O HTLV-1 (Human T-Lymphotropic Virus) foi o primeiro retrovírus descoberto. Sua patogenia é relacionada à infecção das células T CD4+ e T CD8+ e sua disseminação depende da expansão clonal destas células. A imortalização celular e a resposta imune inflamatória direta contra o vírus levam os pacientes a desenvolverem a leucemia/ linfoma de células T do adulto (ATL) e paraparesia espástica tropical/mielopatia (TSP/HAM) respectivamente. Ainda que o vírus seja conhecido desde 1980, não existem trabalhos na literatura que evidenciem possíveis manifestações bucais associadas. Alguns estudos clínico-epidemiológicos, realizados em regiões altamente endêmicas para o vírus, apontam a possibilidade de associação entre o HTLV e a síndrome de Sjögren (SS). Este estudo objetivou conhecer melhor uma população HTLV+ identificando possíveis alterações estomatológicas. Foram avaliados 139 pacientes do Instituto de Infectologia Emilio Ribas, sendo que 112 (80,5%) eram HTLV-1+, 26 eram (18,7%) HTLV-2 + e 1 paciente era soropositivo para ambos os tipos virais. Entre os pacientes HTLV-1+, 88 (64,7%) eram assintomáticos e 48 (35,3%) apresentavam TSP/HAM. As alterações bucais mais freqüentes foram: xerostomia (26,5%), candidíase (25,4%), língua fissurada (22,1%) e língua depapilada (12,4%). Modelos de regressão logística multivariada confirmaram a TSP/HAM como um fator de risco independente para xerostomia (p=0,02), apresentando, pacientes TSP/HAM+, 3 vezes mais chances de desenvolver xerostomia quando comparados com pacientes sem TSP/HAM (OR=2,69; 95%IC=1,17-6,17). / HTLV-1 (human T-lymphotropic virus), the first retrovirus discovered, is associated with adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and tropical spastic paraparesis / HTLV associated myelopathy (TSP / HAM). Clinical studies and case reports in endemic areas showed the development of oral ALT and Sjögren`s syndrome in this patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the oral cavity of HTLV seropositive patients in São Paulo city. The present study was approved by the Institute of Infectious Diseases Emílio Ribas ethics committee. All patients answered a questionnaire designed for the study. Demographic and clinical data were recorded and then analyzed using Epi info (3.3.4 version) and SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences (v16.0). One hundred and thirty nine oral examinations were performed, 112 (80,5%) were HTLV-1 +, 26 were (18,7%) HTLV-2 + and one patient presented both types of HTLV. Sixty four (56,7%) were asymptomatic HTLV-1 seropositive patients, fourty nine (43,3%) patients were positive for HTLV-1 and TSP/HAM. HIV and HCV co-infection and comorbities were observed in 110 (79,1%) cases. Xerostomia (26,5%), candidosis (25,4%), oral fissured tongue (22,1%) and papillary atrophy of the tongue (12,4%) were the most prevalent oral manifestations found in these patients. Models of multivariate logistic regression confirmed the TSP / HAM as an independent risk factor for xerostomia (p = 0.02). Patients with TSP / HAM + were 3 times more likely to develop xerostomia when compared with patients without TSP / HAM (OR = 2.69, 95% CI = 1.17-6.17).

This study determined the effects of sucrose and sorbitol as cryoprotectant (CR) on the quality and sensory attributes of bone-in hams (N=90) injected (20% of weight) with following brine treatments (BT): control (2% sucrose; CNT), 2% CR (1% sucrose, 1% sorbitol), 4% CR (2% sucrose, 2% sorbitol). Hams that were frozen and injected with CNT after thawing (FZ I) were used as a negative control. After reaching the designated ST all bone-in hams were thawed under refrigeration (4oC) and FZ I hams were then injected with CNT (n=8). Hams were cooked to 70oC, chilled (7oC), sliced, vacuum packaged and analyzed for lipid oxidation, color, protein solubility and purge at 0, 28, and 56 of refrigerated storage while sensory evaluation and shear force determinations were conducted at 28 d. Color, pH, and lipid oxidation values tended to remain similar or decrease as frozen storage time increased. Water holding capacity (percent bound water) and protein solubility increased as frozen storage increased. The 4% CR BT exhibited the lowest shear force value (4.04 N/g) but was not statistically different than CNT or FZ I on ham knuckle muscles. Trained sensory panelists found hammy and salty were the strongest flavor and basic taste attributes. The results of this study confirm that quality attributes and protein functionality were maintained but not significantly improved by injecting a brine solution with cryoprotectants prior to freezing.

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2014-10-29T14:14:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcus Vinícius Alves Lima. Avaliação... 2014.pdf: 2528971 bytes, checksum: 51729fd9ac67351143ca0f2de5f23517 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-29T14:14:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcus Vinícius Alves Lima. Avaliação... 2014.pdf: 2528971 bytes, checksum: 51729fd9ac67351143ca0f2de5f23517 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / O Brasil representa uma das áreas endêmicas para o vírus linfotrópico de células T humanas do tipo 1 (HTLV-1) e a cidade de Salvador, Bahia, possui a maior prevalência nacional da infecção por este retrovírus (1,8%), com cerca de 50.000 pessoas infectadas. O HTLV-1 foi o primeiro retrovírus humano descrito e está classicamente associado à leucemia/linfoma de células T do adulto (ATLL) e à mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1/paraparesia espástica tropical (HAM/TSP). A HAM/TSP é uma doença inflamatória do sistema nervoso central, cujos mecanismos imunopatogênicos não estão completamente elucidados. O papel dos linfócitos T citotóxicos na patogênese desta doença ainda não está bem definido. Neste estudo, foram avaliados o fenótipo e a função de linfócitos T citotóxicos de pacientes infectados pelo HTLV-1 com HAM/TSP. Ensaios de imunofenotipagem por citometria de fluxo foram conduzidos para avaliar a proporção das subpopulações de memória dos linfócitos T citotóxicos e mensurar potencial citotóxico destas células. Foram analisados 13 indivíduos não infectados e 49 infectados pelo HTLV-1 (18 sem mielopatia - ASS, 6 diagnosticados como HAM/TSP provável - HAM-PB - e 25 como HAM/TSP definido - HAM-D). Os indivíduos infectados apresentaram aumento da proporção de linfócitos T citotóxicos e de suas subpopulações de memória efetora em detrimento das células naive e de memória central. Não foi observada diferença na distribuição das subpopulações de memória dos CTLs entre os indivíduos infectados pelo HTLV-1. A quantidade de CTLs com atividade de degranulação foi significativamente menor nos pacientes HAM-D em comparação aos indivíduos ASS. O grupo HAM-D também apresentou redução (50%) da produção de IFN-γ pelos CTLs em relação ao grupo ASS. O grupo HAM-PB apresentou resultados similares ao grupo ASS quanto à atividade de degranulação e produção de IFN-γ. Aumento da expressão de IL-15 em células mononucleares do sangue periférico e em células CD14+ foi observado em todos os grupos de pacientes infectados em comparação com os indivíduos soronegativos para o HTLV-1. Estes resultados sugerem que os pacientes infectados pelo HTLV-1 com HAM/TSP apresentam prejuízo da resposta imune celular, caracterizado pela diminuição da quantidade de linfócitos T CD8+ com atividade de degranulação. / Brazil represents one of the largest endemic areas for human T-lymphotropic virus cells type 1 (HTLV-1) infection and associated diseases. Salvador, Bahia, is considered as the Brazilian city with the highest national HTLV-1prevalence (around 1.8% in the general population). HTLV -1 was the first human retrovirus described and is classically associated with adult Tcell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HAM/TSP is a chronic and progressive inflammatory disease of the central nervous system and your immunopathogenic mechanisms are not completely understood. The role of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) in the pathogenesis of this disease is still undefined. In this study we evaluated the phenotype and function of cytotoxic Tlymphocytes from HTLV-1-infected patients with HAM/TSP. Assays immunophenotyping by flow cytometry were conducted to assess the proportion of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes memory subsets and the cytotoxic potential of such cells. We analyzed 13 uninfected subjects (controls) and 49 HTLV-1-infected patients (18 without myelopathy (asymptomatic-ASS), 6 diagnosed as probable-HAM/TSP (HAM-PB) and 25 as defined-HAM/TSP (HAMD). Infected patients showed an increased proportion of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and their subpopulations of effector memory cells at the expense of naive and central memory cells. The distribution of CTLs memory subsets resembled between HTLV-1-infected patients. The amount of CTLs with recent degranulation activity was significantly lower in HAM-D patients when compared to ASS group. The HAM-D group also showed IFN-γ production decrease (50%) by CTLs relative to the ASS group. The degranulation activity and IFN-γ production by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes were similar between the HAM-PB patients and ASS patients. Increased expression of IL-15 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells and CD14+cells was observed in all groups of infected patients when compared to not infected subjects. These results suggest that HTLV-1-infected individuals with HAM/TSP have cellular immune response impaired, characterized by decrease of CD8+ T-lymphocytes with degranulation activity.

Dry-cured hams often become infested with ham mites (Tyrophagus putrescentiae) during the aging process. Methyl bromide has been used to fumigate dry cured ham processing plants and is the only known fumigant that is effective at controlling ham mite infestations. However, methyl bromide will be phased out of all industries by 2015. This research was designed to 1) determine the efficacy of phosphine fumigation at controlling ham mites and red-legged beetles and its impact on the sensory quality and safety of dry cured hams, and 2) to develop and evaluate the potential of using food-grade film coatings to control mite infestations without affecting the aging process or sensory properties of dry-cured hams. Fumigation trials were conducted in simulated ham aging houses and commercial ham aging houses. Mite postembryonic mortality was 99.8% in the simulated aging houses and >99.9% in commercial aging houses two weeks post fumigation. Sensory tests with trained panelists indicated that there were no detectable differences (P>0.05) between phosphine fumigated and control hams. An analytical method was developed to determine phosphine concentration in ham. In addition, residual phosphine concentration was below the legal limit of 0.01 ppm in ham slices taken from phosphine fumigated hams. Coating trials were conducted on ham cubes and slices. Cubes coated with xanthan gum+20% propylene glycol and carrageenan/propylene glycol alginate+10% propylene glycol were effective at controlling mite infestations under laboratory conditions. Barrier properties (water vapor permeability and oxygen permeability) were measured to estimate the impact of coatings during the aging process. It was evident that carrageenan/propylene glycol alginate were permeable to moisture and therefore could potentially be applied to the hams during the aging process.

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Fresh bone-in hams were sorted into "high pH" (5.6 or greater) and "low pH" (5.5 or less) groups and processed into spiral sliced, bone-in hams. Randomly selected hams from each group were evaluated for objective color and purge loss during a 75-day storage period and at a "holiday thaw" or 137-day storage date. At slicing, the "high pH" group displayed lower levels (P < 0.05) of fluid loss. When evaluated during the "holiday thaw" period, the "high pH" group had lower L* and higher a* values (P < 0.05), as well as lower purge loss values (P < 0.05). Boneless inside cushion muscles (M. semimembranosus) were sorted into four treatment groups: Control, Low PSE, Intermediate PSE, and High PSE. There were differences (P < 0.05) found between all treatments for fresh muscle pH. The Low PSE group had the lowest L* and highest a* values, whereas the High PSE group had the highest L* and lowest a* values as fresh muscles. The sorted muscles then were manufactured into 4x6 sliced ham, water added product. The Low PSE group displayed lower yield loss values during slicing. Randomly selected finished product was evaluated for objective color and purge loss during a 75-day storage period. The Low PSE and Control groups had lower mean L*, and lower mean purge loss values (P < 0.05). At day 45, consumer panel evaluations and textural measurements were collected. The Low PSE group had higher purchase intent ratings (P < 0.05) when compared to all other treatments. Fresh bellies were sorted into three treatments (Thin, Average, Thick) according to thickness. Information collected included processing and slicing yields, consumer panel sensory and visual characteristics, and proximate composition values. While the Thick treatment showed yield advantages during processing and slicing, the Thin and Average groups were clearly preferred (P < 0.05) when the consumer panel visually evaluated the slices. These data suggest that sorting for higher lean quality, if feasible, can be advantageous for ham manufacturing. In addition, thick bellies have proven to have an advantage during processing; however, consumers still prefer bacon that is visually leaner.

“To forgive is wisdom, to forget is genius. And easier. Because it's true. It's a new world every heart beat.” ― Joyce Cary, The Horse's Mouth

The effects of deionized water and PSE pork percentage on the quality of smoked deli ham and retorted pouched ham with and without non-meat adjuncts were evaluated. Product quality was determined through evaluation of water holding capacity, cooked color, protein-protein bind, and sensory quality. A randomized complete block design with either three or four replications was utilized to test treatment effects in three separate experiments. The retorting process showed the potential to reduce the effect of PSE meat on color that is present in raw material and smoked deli ham. In retorted ham, modified food starch and soy protein concentrate reduced (p<0.05) cook loss and starch improved color. Deionized water can be utilized to improve yields (1 %) in smoked deli hams, and 25 % pale pork can be used without negatively affecting (p>0.05) sensory or instrumental quality in a retorted pouched ham product. Modified food starch can also be utilized to increase yields in a retortable-pouched ham without significantly affecting sensory quality.

La paraparésie spastique tropicale ou la myélopathie associée à HTLV-1 (TSP/HAM) est une maladie neurologique chronique caractérisée par le développement de paralysies spastiques des membres inférieurs et de déficits sensoriels divers. Une infiltration périvasculaire souvent observée dans le système nerveux central des patients atteints de TSP/HAM correspondant essentiellement à des lymphocytes T CD4+, cibles préférentielles du HTLV-1 in vivo. Cependant, le facteur déclencheur du processus inflammatoire de la TSP/HAM est toujours méconnu. De ce fait, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'étude de l'implication d'une nouvelle population inflammatoire des T CD4+, les TH17, dans cette pathologie. Une quantification de l'expression de l'ARNm d'IL-17, la cytokine inflammatoire sécrétée par les TH17, a été menée sur les cellules du sang périphérique issues de patients infectés ainsi que sur des lignées cellulaires chroniquement infectées par HTLV-1. L'expression élevée de l'IL-17 détectée dans les lignées cellulaires est corrélée avec celle de la protéine transactivatrice du HTLV-1, Tax. Par ailleurs, Tax induit l'expression du régulateur transcriptionnel clé des TH17, RORγ, par l'intermédiaire de la cytokine pro-inflammatoire Ostéopontine. Finalement, nous avons pu montrer l'existence d'une relation dynamique entre l'expression de l'ARNm de Tax, OPN, RORγ, IL-17 et IL-22 chez les patients asymptomatiques et TSP/HAM avec une expression d'IL-17 et d'IL-22 plus élevée chez le groupe des TSP/HAM. Nos résultats suggèrent que l'infection par HTLV-1 in vivo induirait une réponse TH17 qui pourrait avoir un rôle majeur dans la pathogenèse de la TSP/HAM. / HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a neurological inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterized by a chronic, progressive inflammatory demyelinating myelopathy. It is thought that the pathogenesis of this disease involves a predominant infiltration of CD4+ T cells which are the main subset of in vivo infected cells with HTLV-1. However, until now, the identity of the triggering factor which promotes the inflammatory process in HAM/TSP remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the implication of the new CD4+ T cells inflammatory lineage TH17 in this disease. We quantified the mRNA expression levels of IL-17, a cytokine associated with the TH17 response, in peripheral blood from 10 HAM/TSP patients, 6 healthy asymotomatic carriers (HCs) and 4 normal uninfected controls as well as in HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines. Elevated production of IL-17 observed in HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines was correlated with the expression of Tax, the major HTLV-1 regulatory protein. Thus, we established that Tax increases the expression of RORγ, the TH17-lineage specific transactivator, by inducing Osteopontin expression, an inflammatory cytokine known to promote TH17 response. Finally, we demonstrated a dynamic relationship between the expression of Tax, Osteopontin, RORγ, IL-17 and IL-22 mRNAs in HCs and HAM/TSP patients, where higher expression of IL-17 and IL-22 were observed in HAM/TSP cases. These findings suggest that in vivo infection by HTLV-1 may lead to a deleterious deviation of CD4+ T Helper response to TH17, that could play a major role in HAM/TSP pathogenesis.