Randomized complete block designs with three replications were utilized to evaluate the effects of fumigation with sulfuryl fluoride (SF) (0, 12, 24, 36 and 72 mg/L), phosphine (PH3) (0, 200 and 1000 ppm at 48 hr), methyl bromide (MB) (0, 4, 8, 16, and 32 mg/L for 48 hr), carbon dioxide (CO2) (0, 60% at 48 hr and 60% at 96 hr) and ozone (O3) (0 ppm and 175 ppm for 48 hr) on the volatile flavor compound concentrations in dry cured ham. Fluoride and SF concentrations increased (P < 0.05) in dry cured hams as SF fumigation concentration increased, but all samples contained fluoride and SF concentrations below the legal limits of 20 and 0.01 ppm, respectively. Also, as phosphine fumigation concentration increased, the residual concentration of phosphine also increased in the hams (P < 0.05), but all samples contained levels that were lower than the legal limit of phosphine in stored food products (0.01 ppm). Minimal differences existed in the presence and concentration of aroma active compounds in fumigated hams when compared to the control. Triangle tests indicated that consumers could not discern (P > 0.75) between the control hams and the fumigated hams. This study revealed that there were minimal aroma/flavor differences among control hams and hams that were fumigated with SF, PH3, MB, CO2 or O3 and that fumigation of dry cured ham with SF and PH3 were safe and met legal requirements for consumption. This reveals that SF, PH3, CO2 and O3 could be tested at the industrial level to determine their efficacy as potential alternatives to methyl bromide to treat dry cured hams for insect pests.

Consumers are often confused and reluctant to purchase products from fresh retail meat counters that exhibit significant color variations. This hesitation to purchase results in annual profit loss to the pork industry. Processes to minimize color variation remain a major focus of the industry and many meat science programs across the globe. Previously, we found inherent muscle characteristics contribute to variations in pork quality but these characteristics fail to explain the high frequency of two-toning and other pork quality defects routinely occurring in many hog processing facilities. Therefore, we hypothesized harvesting practices, such as scald alter color across muscles of the ham. Scald time was initially investigated using 32 carcasses subjected to either a 4 (n=16) or 8 (n=16) min scald time. Samples were collected before or after scalding and at 24 hrs. A 50% reduction in scald time resulted in (p < 0.0001) lighter muscle color (L*) early postmortem, although the 8 min scald treatment was lighter (p < 0.005) at 24 hrs. Although differences in pH (p < 0.0001) and color were noted, ultimate carcass temperature was not affected. To that end, we moved to validate our hypothesis in an industrial plant setting. Carcasses (n=200) were assigned treatments of 6.5 or 7.5 min scald times, and SM muscle samples were collected at 24 hrs. Surprisingly, the shorter scald time resulted in (p < 0.05) a lighter color, contradicting our first study. To explore this color issue further, we uncoupled scald from the dehairing process. To achieve this goal, carcasses (n=24) were assigned to either an 8 or 16 min time to dehair, with or without scalding. Protracted time to dehair resulted in higher ultimate pH (p < 0.005) and less color variation across the muscle (p < 0.05). Though a color gradient remained, the variation across the muscle was reduced by increasing time to dehair. These data show time to dehair affects pork quality development and suggest that delaying time to physical manipulation of the carcass may improve pork color, thus increasing consumer acceptance. / Master of Science

Commercial hams display variation in color uniformity across the cut surface, especially the semimembranosus (SM) muscle. This variation in fresh ham color, or two-toning, persists through further processing and contributes to production of a less desirable end product. In an attempt to understand the underlying source of this color variation, we evaluated the differences in muscle fiber-type composition and glycolytic metabolism in the SM muscle of fresh hams differing in color uniformity. Fifty-eight fresh SM muscles, ranging in color, were selected at 24 h postmortem and each partitioned into four distinct regions and three color classes based on color uniformity in the caudal region. The L* (lightness) values were greatest and a* (redness) values lowest in the most caudal portions of the muscle. The caudal portion also exhibited the lowest ultimate pH (P < 0.0001), lowest myoglobin (P < 0.05), greatest glycolytic potential (GP) (P < 0.0001) and the lowest myosin heavy chain type I isoform (P < 0.0001) abundance of all regions in 'normal' colored hams. After segregating based on L* values, the caudal region had identical pH, GP, LDH, and MyHC-I, despite significant differences in L* (P < 0.0001). These data show the most caudal aspects of the SM are indeed more prone to adverse postmortem metabolism and suggest that inherent differences in muscles of the ham may make some areas of the ham more vulnerable to temperature abuse during harvesting. / Master of Science

A study was conducted to determine the feasibility of utilizing potassium sorbate as a fungistatlc agent in country ham processing. The study was divided into three phases: the first utilized 60 and 90 day old cured country (long cut) ham; the second used country ham slices; and the third phase utilized 70 day old country cured (packer style cut) hams. Samples were incubated at various temperatures and relative humidities to determine the extent of protection offered by sorbate against fungal growth. Intensity of fungal growth was determined subjectively through periodic visible evaluations and were quantitated by culture plating methods. A UV spectrophotometric technique was utilized to determine the concentrations of sorbic acid deposited on ham surfaces or slices by various methods of application. Of the different methods of application that were tested, the 5% (W/V) 1 minute spray offered the lowest effective level for inhibition of fungal growth. The 5% l minute spray significantly lowered initial mold and yeast colony counts and protected the hams for 30 to 60 days under conditions conducive to fungal outgrowth (21.1±5°C and 70±5% relative humidity). An analogous 10% spray provided a slightly greater measure of mold inhibition than the 5% treatment under identical conditions. / Master of Science

Fresh hams were skinned, boned, and fat removed to tolerance. Three curing mixtures were applied at the rate of 5% of the boneless weight. The curing mixtures consisted of (1) .1% sodium nitrite, 14.2% white sugar, and 85. 7% salt, (2) .2% sodium nitrite, 14.2% white sugar and 85.6% salt, (3) 10% v/v nitric oxide gas in nitrogen, 14.2% white sugar and 85.8% salt. The entire amount of the curing mixture was applied immediately prior to the tumbling treatment. Hams were tumbled for 180 minutes (3 hours) continuously at 22 R.P.M. at 2l.1°C. The hams were held 12 hours at 4.4°C for salt equalization, smoked for four hours and cooked to an internal temperature of 71.1°C for 15 minutes and then aged for 14 days at 60% humidity and 15.5 to 21.1°C. Organoleptic evaluations were made, and slices were analyzed for salt, moisture, and residual nitrite. Panel scores were similar for all treatments, all were acceptable except for control which could not be evaluated. Percent salt and moisture were similar for the three treatments but the control (non-tumbled) had the lowest percent salt. Variations occurred in nitrite levels, the lowest level detected was in the control (non-tumbled) hams and the highest level detected was in the hams treated with the nitric oxide. Residual nitrite levels for the hams treated with 0.1% sodium nitrite and 0.2% sodium nitrite showed no statistical differences. / Master of Science

O vírus linfotrópico de células T humanas do tipo 1 (HTLV-1) é o agente etiológico de duas principais manifestações clínicas, a mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1/paraparesia espástica tropical (HAM/TSP) e a leucemia/linfoma de células T do adulto (ATLL). O desenvolvimento de HAM/TSP, uma doença neuroinflamatória crônica é relacionada a uma complexa interação entre vírus e resposta imunológica do hospedeiro. A expressão do gene viral tax desempenha um papel importante na patogênese da HAM/TSP pela ativação de diversos genes celulares, incluindo genes das citocinas inflamatórias IFN-? e TNF- Recentemente, os exossomos surgiram como um importante fator na comunicação célula-célula contribuindo em diversos processos celulares, inclusive na modulação do sistema imunológico. Considerando o potencial papel dos exossomos na imunomodulação e no processo inflamatório, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar se os exossomos produzidos por células infectadas pelo HTLV-1 carreiam moléculas virais e se poderiam participar dos processos de imunomodulação e inflamação crônica observados na HAM/TSP. Os exossomos foram isolados de células infectadas pelo HTLV-1 da linhagem celular C8166, avaliados quanto à presença de RNAm viral tax e testados quanto à capacidade de ativar células mononucleares do sangue periférico (PBMC) à indução de resposta inflamatória. Neste trabalho, foi observado que, após a exposição de PBMC aos exossomos contendo RNAm viral tax, a expressão da citocina inflamatória IFN-? foi aumentada em linfócitos T CD4+ e CD8+ quando comparado ao grupo não exposto aos exossomos. Foi observado um pequeno aumento de TNF-? no grupo exposto aos exossomos. Não houve diferença na expressão das citocinas IL-4, perforina e granzima B. Tomados em conjunto, estes resultados sugerem que exossomos contendo tax isolados de células infectadas pelo HTLV-1 induzem a produção de citocinas inflamatórias ativam a resposta imunológica de padrão Th1, e não Th2. Estes achados podem contribuir na elucidação do papel dos exossomos na infecção pelo HTLV-1 e nos estudos relacionados à patogênese da HAM/TSP e à resposta inflamatória envolvendo a apresentação clínica desta doença. / Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical paraparesis spastic (HAM/TSP) and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). The development of HAM/TSP, a chronic neuroinflammatory disease, is correlated to a complex host-virus dynamic immune response interaction. Tax expression plays an important role in HAM/TSP pathogenesis by activating various cellular genes, including the cytokines IFN-? and TNF-?. Exosomes have emerged as an important factor of cell-to-cell communication contributing to diverse cellular processes, including immune modulation. Considering the potential role of exosomes in modulating the immune response and inflammation, the main objective of this study was to examine if HTLV-1-infected cells produce exosomes can carry viral tax mRNA, and if they can can participate in the chronic inflammation observed in patients with HAM/TSP. Exosomes were isolated from HTLV-1-infected cell line culture, evaluated for the tax mRNA presence and tested for the ability to activate peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMC) in inducing an inflammatory immune response. We observed that the proinflammatory cytokine IFN-? was upregulated in CD4 and CD8 T-cells after treatment of the PBMC with Tax carrying exosomes compared to the negative control. The expression of TNF-? was slightly upregulated. IL-4, Granzyme B and Perforin did not show alterations. Taken together, these results suggest that exosomes carrying Tax isolated from HTLV-1-infected cells might induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines and activate T helper (Th)1, and not Th2, immune response. This study may have important impact on the studies involving the pathogenesis of HAM-TSP and the inflammatory response involved in the clinical presentation of the disease.

O HTLV-1 (human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1) foi o primeiro retrovírus humano a ser identificado. É comprovadamente o agente etiológico da leucemia/linfoma de células T no adulto (ATLL) e da paraparesia espástica tropical ou mielopatia associada ao HTLV (HAM/TSP). Porém se evidencia que o vírus possa estar relacionado a várias outras manifestações sistêmicas. A Síndrome de Sjögren (SS) é uma das desordens que têm sido associada ao HTLV-1. Embora a infecção pelo HTLV seja reconhecidamente endêmica no Brasil, não há informações sobre essa associação na população brasileira. Este trabalho propõe-se a investigar a prevalência de SS em pacientes infectados pelo HTLV e a prevalência de HTLV em pacientes diagnosticados com SS. Exames sorológicos para investigação do HTLV foram realizados em 50 pacientes da Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (ISCMSP) que apresentavam queixas compatíveis com a SS (grupo 1). No Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas foram avaliados 129 pacientes HTLV+ que passaram pelo processo diagnóstico para a SS (grupo 2). Nenhum dos pacientes do grupo 1 apresentou soropositividade para o HTLV. No grupo 2, 46 (35,7%) apresentaram algum grau de xerostomia, 18 (13,95%) apresentaram xeroftalmia, 8 (6,2%) apresentaram hipossalivação, 2 (1,55%) apresentaram fluxo lacrimal alterado e 1 paciente (0,77%) apresentou autoanticorpos reagentes (anti-SSB). Foram executadas biópsias incisionais de glândulas salivares menores em 5 pacientes do grupo 2. Apenas 2 pacientes (1,55%) HTLV+ completaram os critérios para o diagnóstico de SS. A SS mostrou ser três vezes mais prevalente em pacientes HTLV+ do IIER do que nos pacientes que buscaram atendimento no serviço de Otorrinolaringologia da ISCMSP. / HTLV-1 (human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1) was the first human retrovirus identified. It is proven to be the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and of a neurological disease known as HTLV-1 associated myelopathy or tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). However, there is the evidence that the virus could be related to several other systemic manifestations. Sjögren\'s Syndrome (SS) is one of the disorders that have been associated with HTLV-1. Although HTLV infection is known to be endemic in Brazil, there is no information about this association in Brazilian population. This study proposes to investigate the prevalence of SS among patients infected with HTLV and the prevalence of HTLV among patients diagnosed with SS. Serological tests for HTLV were performed in 50 patients from Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (ISCMSP) with complaints compatible with the SS (group 1). At Institute of Infectious Diseases Emilio Ribas (IIER), 129 HTLV+ patients were evaluated and the diagnostic process for SS was performed (group 2). None of the patients in group 1 was positive for HTLV. In group 2, 46 (35.7%) reported any degree of xerostomia, 18 (13.95%) had xerophtalmia, hyposalivation was present in 8 (6.2%) patients and decrease in tear secretion, in only one patient (0.77%) the auto-antibodies was positive ( Anti-SSB). Incisional biopsies of labial minor salivary glands were executed in 5 patients in group 2. Only 2 HTLV+ patients (1.55%) have fulfilled the classification criteria for SS. SS proved to be three times more prevalent in HTLV patients from IIER than in patients who sought care in the service of Otorhinolaryngology at ISCMSP.

O HTLV-1 (human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1) foi o primeiro retrovírus humano a ser identificado. É comprovadamente o agente etiológico da leucemia/linfoma de células T no adulto (ATLL) e da paraparesia espástica tropical ou mielopatia associada ao HTLV (HAM/TSP). Porém se evidencia que o vírus possa estar relacionado a várias outras manifestações sistêmicas. A Síndrome de Sjögren (SS) é uma das desordens que têm sido associada ao HTLV-1. Embora a infecção pelo HTLV seja reconhecidamente endêmica no Brasil, não há informações sobre essa associação na população brasileira. Este trabalho propõe-se a investigar a prevalência de SS em pacientes infectados pelo HTLV e a prevalência de HTLV em pacientes diagnosticados com SS. Exames sorológicos para investigação do HTLV foram realizados em 50 pacientes da Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (ISCMSP) que apresentavam queixas compatíveis com a SS (grupo 1). No Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas foram avaliados 129 pacientes HTLV+ que passaram pelo processo diagnóstico para a SS (grupo 2). Nenhum dos pacientes do grupo 1 apresentou soropositividade para o HTLV. No grupo 2, 46 (35,7%) apresentaram algum grau de xerostomia, 18 (13,95%) apresentaram xeroftalmia, 8 (6,2%) apresentaram hipossalivação, 2 (1,55%) apresentaram fluxo lacrimal alterado e 1 paciente (0,77%) apresentou autoanticorpos reagentes (anti-SSB). Foram executadas biópsias incisionais de glândulas salivares menores em 5 pacientes do grupo 2. Apenas 2 pacientes (1,55%) HTLV+ completaram os critérios para o diagnóstico de SS. A SS mostrou ser três vezes mais prevalente em pacientes HTLV+ do IIER do que nos pacientes que buscaram atendimento no serviço de Otorrinolaringologia da ISCMSP. / HTLV-1 (human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1) was the first human retrovirus identified. It is proven to be the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and of a neurological disease known as HTLV-1 associated myelopathy or tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). However, there is the evidence that the virus could be related to several other systemic manifestations. Sjögren\'s Syndrome (SS) is one of the disorders that have been associated with HTLV-1. Although HTLV infection is known to be endemic in Brazil, there is no information about this association in Brazilian population. This study proposes to investigate the prevalence of SS among patients infected with HTLV and the prevalence of HTLV among patients diagnosed with SS. Serological tests for HTLV were performed in 50 patients from Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (ISCMSP) with complaints compatible with the SS (group 1). At Institute of Infectious Diseases Emilio Ribas (IIER), 129 HTLV+ patients were evaluated and the diagnostic process for SS was performed (group 2). None of the patients in group 1 was positive for HTLV. In group 2, 46 (35.7%) reported any degree of xerostomia, 18 (13.95%) had xerophtalmia, hyposalivation was present in 8 (6.2%) patients and decrease in tear secretion, in only one patient (0.77%) the auto-antibodies was positive ( Anti-SSB). Incisional biopsies of labial minor salivary glands were executed in 5 patients in group 2. Only 2 HTLV+ patients (1.55%) have fulfilled the classification criteria for SS. SS proved to be three times more prevalent in HTLV patients from IIER than in patients who sought care in the service of Otorhinolaryngology at ISCMSP.

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2014-05-22T14:08:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Raimundo Coutinho Junior. Perfil de ativação... 2014 .pdf: 1722380 bytes, checksum: 909bc68a97d8e0a06206d205cd3557f7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-22T14:08:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raimundo Coutinho Junior. Perfil de ativação... 2014 .pdf: 1722380 bytes, checksum: 909bc68a97d8e0a06206d205cd3557f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / O vírus linfotrópico das células T humanas do tipo 1 (HTLV-1) é o agente etiológico da mielopatia associada ao HTLV / paraparesia espástica tropical (HAM / TSP ), que ocorre em menos de 5 % dos indivíduos infectados. A resposta imune controla parcialmente a infecção, porém pode estar ligada a patogênese da doença. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar fenotipicamente as subpopulações de linfócitos T, em pacientes assintomáticos e com diagnóstico de HAM/TSP. Foram avaliados 103 pacientes acompanhados no Centro de HTLV da Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP) e 19 controles não infectados. Os pacientes foram categorizados de acordo com o grau de certeza do diagnóstico de HAM/TSP: possível (Ps), provável (Pb) e definido (D), além de pacientes assintomáticos (ASS). O perfil fenotípico (CD25, CD45RA, CD45RO, HLA-DR, CD25, CCR-7, CD62L) das subpopulações de linfócitos T CD4+ e T CD8+ e a expressão da proteína Tax de FoxP3 na subpopulação T CD4+ foram avaliados por citometria de fluxo. A carga proviral do HTLV foi quantificada por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) em tempo real. As proporções dos linfócitos TCD4+HLA-DR+ e TCD8+HLA-DR foram significativamente maiores nos pacientes com HAM/TSP Ps, Pb e D comparados aos controles não infectados (p=0,003). Comparando-se o grupo de infectados, as proporções de linfócitos TCD4+ e TCD8+ expressando HLA-DR foram significantemente maiores em pacientes com HAM/TSP-Ps e D comparados a pacientes assintomáticos (p<0,0001). Além disso, houve uma correlação positiva entre porcentagem de linfócitos T CD4+ HLA-DR+ e a carga proviral (r=0,5, p=0,0003). As proporções de linfócitos T CD4+CD25+ foram maiores nos pacientes com HAM/TSP D comparados aos controles não infectados. Observou-se um aumento na proporção de células reguladoras (T CD4+FOXP3+) nos indivíduos assintomáticos e nos pacientes com HAM/TSP-D comparados a indivíduos não infectados (p=0,04). A carga proviral HTLV-1 foi maior no grupo de pacientes HAM/TSP-D do que em pacientes assintomáticos (p=0,0001). Observa-se uma diferença estatística entre a proporção de células CD4+TAX+ dos indivíduos assintomáticos (0,26%) e os pacientes HAM/TSP-Ps (5,26%) (p=0,04). Em conclusão, os pacientes com HAM/TSP Ps, Pb e D apresentam um perfil fenotípico de ativação celular, comparados aos controles não infectados. Além disso, os pacientes com HAM/TSP Pb e D apresentam maior expressão de HLA-DR nas subpopulações de linfócitos T CD4+ e T CD8+, comparados aos assintomáticos, indicando um perfil imunológico semelhante nestes dois subgrupos de pacientes. / The human T-cell lymphotropic vírus type 1(HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of HTLV- associated myelopathy/ Tropical spastic paraparesis(HAM/TSP), wich occurs in less then 5% of the infected individuals. The immune response partially controls the infection, but may be linked to the pathogenesis of disease. The aim of this study was to characterize phenotipically T lymphocyte subpopulations in asymptomatic and in patients diagnosed with HAM/TSP. We evaluated 103 patients treated at the center for HTLV of Bahia School of Medicine and Public Health (EBMSP) and 19 uninfected controls. Patients were categorized as asymptomatic and according to the degree of certainty of the diagnosis of HAM/TSP: Possible(Ps), Probable(Pb) and Definite(D). The phenotypic profile (CD25, CD45RA, CD45RO, HLA-DR, CCR-7, CD62L) subpopulation of CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells and expression of the protein Tax and Foxp3 in the subpopulation CD4+ T cells were evaluated by flow cytometry. The HTLV proviral load was quantified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in real time. The proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ expressing HLA-DR+ were significantly higher in patients (p<0.0001). In addition there were a correlation between CD4+ HLA-DR+ or CD8+ HLA-DR+ and the proviral load(R=0,5;p<0,0001). The proportions of CD4+CD25+ were higher in patients with HAM/TSP D compared to infected controls. There was an increased proportion of regulatory cells (CD4+Foxp3+) of asymptomatic individuals and patients HAM/TSP D, compared to the uninfected individuals (p=0.04). . There is a statistical difference between the proportion of CD4+TAX+ asymptomatic individuals (0.26%) patients and HAM/TSP-Ps (5.26%) (p = 0.04 ) . In conclusion, patients with HAM/TSP Ps, Pb and D exhibit a phenotypic profile of cell activation, compared to uninfected controls. In addition, patients with HAM/TSP Pb and D show higher expression of HLA -DR in subpopulations of T lymphocytes CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, compared to asymptomatic, indicating an immunological profile similar in both groups of patients

My thesis's topic is radio and its influence on society in the First Czechoslovak Republic. The topic of this thesis is approached form a perspective of history of technology. This historical discipline is most widely used within the Western Europe, especially in the Netherlands. The history of technology pays attention to the technology not from excessively technological view, but rather from sociological and cultural view. One of main interests of this historical discipline, lies in the scientists, whose work led to the discovery and technological progress. In my thesis, I will first of all pay attention to the radio as a technological phenomenon. I am going to try to present a new interpretation of the radio. Main interest of this thesis, is going to be technological development of radio from its conception to the spread of this technology, political discussions within the parliament and cultural reflections of this new technology. Key words: radio, history of technology, Czechoslovakia, technology, amateur radio operator, HAM Radio