximating an infinite number of currents with a single filament. A remaining concern when implementing the S-layer transform is found in two consecutive numerical differentiations and various approaches are analysed to ensure stable differentiation procedures. The automated algorithm is applied to a variety of synthetic models to validate its accuracy and finally examples are shown of its application to both ground and airborne data sets.</li> </ul> / Thesis (PhD (Exploration Geophysics))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Geology / unrestricted

In 1869-70 the Métis of the Red River region in Manitoba resisted the transfer of their homeland from the Hudson’s Bay Company to Canada. The Métis people responded to this transfer by blocking Canadian surveyors, government officials, and taking control of the territory through the establishment of representative institutions. Eventually, the Métis negotiated favourable terms with Ottawa which, this thesis argues, represented according to law, and to the Métis, a treaty. This thesis argues that this treaty was intended to protect the Métis homeland and provide political and social protections. The Manitoba Métis Treaty was intended to guarantee the Métis a land base in Manitoba the total size of which was to be 1.4 million acres. The reservation of this land came with protective obligations so that the entire community would receive a benefit from such lands. While Canada has developed a body of treaty law which will be used to interpret the Manitoba Métis Treaty, matters were convoluted by the enshrinement of this treaty agreement in the Manitoba Act of 1870, a document which would gain constitutional status a year later. The impact of this legislative history has led some researchers to link government obligations entirely to the Act, rather than to the negotiated agreement. Indeed, it would seem that the negotiations have been, for the most part, understood as nothing more than conversations. I reject that position and argue that both the negotiations and the Act must be taken into consideration when assessing the obligations undertaken by the Crown. The unique history of the Manitoba agreement means that Canada was under both constitutional and treaty law obligations to uphold the negotiated agreement between itself and the Métis. This thesis argues that not only is the treaty the correct legal interpretation of the events of 1869-70 but that the government of Canada failed to honour its commitments in several meaningful ways. The approach utilized in this thesis is designed to be reliant upon the basic structure and doctrines of Canadian law but to do so in a manner which gives weight to the Métis voice. It is neither a critique which is wholly internal to Canadian law nor is it completely dismissive of Canadian law. Instead, this thesis will illustrate that with only minor adjustments to the application and interpretation of colonial law, the Manitoba Métis Treaty could find a more receptive audience in Canadian legal thought. In the face of a reasonable alternative, such a project can allow other researchers to question why the courts have chosen a path which denies reception of Métis voice, community and culture in Canadian law.

Rising global energy demands have led to an increase in demand for clean, sustainable energy. A leading technology for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emission for existing coal-power infrastructure is gasification, which has sparked an interest in reactor modelling for design and performance analysis. Reduced order models (ROMs) have seen an increase in popularity for entrained flow gasifiers, as they offer a low-computational alternative to conventional computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modelling while maintaining the integrity of important operational parameters, such as carbon conversion and syngas yield. However, ROMs require more physical parameter inputs than are normally required for CFD modelling, such as the geometry of the gas-solid jet (specifically the jet half-angle). Experiments were conducted to understand the relation between the required input parameters for ROMs, such as fuel flow rate, transport gas flow rate, and jet half-angle, and develop useful correlations for ROM systems. A new configuration for pneumatic conveying was developed and tested at the pilot-scale system at NRCan CanmetENERGY. It was used to study the pneumatic conveying of pulverized fuels, specifically the influence of operating parameters such as pressure drop and gas flow rates on the fuel flow rate, and the geometry of the gas-solid fuel jet (notably the jet half-angle) injected into the gasifier. The mean fuel flow rate of pulverized fuels was shown to increase with increasing pressure drop and with decreasing gas flow rates in the fuel transfer line. The jet half-angle was shown to increase as the solid loading ratio in the jet core was decreased. Finally, the relative fuel flow variability was observed to be significantly influenced by the design of the pneumatic conveying system, with the fluctuations increasing with increasing pressure drop and with decreasing gas flow rate, similar to the mean flow rate.

Multi-frame image super-resolution focuses on reconstructing a high-resolution image from a set of low-resolution images with high similarity. Since super-resolution is an ill-posted problem, regularization techniques are widely used to constrain the minimization function. Combining image prior knowledge with fidelity model, Bayesian-based methods can effectively solve this ill-posed problem, which makes this kind of methods more popular than other methods. Our proposed model is based on maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) estimation. In this thesis, we propose a novel initialization method based on median operator to initialize our estimated high-resolution image. For the fidelity term in our proposed algorithm, the half-quadratic estimation is used to choose error norm adaptively instead of using fixed L1 or L2 norm. Furthermore, for our regularization term, we propose a novel regularization method based on Difference Curvature (DC) and Bilateral Total Variation (BTV) to suppress mixed noises and preserve image edges simultaneously. In our experimental results, synthetic data and real data are both tested to demonstrate the superiority of our proposed method in terms of clearer texture and less noise over other state-of-the-art methods.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal identificar quais as competências necessárias e o papel do líder na implantação e desenvolvimento do modelo Michelin de gestão em grupos semi-autônomos, denominado Organização Responsabilizante (OR), com base na visão de líderes e liderados. Foi realizada uma pesquisa de estudo de caso, com abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa, tendo como unidade-caso a empresa Michelin. A amostra foi composta por 14 líderes atuantes na unidade e 170 funcionários. Foram utilizados como instrumentos para a coleta de dados a entrevista individual junto aos líderes, o questionário junto aos funcionários e análise dos documentos internos da empresa referentes ao processo de implantação e desenvolvimento do modelo. Os dados obtidos via questionário foram analisados com o auxílio do Software Excel e os dados obtidos por meio das entrevistas e documentos foram analisados por meio de técnicas qualitativas do método de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados, provenientes de uma análise comparativa global, revelam um consenso entre as descrições do Manual, a visão dos chefes e dos operadores. Identificou-se, no entanto, a necessidade de desenvolvimento das competências da chefia como facilitadora, estimuladora e orientadora, em função do impacto direto da mesma no processo de implantação e nos resultados dos Grupos Semi-Autônomos (GSAs), adiando o exercício da autonomia e consequentemente a efetiva participação dos operadores. Conclui-se que para o exercício das competências necessárias ao líder para o sucesso das ORs, a unidade-caso tem um importante trabalho a ser realizado. / This work had as main objective to identify the necessary abilities and the role of the leader in the implantation and development of the Michelin model of management in half-autonomous groups of workers, called Organização Responsabilizante (OR), according to the vision of leaders and employees. A research of case study was carried out, with quantitative and qualitative approach, having as unit-case the Michelin Company. The sample consisted of 14 operating leaders in the unit and 170 employees. The instruments used for the collection of data were individual interview with leaders, survey with employees and analysis of internal company documents referring to the implantation process and development of the model. The data collected using the questionnaire was analyzed with Excel Software and the interview data and documents was analyzed by means of qualitative techniques of the content analysis method. The results, proceeding from a global comparative analysis, disclose a consensus in the descriptions of the Manual, the vision of the heads and the operators. It was identified, however, the necessity of commands ability development as facilitators, stimulators and guides, due to their direct impact in the process of implantation and the results of the Half-Autonomous Worker Groups (GSAs), postponing the exercise of the autonomy and, therefore, operators effective participation. It was concluded that for the exercise of the leading necessary abilities for success of the ORs, the unit-case has an important work to be carried out.

O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a soldabilidade do tubo API 5CT grau C110 com CEiiw 0,76% e do tubo API 5CT grau Q125 com CEiiw 0,61%. Esses tubos, em aço temperado e revenido, fabricado pelo processo de laminação, possuem pontas roscadas não sendo desenvolvidos para a união por soldagem. Quando soldados esses tubos apresentam um elevado grau de transformação na zona afetada pelo calor (ZAC), com aumento elevado da dureza nessa região. Essa elevada dureza associada aos altos valores de carbono equivalente tende a propiciar o surgimento de fissuração por hidrogênio. Após a caracterização dos dois tubos e avaliação da aplicação de amanteigamento pela técnica da meia camada depositada com eletrodo E7018-1 com posterior tratamento térmico de revenimento, optou-se pelo uso do grau Q125 para desenvolver um procedimento de soldagem de união com o tubo API 5L X65. Para desenvolver tal procedimento, foi realizado o amanteigamento na extremidade do tubo API 5CT grau Q125, utilizando o processo de soldagem shielded metal arc weld (SMAW), seguido de tratamento térmico localizado. Após o tratamento térmico localizado, foi realizada a soldagem de união dos tubos utilizando o processo de soldagem gas tungsten arc weld (GTAW). Os resultados foram avaliados segundo os critérios de aceitação da norma API 1104 (2010) e requisitos adicionais da Petrobras, onde o procedimento foi considerado aprovado. / The subject of this study is to evaluate the weldability of pipes API 5CT grade C110 with CEiiw 0.76% and API 5CT grade Q125 with CEiiw 0.61%. These pipes, quenched and tempered steel, manufactured by the lamination process, have threaded ends and were not developed to be joined by welding. When welded, these pipes have a high degree of transformation in the heat affected zone (HAZ), with large increase of hardness in this region. This high hardness value associated with high values of carbon equivalent tends to favor the occurrence of hydrogen cracking. After its characterization and evaluation of buttering using half layer technique deposited by E7018-1 electrode with subsequent tempering heat treatment, grade Q125 was chosen to develop a welding procedure for union with API 5L X65 pipe. To develop such procedure API 5CT grade Q125 pipe end was buttered, using welding process shielded metal arc weld (SMAW), followed by localized treatment. After heat treatment this pipe was joined to API 5L X65 pipe using welding process gas tungsten arc weld (GTAW). The results were evaluated against the criteria of acceptance of the API 1104 (2010) standard and additional requirements from Petrobras. The procedure was considered approved.

The thesis represents the design for dual-band quarter wavelength and half wavelength microstrip transmission line. Chapter 2 proposed the design of a novel dual-band asymmetric pi-shaped short-circuited quarter wavelength microstrip transmission line working at frequencies 1GHz and 1.55 GHz for 50Ω transmission line and at frequencies 1GHz and 1.43GHz for 60Ω transmission line. Chapter 3 proposed the design of a novel dual-band quarter wavelength microstrip transmission line with asymmetrically allocated open stubs and short-circuited stubs working at frequencies 1GHz and 1.32GHz. Chapter 4 proposed the design of dual-band pi-shaped open stub half wavelength microstrip transmission line working at frequencies 1GHz and 2.07GHz. Numerical simulations are performed both in HyperLynx 3D EM and in circuit simulator ADS for all of the proposed designs to measure the return loss (S11) and insertion loss (S12) in dB and phase response for S12 in degree.

Climbing is a rapidly growing sport, and the inclusion in the 2021 Olympics will further push the popularity.  The numerous originalities of Sport climbing (SC) is the intense use of finger, hands and forearms to displace the body on vertical to fully overhangning wall profiles. Therefore, climbers are prone to specific injuries different from many other sports, mainly located in the fingers and hand. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between finger flexion (FF) and wrist extension (WE) for force max (F-max) and force average (F-avg). Another aim of the study was to analyse the ratio between FF and WE in regards of injuries. A total of 26 climbers were tested on two separate occasions for underarm capacities in FF in a half crimped position and WE.  Isometric contraction was measured for F-max during a three sec interval and anaerobic power, F-avg, during a 30 sec interval. Correlation between variables were analysed by linear regression and one way ANOVA was used to analyse previously injured vs non injured groups. Statistical significance was set at P = 0.05. This study found that climbers showed a significant relationship between FF and WE for both the F-max and 30s F-average tests R² &gt; 0.30, P &lt; 0.004. This can be valuable information for climbers and coaches for training. Furthermore an increased ratio was seen in more experienced climbers, and the same group also showed a higher prevalence of injuries than moderate climbers.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第21555号 / 理博第4462号 / 新制||理||1640(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)教授 前野 悦輝, 教授 石田 憲二, 教授 寺嶋 孝仁 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM