Yes / The aim of this study is to determine emergency nurses’ knowledge about, and perceived ability to support, people who are suicidal. A questionnaire consisting of 34 questions was sent out to 113 adult emergency nurses employed in two emergency departments. A total of 38 responded. Findings highlight differences in attitudes and show a correlation between suicide prevention training and nurses’ perceived competence to triage people who are suicidal. The article makes recommendations for future research, as well as nurse education and training on suicide prevention, to improve attitudes and increase emergency nurses’ ability to respond effectively to people who are suicidal.

This thesis presents four studies that examine the potential role that intrusive thoughts, dissociation and mindfulness in self-harming behaviours in young people and adults. A large online study was conducted with students and staff at a UK university. This examined a range of risk factors for self-harm derived from the literature, including dissociation, family background/trauma history and intrusive thoughts. This study was followed up with a qualitative study investigating triggers of self-harm, and the role of intrusive thoughts. A third study then looked at these factors in young people who were inpatients in an American psychiatric hospital, and who had all expressed intent to self- harm or commit suicide. This study also introduced a measure of trait mindfulness in order to investigate this potential way of dealing with intrusive thoughts. Finally, the risk factors identified in these studies were further investigated with an online survey with undergraduate students at a second UK university, dissociation, mindfulness and thought suppression. Intrusive thoughts were found to differ in content, frequency and effect between people with experience of self-harm and those without. A subgroup of potentially maladaptive behaviours were found to be associated with high scores on the predictors of self-harm, and therefore potentially predictive of self-harm. In the young people in hospital, the extent to which they reacted to their intrusive thoughts was inversely associated with the extent to which they were naturally mindful. Trait mindfulness scores were lower for those individuals with a history of childhood trauma, and for those meeting diagnostic criteria for Borderline Personality Disorder, in which self-harm is a key feature. These findings together suggest that mindfulness skills may play an important role in both dealing with intrusive thoughts and for protecting against self-harm. Overall, intrusive thoughts and dissociation were associated with experience of self- harming behaviours, while mindfulness skills were negatively associated with self-harm. Some potentially maladaptive behaviours (including smoking and eating pathology) represent risk factors for self-harm, and therefore may provide professionals with a way of identifying people for early intervention, if further longitudinal research shows evidence of progression. Alternatively, the differences in mindfulness between this group and the self-harmers may indicate that mindfulness training could benefit people who self-harm.

Starting point: The subject matter of this degree work is Analysis of European Harm Reduction magazines targeting illegal addictive substances users with the exception of marihuana. The research complex is formed from 11 magazines. The common criteria for their selection was a processing of the first number published in 2015. Twenty-nine variables were monitored in all magazines. This work was inspired by Jany Reekers'article (Adiktologie, 2012) where the author tried to map out magazines for addictive substances users all over the world. Aims: The object of this study is to map out magazines for illegal addictive substances users which are published in Europe. The magazines for marihuana users are not subsumed in this work. The further object is to detail the magazines from the viewpoint of formal criteria and do their content analysis. Methods: The analysis of documents, one of the basic types of the research in qualitative approach was used in this study. Acquired data was processed via Coding manual of the printed report about addictive substances and themes which involve them: The appplication for magazines coding which are given for problem illegal addictive substances users (Gabrhelík et A1., 2012). The basic research complex consisted of 11 magazines, 14 magazines were identified. Results:...

1 Abstract: The subject of this paper is the issue of the pecuniary satisfaction as a legal instrument of protection of the personality in civil law. It is obvious that the main object of this work is the question of personal rights and its protection, which has its part in constitutional laws. This paper also analyses the definition of law on protection of personality, an entitlements to sue and to be sued relating to protection of personality. This essay is divided into five chapters with relatively separated thesis. In the first part the issue of conception of personality is analysed. What is personality in the terms of law? There are two different views - in first personality is identical with human existence, in second view personality is only role assignated to human by system of law. This part of the work analyses especially socialistic view of person and its protection and iusnaturalistic conception of personality. Both of them have practical impacts on legislation in Czechoslovakia and in Czech Republic as well. Anthropological conception respects new proposal of Civil code, while socialistic view and its basics exerts influence up recent Civil Code nr. 40/1964. Second part of this work analyses generally personality rights and sources of laws of personality and monistic and dualistic theory. In...

The main goal of this diploma thesis was to summarize crimes against health in accordance to Chapter I Title II of the Criminal Code. Firstly I focused on history of the crimes against health. As these crimes were present during the whole human being, my goal was to describe the main historical milestones from the beggining of the Czech state until the publication of the present Criminal Code. In another chapter I described crimes against health from the criminological point of view. I defined individual types of offenders of these crimes, their motivation, causation why are they commiting crimes and last but not least the possible way how to prevent these crimes. Third chapter contains description of the main elements in crimes against health. There are four obligatory signs of every criminal offence. The object, the subjective point, the objective point and the perpetrator. Main part of this work is devoted to the analysis of the particular crimes according to Chapter I Title II of the Criminal Code. I devided this part systematicly into two chapters - intentional crimes and crimes caused by negligance. Chapter about the crimes caused by negligance describes more detailed crimes against health caused by road accidents, doctors and sportsman. There is an extensive practise of the courts in this...

Disertacijoje vertinta su alkoholio vartojimu siejama socialinė ir ekonominė žala Lietuvoje. Pagrindiniai darbo uždaviniai buvo įvertinti su alkoholio vartojimu susijusį mirtingumą, ligotumą ir netektą darbingumą, nustatyti su alkoholio vartojimu susijusių teisėtvarkos pažeidimų apimtis bei įvertinti su alkoholio vartojimu susijusią ekonominę žalą Lietuvoje 2010 m. Tyrime analizuoti Higienos instituto, SVEIDRA, Neįgalumo ir darbingumo nustatymo tarnybos, Statistikos departamento, Informatikos ir ryšių departamento, Valstybinio psichikos sveikatos centro, Valstybinės ligonių kasos, Lietuvos kelių policijos tarnybos, Kalėjimų departamento bei Socialinės apsaugos ir darbo ministerijos duomenys. Analizuojant alkoholio vartojimo žalą sveikatai iš viso buvo vertintos 55 ligos ir būklės (ar jų grupės), visiškai ar iš dalies siejamos su alkoholinių gėrimų vartojimu. 22 iš šių būklių visiškai siejamos tik su alkoholinių gėrimų vartojimu. Likusi dalis – iš dalies alkoholio sąlygojamos būklės, kurių tam tikros proporcijos priskyrimas alkoholio žalai pagrįstas remiantis Lietuvai apskaičiuotomis alkoholiui priskiriamomis dalimis (angl. Alcohol-attributable fractions). Disertacijos rezultatai parodė, kad alkoholio vartojimo sąlygojama socialinė ir ekonominė žala atsispindi daugelyje socialinės gerovės sričių, o tiesiogiai sveikatos priežiūrai tenkanti alkoholio vartojimo sukeliamos socialinės ir ekonominės žalos dalis tėra tik vienas iš daugelio šios žalos komponentų. / The aim of this dissertation was to evaluate the social and economic harm of alcohol in Lithuania. The main objectives were to estimate alcohol-attributable mortality, morbidity, disabilities, to evaluate alcohol related violations of law, and to estimate alcohol-attributable economic costs in Lithuania in 2010. The study includes the data from Institute of Hygiene, SVEIDRA, Disability and Capacity Assessment Service, Department of Statistics, Information Technology and Communications Department, State Mental Health Center, State Patient Fund, Lithuanian Traffic Police Office, Prison Department and Ministry of Social Security and Labour. In total this study included 55 conditions and groups of conditions that are fully or partially attributable to alcohol. 22 of those conditions are 100 per cent attributable to alcohol. The rest were partially attributable to alcohol, which were estimated by applying the Lithuanian specific Alcohol-attributable fractions. The results of this dissertation have identified that alcohol-attributable social and economic harm to society is widely spread across many social welfare sectors, as well as direct health care costs is only one of many alcohol-attributable harm components.

Cannabis is the most used illicit drug globally. Nevertheless, cannabis users often do not have sufficient knowledge about cannabis. Definition of cannabis "quality" can include both desirable effects and safety profile of the product. Harm reduction approach is commonly deployed for other illicit substances and it is also necessary to advance it for cannabis. The aim of this research was to reveal what Czech cannabis users consider as "quality" cannabis and how they assess it. Respondents were asked what help them to prevent mental and physical harms and how it influenced the intoxication. For the purposes of this thesis, ethnographic research was chosen (Janeček, 2014). Collection of qualitative data was performed using the method of qualitative semi-structured interviews (Miovský, 2006). The interviews were coded using a method of grounded theory (Strauss & Corbin, 1999). Respondents' motivation for use was based on bio-psycho-socio-spiritual approach. Most of the participants distinguished "quality" cannabis by smell, level of intoxication, taste, structure and "health" aspects that depend on a method of cultivation. If cannabis users asked about the origin of cannabis, in few cases they did not get the information at all. Inexperienced respondents are not able to distinguish cannabis...

Health and social situation of illicit drug users and the aid they receive from the respective social and healthcare institutions in the Czech Republic This thesis is composed of two main parts: theoretical and practical. Theoretical part contains chiefly categorization of illicit drugs, where we learn how they are divided according to their origin, effects, and their chemical composition, as well as their seriousness for the society. The thesis also maps the development of the illicit drug scene before and after 1989 and also discusses the importance of the year 1994{---}considered a breakthrough{---}since even before the convertibility of the Czech currency, it witnesses a massive invasion of high-quality and cheap heroine import. Furthermore, the harmful effects of drug abuse and their categorization is presented. Health hazards are correlated with data covering the HIV and viral hepatitis diffusion in the Czech Republic. This part also contains a list and description of institutions dealing with illicit drug abuse and issues connected with it. An analysis of social, health, and economic situation of illicit drug users, those filed in a L/K center. In conclusion, the thesis deals with the illicit drug use policy in the Czech Republic, where prevention, repression, prohibition and regulations are discussed, within the framework of sample of other national drug policies. The reader will find here the description of individual illicit drugs as well. The thesis aims to map the activities of K-centers, and the way their work{---}in its result, the aid to illicit drug users{---}is being made harder by the low-threshold institutions. Low-threshold institutions were chosen to represent the group of relevant institutions since they are attended by the illicit drug users most often, as well as being the first institution of this kind the users come to. The author also explored what suggestions of improvement the centers present. Three hypotheses were set: 1. The offer of services is broad in K-centers 2. Low-threshold institutions lack resources 3. Low-threshold institution representatives hold serious reservations to the illicit drug use policy in the Czech Republic The data were collected in questionnaires and secondary analysis of data from annual reports of K-centers. The questionnaires were filled in by low-threshold centers representatives. The data confirmed the set hypotheses. In the discussion, the author debates the results of his research and discusses expert literature, while explaining difficulties that he encountered composing this thesis. The conclusion deals with the suggestions for improvement, particularly of the illicit drug use policy and sums up the thesis.

Den aktuella studien ämnar undersöka huruvida de mest brottsfrekventa delområdena i Malmö även är de delområden med högst brottsskadevärde. Genom en analys av registerdata över anmälda brott framkommer det att 13 delområde i Malmö både uppvisar det högsta brottsskadevärdet och den högsta brottsfrekvensen. Fem delområden har dock enbart ett högt brottsskadevärde samtidigt som fem delområden enbart har en hög brottsfrekvens. Detta indikerar på att brottsbekämpande aktörer även bör komplettera sina arbetsmetoder mot brottsfrekventa plaster med metoder som riktar sig mot platser med höga brottsskadevärden. Därmed är det tänkbart att det brottsförebyggande arbetet skulle effektiviseras. I resultatet framkommer det även svaga samband mellan flertalet olika oberoende variabler, kopplade till teori, och delområden som kan klassificeras som brottsfrekventa och/eller med ett högt brottsskadevärde. Sammanfattningsvis uppmuntrar studien till vidare forskning inom ämnet med fokus på mikroplatser. / The current study aims to investigate whether or not the neighborhoods with the highest crime rates in Malmö also are the areas with the highest crime harm. A database analysis of reported crime incidents shows that 13 of the highest crime rate neighborhoods likewise are the neighborhoods with the highest crime harm rate. Five neighborhoods are solely classified as high crime rate neighborhoods meanwhile five are classified solely as high crime harm neighborhoods. This result indicates that the crime fighting agencies should supplement their working methods against high-crime areas with methods targeting neighborhoods with high crime harm. Thereby it is possible that the crime prevention could work more efficiently. The result also shows on weak correlations between several different independent variables, linked to theory, and neighborhoods that can be classified as high crime rate neighborhoods and/or a high crime harm neighborhoods. In conclusion the study encourages for further research on the subject with focus on microplaces.

x Klíčová slova: harm reduction - sociální služba - zdravotní péče - adiktolog Abstract Objective: The study is a institutional analysis of harm reduction services in the Czech Republic: possibilities and limits of providing health care in their context and the state of readiness on a combi- nation of health and social services to different target groups. Background: In the Czech Republic, there is currently a network of harm reduction services, especially for users of illegal drugs. These centres and programs are very diffrent in provided services, procedures, conditions for providing care and also in the status (registered social service x registered medical service x unregistred service). By analyzing the current status of harm reduction services, we can outline possible future development. Research file: The study was addressed to all contact centers and outreach programs for drug users in the Czech Republic (N = 96). Information will be provided by competent persons, mostly from senior staff. Methods: Data collection was conducted through a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire is structu- red, divided into 3 parts. If necessary, we will use the possibility of telephone interviews and analysis of documents. Contribution of the work: Achieved results may facilitace orientation in discussed posibility of...