Non-pecuniary harm and its compensation in judicial practice Abstract This thesis deals with the traditional private law issue of non-pecuniary harm and its compensation in the area of private law. The author of the thesis focuses mainly on current issues related to non-pecuniary harm with emphasis on the development of court decisions not only in the Czech legal system. Attention is also paid to the historical genesis of both, the legislation and judicial decisions. First of all, the basic concepts are analyzed, inclusive of terminological inconsistencies clearly expressed in the comparison table. Subsequently, attention in great detail is paid to the individual legal provisions dealing with the issue of non- pecuniary harm and its compensation in the current Civil Code. This thesis is divided into nine chapters. The first chapter explains the key term of non- pecuniary harm and other terms like compensation and judicial practice. The second chapter briefly introduces the protection of personality rights and means of reasonable satisfaction. The third chapter deals with the compensation for bodily harm in the Civil Code including a legally non-binding document called Methodology of the Supreme Court to compensate non-pecuniary harm to health. This non-binding document was created with the aim to help...

The thesis describes the course and results of the research into the field of Harm Reduction (HR) through the internet websites in the Czech language. Nowadays the internet forms an inseparable part of most people's lives from all social classes. This fact is reflected in the interests of both service providers for drug users and laymen interested in drug issues. Unfortunately, according to current research we do not know much about what information and in which quality and range can people find about drug Harm reduction on the internet. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to identify and evaluate internet websites in the field of harm reduction intervention focused on the users of illegal drugs in the Czech Republic. Internet websites were evaluated not only with respect to the contents and range of the information provided but also with respect to topicality, functionality and objectivity. What was found were 13 Czech complex websites, 7 professional HR organisations and also 6 non-professional HR websites. The websites of professional organisations in most cases fulfilled the essential criteria of authority, objectivity and topicality. Among non-professional websites there were high-quality ones containing a wide range of information and correct approach to drug issues but there were also two...

Author: Madeleine Ahlström and Hanna Puonti Title: To meet the invisible population - A qualitative study of men with deliberate self-injury [Att möta de osynliga - En kvalitativ studie om killar med självskadebeteende] Supervisor: Anders Östnäs Assessor: Jan Petersson   This study aims to provide a picture of the underlying causes why men deliberately hurt themselves. It also aims to provide a picture revolving how men self-harm and what the direct effects are from their self-harm. The study describes their behaviour and how the behaviour has evolved over time. There is also a focus in the study to illustrate how society´s operative approach towards men makes their self-harm invisible, and make them an invisible population that neither the scientists nor the general population chooses to see. Self-injury is strongly associated with girls and their way of harming themselves. Men have been excluded from studies of self-injury, also have there been very few scientists that found them of interest to study.   This is a study with a qualitative approach wich executed eight semi-structured interviews with men who have had a behavior of self-injury. The study takes on a hermeneutic approach to knowledge, to have the possibility to interpret in the analysis of the empirics. To analyse the data we have used a qualitative content analysis according to Graneheim and Lundman (2004). The results has been analysed by Antonovsky´s (2005) KASAM theory. The study has found that men have a self-injury that is multifaceted. The men in the study use different behaviours to manage various emotional factors that affect them. Deliberate self-injurious behaviours become a coping strategy for the men when they didn’t have other strategies to cope with when their faced difficulties.

Bakgrund: Självskadebeteende innebär att en person avsiktligen tillfogar sig fysiska kroppskador. Personer med ett självskadebeteende beskrivs som en svår grupp att behandla. Både inom somatisk och psykiatrisk vård framkom det att vårdpersonal upplevde det svårt att hantera och vårda personer med ett självskadebeteende. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att belysa vårdpersonalens erfarenheter av och attityder till att vårda personer med ett självskadebeteende. Metod: Tio kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar utgör resultatet i denna litteraturstudie och kvalitetsgranskades med IMRAD-modellen. Innehållsanalys med en manifest ansats användes för att granska, analysera och sammanställa resultatet. Resultat: Det resultat som framkom sammanställdes i fyra huvudkategorier. Dessa var vårdpersonalens kompetens och förhållningssätt, vårdpersonalens känslomässiga reaktioner, hanteringsstrategier för att klara arbetet och organisationens inverkan. Slutsats: Bristfällig utbildning och negativa attityder försämrar omvårdnaden. Det är därför viktigt att vårdpersonal får utbildning och handledning för att de ska få verktyg att hantera sina känslor och därigenom medverka till god omvårdnad för personer med ett självskadebeteende. / Background: Self-harm behaviour means that a person intentionally inflict physical injury to the body. Persons with a self-harm behaviour is described as a difficult group of patients to attend. Caregivers in the somatic and psychiatric care experienced it hard to handle and care for people with a self-harm behaviour. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe caregivers’ experiences of and attitudes towards caring for persons who engage in self-harm. Method: Ten qualitative scientific articles constitutes the result of this study and was quality-assured with the IMRAD-model. Content analysis with a manifest approach was used to examine, analyze and compile the results. Results: The results obtained were summarized in four main categories. These were caregivers’ competence and approach, caregivers’ emotional reactions, coping strategies to cope with the work and impact of the organization. Conclusion: Lack of education and negative attitudes deteriorates caring. Therefore it is important that caregivers’ get education and supervision so that they get tools for the management of feelings and thereby being able to participate in providing a good care for persons with a self-harm behaviour.

The legal restriction of hate speech – i.e. speech that expresses contempt for people on the basis of their ethnicity, religion, or sexuality – is now commonplace in liberal legal systems outside the United States. This thesis takes up the question of whether restrictions on hate speech are generally justifiable. I begin by explaining why liberals should not dismiss anti-hate speech law from the outset as an intolerable violation of free speech. My analysis of the case for anti-hate speech law is thereafter framed by two main concerns. Firstly, I stress that if we are to impose legal restrictions on hate speech, we must establish not just that there are harmful outcomes associated with hate speech, but that those who engage in hate speech are responsible for those outcomes. Secondly, I argue that restrictions on hate speech should be assessed in two distinct classes. Inquiries into the justificatory bases of anti-hate speech law are typically conducted as if informative generalisations can be made about how the law should respond to anything that is properly called hate speech. Against this approach, I argue that while the liberal state can and should impose restrictions on directly harmful hate speech (in which hate speech is used to threaten, harass, and incite violence), restrictions on indirectly harmful hate speech – in which hate speech (allegedly) contributes to identity-based social hierarchies and their concomitant harms – are not justifiable. The problem with restrictions on indirectly harmful hate speech is not the structure of the liability-ascription framework under which they operate. Rather, I argue, the problem is epistemic: we cannot confidently judge that hate-speakers are in fact responsible for contributing, more than trivially, to the harmful patterns of identity-based inequality and disadvantage in light of which restrictions on indirectly harmful hate speech may be defended in principle.

Contrary to what many scholars hold, a case can be made for human population reduction (the practice of artificially decreasing the number of human beings on the Earth). Robin Attfield's, Paul Taylor's, Arne Næss's and J. Baird Callicott's theories are considered for justifying human population reduction; however, only Næss's actually justifies reduction. Another argument for human population reduction is developed, based on rectification: humans have unjustly harmed other living entities and themselves, and they should provide rectification for the harm done. Human population reduction is a way in which this rectification can be given.

Syftet med studien var att belysa hur professionella inom beroendevården resonerade kring harm reduction insatser och nolltolerans. Vi ville även undersöka möjligheter till förändringsprocesser hos de personer som använder narkotika med hjälp av harm reduction insatser. Den metodologiska utgångspunkten bestod i hermeneutiken och det empiriska materialet samlades in genom en kvalitativ ansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Intervjuerna bestod av sex professionella från tre olika kommuner. Resultatet är analyserat utifrån teorier från Moira von Wright och Michel Foucault. Studien visar att professionellas upplevelse av harm reduction i stora drag är positiva trots att mer problematisering behövs. Några av slutsatserna är att harm reduction möjliggör förändringsprocesser hos personer som använder narkotika där man kan nå och motivera personer till vidare behandling. Skadereducerande insatser försvåras dock av narkotikapolitiken som stämplar både de som använder narkotika och de professionella. En annan slutsats är att harm reduction inte kan jämföras med legalisering.

This thesis comprises a narrative exploration of the lived experience of being someone who has self-injured. Self-injury, like pain, emotions, sensation and social life, is understood and examined as inherently embodied. The thesis is intended to contribute to sociological approaches to the study of embodiment and to sociological understandings of self-injury. Twelve participants were recruited in non-clinical sites. The sample was heterogeneous in terms of their experience of self-injury, contact with medical and psychiatric services, socio-economic background, household type, age and sexuality. Both men and women were interviewed in an attempt to counter the relative neglect of men in previous research. Two interviews were carried out with each participant: the first was a life-story interview, while the second explored self-injury more directly. The approach to data collection and analysis was intended to be collaborative, and comprised both narrative and thematic techniques. The thesis demonstrates the importance of studying self-injury as an embodied, socially situated and socially mediated behaviour. An embodied approach underlines the importance of the visibility of self-injury. The existence of visible marks and scars created by self-injury were important aspects of the lived experience of participants. The ways in which these marks were negotiated in social life represented a key focus of analysis. My analysis reveals the importance and utility of attending to the practical and material aspects of self-injury in attempting to understand the behaviour. I highlight the diverse ways in which self-injury is practised, and the equally various meanings and understandings it holds for practitioners A variety of complex and contradictory justifications for self-injury are critically examined. These justifications share a concern with pain, incarnate, suggesting that self-injury is: a method of transforming emotional pain into physical pain; a way of relieving emotional pain; painful; painless; attention-seeking; private. A sociological, narrative analysis illuminates the ways in which these understandings and justifications can be located within biographical, interpersonal and socio-cultural contexts. By locating these justifications within socio-cultural contexts, the complexities and contradictions of the accounts become understandable. My analysis confirms the importance of attending to socio-cultural understandings of bodies, emotions, authenticity and morality in exploring narratives about self-injury.

This study serves two aims, to shed light on the rule of darura in Islamic law and to examine the justification for the Harm Reduction Programme in Malaysia using the said rule. In an attempt to fathom the real understanding of this rule, I have employed two methods: a critical approach to the darura theoretical discussions and an analysis of darura cases presented in fiqhi treatises. The study demonstrates that the usuliyun have formulated a narrow scope of darura theory although the applications of the rule in fiqhi treatises suggest other ways in which the principle can be applied. The jurists tend to apply the rule in a much wider sense in the various fiqhi works, either in true and factual cases or in hypothetical ones. This research also finds that the modern jurists have expanded the application not only to protect the necessity of an individual person but to protect the necessity of the public at large. It can also be suggested that the rule of darura has provided measures derogating obligations; however, this must only be to the extent required by the exigencies of the situation. A rigorous understanding of this rule is crucial for the field of Islamic law in order to avoid any possible abuse. Based on the above understanding of darura, this study finally investigates whether darura can justify the Harm Reduction Programme in Malaysia. This programme has been promulgated to reduce HIV/AIDS cases by providing drug users with methadone, syringes and needles. The programme was assessed thoroughly using the legal requirements and preconditions of darura. Having examined the philosophy, its modus operandi and jurists' attitude towards drugs, the study concludes that this programme is justified from a shari`a perspective on the basis of necessity. However, strict precautions and regulations need to be continuously employed throughout this controlled programme to avoid any abuse which might impair its legality. The research also aims to enhance the public's understanding of the rule of darura and to improve the collaboration between Malaysian government and religious groups in minimising HIV/AIDS and drug cases in Malaysia.

När ett barn har ett självskadebeteende påverkas föräldrarna, de hamnar i konflikter med varandra, familjedynamiken vänds upp och ned och syskonen hamnar i skymundan. Sjukskö-terskan har därför en viktig roll, att inte bara vårda och se till det sjuka barnet, utan se famil-jen som en helhet. Författarna till examensarbetet har valt att belysa föräldrars upplevelser av att ha barn med självskadebeteende. I Sverige är psykisk ohälsa bland barn och unga ett växande problem. Personer med självska-debeteende upplever oftast även någon form av psykisk ohälsa. Drygt 2,300 kvinnor och 1,300 män i åldern 15-29 år vårdades år 2011 för själskadebeteende men det finns olika typer av vårdformer samt söker inte alla hjälp, därför finns troligtvis ett stort mörkertal. Självskadebeteende och självmordsförsök ses allmänt som en komplikation vid psykisk ohälsa, där den vanligaste ohälsan är depression. Självskadebeteende och självmordsförsök skall dock inte förväxlas som samma fenomen, då självmordsförsök handlar om att avluta sitt liv. Självskadebeteende definieras med att avsiktligt skada sin kropp, utan avsikt till själv-mord. Föräldrar till barn med självskadebeteende kan känna sig misslyckade och maktlösa. De kän-ner även en skuld och skam över barnets beteende. Det är känslomässigt ansträngande för dem att hantera situationen. Det är därför av stor vikt att de får rätt handledning och stöd för att på bästa sätt kunna hjälpa sitt barn. Föräldrarna kunde känna en avsaknad av kunskap och förståelse gällande deras barns självskadebeteende. Sjukvårdpersonalen kan stötta föräldrarna genom att förmedla kunskap och information. De ska även undervisa, motivera, ge rådgivning samt emotionellt och praktiskt stöd till hela familjen. Insatserna bör utföras av sjuksköterskan i ett nära samarbete med andra yrkesgrupper för att få en så bra familjeorienterad vård som möjligt. / Background: Mental illness is a growing problem in society and is increasingly seen in younger people. Deliberate self-harm is seen as a complication of mental illness. Self-harm means that people intentionally injure themselves as a habit and with more or less severe de-gree, but with no intention to take their own life. Aim: The aim of the study is to illustrate parents’ experiences of their child’s deliberate self-harm behavior. Method: A literature-based study based on analysis of ten qualitative articles. Results: The results are presented in three main themes and ten subthemes. The first main theme is "A roller coaster of feelings", with three subthemes "First battle", "Feelings of guilt and shame" and "Anxiety and fear". The second main theme is "Parenthood and family rela-tionship" with four subthemes "Changing positions of power", "Parents in conflict", "Not being enough as a parent" and "A changed relationship". The last main theme is "Parents ex-perience of support" with three subthemes "The insufficient support", "Feeling seen" and "To get support from the surroundings". Conclusion: Health care professionals need to create a good relationship with both parents and patients, which can be done by meeting the parents' feelings and being responsive.