京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19780号 / 農博第2176号 / 新制||農||1041(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H28||N4996(農学部図書室) / 32816 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科農学専攻 / (主査)教授 白岩 立彦, 教授 奥本 裕, 教授 稲村 達也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第21141号 / 農博第2267号 / 新制||農||1058(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H30||N5115(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科農学専攻 / (主査)教授 白岩 立彦, 教授 稲村 達也, 教授 縄田 栄治 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Improving production efficiency is a major challenge for modern orchard systems. The primary response in horticulture is to develop high-density orchard systems that use dwarfing rootstocks and intense management strategies to maintain small tree size. As development and evaluation of novel orchard systems may help improve understanding of plant physiology for the development of high-density systems. The effect of tree size and architecture on physiological and production efficiency was evaluated for tart cherry (Prunus cerasus, P. mahaleb) and apple (Malus spp.) orchard systems using a physiologically driven modeling approach, called allometry. Branch dimensions, canopy dimensions and biomass were measured for 24-year-old tart cherry individuals and 10-year-old 'Golden Delicious' apple individuals on various rootstocks in experimental blocks at the Kaysville Research Farm in Davis Co., Utah. Tree size was related to annual fruit biomass that had been collected over the duration of the apple trial. Branch dimensions, canopy dimensions, yield, and fruit quality were collected in commercial tart cherry orchards of Utah Co. Tree size, architecture, and biomass of tart cherry and apple expressed strong allometric relationships that were broadly consistent among the two orchard tree species and the theoretical expectations derived from wild plants. The most consistent relationship was the trunk diameter (or trunk cross sectional area) - stem biomass relationship, which broadly followed the 8/3-power law. Branch and canopy dimensions that include a measure of length, such as branch length and canopy height, demonstrated architecture indicative of high water efficiency and metabolic activity that is relieved from biomechanical constrains of weight bearing. The apple rootstocks differed from each other in production efficiency with individuals that express smaller branch and canopy dimensions producing a higher proportion of fruit relative to tree size. In the commercial tart cherry orchards, smaller individuals with relatively higher canopy height and spread expressed higher yield and fruit quality. Overall, this research supported the continued development of training systems that maintain small trees to improve physiological and production efficiency. Further research must reconcile other consequences of intense management and overproduction that arise with the increased efficiency facilitated by small tree size and high-density orchard systems to maintain sustainable fruit production.

Interspecific competition is comprised of both resource dependant and resource independent processes. While many studies have focused on the role that resource dependant competition plays in reducing crop yields, few have investigated whether resource independent effects, such as light or hormonal signaling, may contribute to these yield losses. The focus of this thesis was to investigate the role of the shade avoidance response in determining the onset and outcome of crop-weed competition in maize (Zea mays L.). The results of greenhouse and field trials demonstrate that shade avoidance in maize can be induced shortly after seedling emergence and that the effects of this early response can be detected throughout the entire life cycle of the crop. Seedlings exposed to a weedy or low red to far-red light (R/FR) environment at emergence displayed an initial increase in plant height and a reduction in the root-to-shoot ratio. These effects were followed by a reduction in the rate of leaf appearance (RLA) and a linear decline in biomass and leaf area (LA) as the duration of time spent in a weedy environment increased. Conversely, seedlings emerging in a weed-free or ambient R/FR environment were unaffected regardless the duration of time spent in the weedy environment. These effects of early crop-weed competition are distinct from those of plant population density (i.e., intraspecific competition). Results of a field trial demonstrated that intraspecific competition at a conventional density of 8 plants m-2 did not negatively impact RLA or biomass accumulation until well after the defined critical period for weed control. Moreover, intraspecific competition at 16 plants m-2 was not detected until the 12th leaf tip stage, suggesting that the effects of crop density are more closely associated with canopy closure than an early shade avoidance response. At maturity, seedlings that expressed shade avoidance at early stages of development set fewer kernels and partitioned less biomass to the developing ear. Shade avoidance also doubled the plant-to-plant variability in yield parameters without affecting the mean or frequency distribution of shoot biomass at maturity. When taken together, the results of these studies indicate that shade avoidance destabilizes stand productivity by increasing plant-to-plant variability in reproductive effort prior to intra- or interspecific competition for resources.

Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, den Einfluss verschiedener Schwefel (S)-Düngemittel, der Leguminosenart und des Gemengebaus von Erbse (Pisum sativum L.) und Gerste (Hordeum vulgare L.) auf die Schwefelakkumulation sowie den Ertrag der Ackerbohne (Vicia faba L.), Schmalblättrige Lupine (Lupinus angustifolius L.) und Erbse zu erheben. In den Jahren 2012 bis 2014 wurden Feldversuche auf zahlreichen Standorten durchgeführt, um die Wirkung von Kieserit (MgSO4), Gips (CaSO4), elementarem S und Bittersalz (MgSO4 × 7H2O) auf die Körnerleguminosen zu testen. Die Düngung von Ackerbohne, Schmalblättriger Lupine und Erbse mit verschiedenen S-haltigen Düngemitteln führte unter den geprüften Feldbedingungen weder zu Ertragssteigerungen noch zu einer gesteigerten N-Akkumulation. Der S-Bedarf der drei Körnerlegunminosen wurde offenbar über natürliche Ressourcen gedeckt. Trotzdem zeigten sich Gips und Kieserit, teilweise auch Bittersalz als geeignete Düngemittel, um die S-Konzentration im Gewebe der Pflanzen zu erhöhen. Die S-Akkumulation im Spross der Ackerbohne (5-17 kg S ha-1), Schmalblättrigen Lupine (5-15 kg S ha-1) und Erbse (2-13 kg S ha-1) war gering und wurde von den Pflanzen an deren Bedarf angepasst. Im Gegensatz zu Ackerbohne (SHI 0,65) und Erbse (SHI 0,63), die S vorwiegend im Korn akkumulierten, sammelte die Schmalblättrige Lupine einen Großteil des aufgenommenen S im Stroh (SHI 0,40) an. Der Einfluss des Gemengeanbaus mit Gerste auf den S-Haushalt der Erbse war sehr gering. Die Erbse in Reinsaat nahm signifikant mehr S gemittelt über alle getesteten Düngemittel auf als das Gemenge aus Erbse und Gerste. Erbse und Gerste akkumulierten ähnlich hohe Mengen S im Spross pro Einheit Kornertrag. Um maximale Kornerträge sowie N- und S-Akkumulationen in einem substitutiv zusammengesetzten Gemenge aus Erbse und Gerste zu erzielen, wurde ein optimales Saatverhältnis von 42-88% keimfähiger Erbsensamen zu 12-58% keimfähigen Gerstensamen der jeweiligen Reinsaatstärke ermittelt. / The objectives of this study were to evaluate the influence of different sulfur (S) containing fertilizers, the legume species and of intercropping of pea (Pisum sativum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) on sulfur accumulation and yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.), narrow leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) and pea. In the years 2012 to 2014 field trials have been conducted to test the effects of kieserite (MgSO4), gypsum (CaSO4), elemental S and epsom salt (MgSO4 × 7H2O) on grain legumes at several sites in Germany. Under the given environmental conditions, fertilization of faba bean, narrow leaf lupin and pea with different S containing fertilizers did not increase yield and nitrogen (N) accumulation. The S demand of the three grain legumes was low and obviously covered by S sources from the soil as well as atmospheric S deposition. However, gypsum, kieserite and epsom salt generated noticeable increases in S concentration in parts of the plants. S accumulation in shoots of faba bean (5-17 kg S ha-1), narrow leaf lupin (5-15 kg S ha-1) and pea (2-13 kg S ha-1) was comparatively low and has been adapted to the plants respective S demand. In contrast to faba bean (SHI 0,65) and pea (SHI 0,63), who accumulated S predominantly in seeds, narrow leaf lupin (SHI 0,40) accumulated the bulk of S in its straw. The influence of barley on peas S concentration was very low. Pea in pure stands accumulated significantly more S than the total intercrop of pea and barley, whereas pea and barley accumulated similar amounts of S in its shoots per unit seed yield. To achieve the maximum seed yield and maximum N and S accumulation in substitutive mixtures of pea and barley, a relative seed frequency of 42%–88% pea seeds to 12%–58% barley seeds of their monocrop seeding rate has been calculated to be optimal.

Harvest weed seed control (HWSC) methods concentrate, remove, or destroy weed seeds captured by the combine during harvest. Furthermore, chaff lining uses a chute fitted on the back of a combine to concentrate chaff and weed seed therein into a narrow line. Since chaff amount increases with crop yield, studies aimed to determine how varying crop yield and the associated chaff amount will affect chaff lining control of select weed species, while also examining subsequent crop performance. Objective 1 of this work focused on wheat chaff lining (WCL), and objective 2 studied soybean chaff lining (SCL). Weed species of interest included wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum L. Husnot) in WCL and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S.) and common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) subject to SCL. Each weed species was evaluated in separate experiments, and the SCL experiment included an additional factor of with and without a cereal rye cover crop treatment. Chaff lines mimicked harvest across a range of wheat and soybean yields, with equal weed seed additions (based on existing fecundity and seed shatter phenology data) to each chaff line. A conventional harvest (control) and an outside-the-chaff-line treatment were included, where total fecundity or weed seed rain occurring prior to harvest based on weed species were broadcast respectively. Inhibition of crop and weed emergence as a function of yield and the associated chaff amount was also investigated in the greenhouse. Crop yield across treatments at the field scale (accounts for both chaff lines and outside-the-chaff-line), was not affected in double-crop soybean following WCL and full-season soybean following SCL. Field scale wheat yield in WCL compared to conventional harvest was not different, increased, or decreased in 8, 3, and 1 site-years, respectively. WCL reduced total weed emergence over the combined double-crop soybean and winter wheat growing seasons by 43-54% at the field scale. SCL reduced common ragweed emergence in cereal rye by 64% and 85% in 2 of 3 locations across the soybean growing season. The cover crop did not reduce common ragweed emergence while it was growing, but residual mulch in soybean reduced emergence by 39%. No differences were observed in Palmer amaranth emergence during cereal rye growth, however cereal rye decreased total emergence by 41%. In 6 of 7 Palmer amaranth location-years, SCL decreased field scale weed emergence in soybean by 81%. These results indicate chaff may create an unfavorable environment for weed seed emergence. In both WCL and SCL, greater amounts of chaff caused larger reductions in weed emergence. Objective 3 focused on quantifying the above-ground biomass breakdown of soybean plants into chaff, straw, and seed fractions as they are processed and dispensed by various harvesters. Depending on HWSC system, chaff and straw residues may also be destroyed, removed, or concentrated. Therefore, chaff and straw nutrient composition was analyzed to evaluate the nutrient and economic consequences of HWSC. Our results show average soybean harvest index is 0.57:1. Furthermore, chaff and straw residues equal 13.4% and 68.5% of the seed weight, respectively. Using 5-year average fertilizer prices (2017 – 2021), replacement of N, P, K and S in chaff, straw, and the combination of both residues costs USD 1.58, USD 5.88, and USD 7.46, respectively. / Master of Science in Life Sciences / In conventional wheat and soybean production, the primary means of weed control is herbicides. If herbicide use is not diversified, a repeated selection pressure drives weeds to evolve resistance to such chemistries. Producers and researchers alike are constantly looking for new ways to combat weeds and herbicide-resistant issues. Originally developed to control nuisance weeds in Australia, harvest weed seed control (HWSC) offers promise in aiding our current herbicide resistance crisis. To further explain HWSC, it is important to know the harvesting mechanism. Many of the row crops including corn, soybean and wheat are harvested using a combine. Combines cut below or tear off plant material to capture the grain or seed which is processed via a threshing system and separated into three fractions: the seed, chaff, and straw. The grain is allocated to a storage bin and eventually removed from the field. In conventional harvest, the remaining crop residue is spread evenly behind the combine across the field to ensure a balanced distribution of organic matter, nutrients, and residue across the field. There is however more than chaff and straw being dispersed. Weeds present in the field at harvest whose seed is retained at crop maturity and at an elevation above the combine header height will inherently end up inside the combine. HWSC are methods intended to capitalize on the combine capturing weed seeds during harvest. Many HWSC approaches to managing weed seed exist, including destruction, removal and concentration of weed seed. Most of this research focuses on only one method of HWSC, chaff lining. Chaff lining utilizes a chute fitted onto the back of the combine and concentrates weed seed and the chaff fraction only into a narrow line behind the combine. Although not directly known, chaff may inhibit future weed emergence within the line due to a mulching effect, intraspecific competition, a greater degree of rotting and increased seed predators. The chute is inexpensive to construct, and there are no additional labor requirements at harvest making it an appealing HWSC option. There is a limited amount of research on chaff lining in North American cropping systems making it a prime HWSC candidate for this thesis. We were curious if chaff lining could benefit wheat and soybean farmers and if crop yield and the associated chaff amount deposited in chaff lines would have any impact on crops planted and weeds placed in lines. Our results indicate chaff lining does not cause field scale yield consequence in double-crop and full-season soybean following wheat and soybean chaff lining, respectively. The effect of wheat chaff lining on wheat field scale yield was variable, but only caused a yield decrease in 1 of 12 experimental locations. Reductions in weed emergence in chaff lining systems compared to conventional indicate chaff may alter the environment to be unfavorable for weed seed emergence. The final objective of this thesis investigates the economic cost of nutrient loss among HWSC systems. Using average fertilizer prices, the cost to apply N, P, K and S concentrated or lost during HWSC in chaff, straw, and the combination of both residues is USD 1.58, USD 5.88, and USD 7.46, respectively.

The average Brazilian soybean yield increased considerably from the beginning of the green revolution to the present day. Among the factors that contributed to the yield increase are the new technologies and agricultural practices, as well as the genetic gain provided by plant breeding. While soybean yield increased through breeding efforts, morphophysiological changes in Brazilian cultivars that contributed to yield increase are largely unknown. The objective of this study was to understand how morphophysiological changes increased yield in soybean cultivars grown in the last 50 years in Southern Brazil. The study was divided into three chapters: the first chapter refers to the experiment conducted in the field to evaluate yield and its components in 26 cultivars; the second chapter refers to the experiment conducted in pots to evaluate the roots of 25 cultivars; and the third chapter refers to two experiments in which attributes of energy conversion efficiency, foliar aging and plant response to elevated CO2 in the atmosphere were evaluated in 5 cultivars. The results showed that the yield increase was consistent throughout the years of cultivar release and the rate of increase was 46 kg ha-1 year-1. Among the yield components contributing to this increase we include the increase of biomass per area and harvest index, which therefore provide more seeds per area, due to a greater number of pods and seeds per pod. The lodging resistance improved during the year of cultivar release. For further increases in soybean yield, potential targets in future cultivars are increasing leaf nitrogen content at the R5 growth stage and the biological nitrogen fixation. Mean root diameter was reduced throughout the years of cultivar release, while the attributes total length, volume, projected area and root length were not consistently modified. The evaluated soybean cultivars presented consistent changes under elevated CO2 atmosphere [720 ppm]: the leaf chlorophyll content was reduced, the specific leaf area reduced, and the stem biomass partition increased. The old leaves presented less assimilation, less stomatal conductance, and lower leaf temperature in relation to the new leaves. However, they presented higher concentration of intercellular CO2, higher specific leaf area and chlorophyll content. The results obtained in this study will certainly contribute to strategies in breeding programs in the development of soybean cultivars that are more productive in the future. The results obtained identified morphophysiological changes in a selection of soybean cultivars grown in Southern Brazil. / A produtividade média brasileira de soja aumentou consideravelmente desde o início da revolução verde até a época atual. Entre os fatores que contribuíram no aumento da produtividade, estão as novas tecnologias e práticas agrícolas, bem como o ganho genético propiciado pelo melhoramento vegetal. Enquanto a produtividade de soja aumentou através dos esforços do melhoramento, as modificações morfofisiológicas ocorridas nos cultivares brasileiros que contribuíram para o aumento da produtividade são amplamente desconhecidas. Neste estudo objetivou-se compreender como as mudanças morfofisiológicas aumentaram a produtividade em cultivares de soja cultivadas nos últimos 50 anos no sul do Brasil. O estudo foi dividido em três capítulos: o primeiro capítulo refere-se ao experimento conduzido a campo para avaliar produtividade e seus componentes em 26 cultivares; o segundo capítulo refere-se ao experimento conduzido em vasos para avaliar as raízes de 25 cultivares; e o terceiro capítulo refere-se a dois experimentos em que avaliou-se atributos de eficiência de conversão de energia, envelhecimento foliar e resposta das plantas a elevação do CO2 atmosférico em 5 cultivares. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que o aumento da produtividade foi consistente ao longo do ano de lançamento dos cultivares e a taxa de aumento foi de 46 kg ha-1 ano-1. Entre os componentes de produtividade que contribuem para este aumento destacam-se o aumento da biomassa por área e do índice de colheita que, por consequência, propiciam maior número de sementes por área, em decorrência de um maior número de vagens e sementes por vagem. A resistência ao acamamento melhorou ao longo do ano de lançamento dos cultivares. Para aumentos futuros na produtividade, alvos potenciais para serem buscados nos cultivares futuros são maior teor de nitrogênio foliar no estádio R5 e maior fixação biológica de nitrogênio. O diâmetro médio de raízes reduziu ao longo do ano de lançamento de cultivares, enquanto os atributos comprimento, volume, área projetada e comprimento total da raiz principal não foram modificados de modo consistente. Os cultivares de soja avaliados apresentam mudanças consistentes sob atmosfera de CO2 elevado [720 ppm]: o teor de clorofila nas folhas reduziu, a área foliar específica reduziu e a partição de biomassa para haste aumentou. As folhas velhas apresentaram menor assimilação, menor condutância estomática, e menor temperatura foliar em relação as folhas novas. Entretanto elas apresentaram maior concentração de CO2 intercelular, maior área foliar específica e maior teor de clorofila. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo contribuem para estratégias em programas de melhoramento no desenvolvimento de cultivares de soja mais produtivas para o futuro. Os resultados obtidos identificaram mudanças morfofisiológicas ocorridas em uma seleção de cultivares de soja cultivadas na região sul do Brasil.

Submitted by (ana.araujo@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-17T12:38:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jacqueline Wanessa de Lima Pereira.pdf: 684135 bytes, checksum: dc0f8da93d2685268558a2dc803e4044 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-17T12:38:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jacqueline Wanessa de Lima Pereira.pdf: 684135 bytes, checksum: dc0f8da93d2685268558a2dc803e4044 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-07 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Peanut is one of the most cultivated oily in the world. For countries of semi-arid climate, as Brazil, for example, the peanut is an important alternative to farming due to the low water requirement during the cycle and adaptation to environments of high temperature and solar radiation. Despite the tolerance to low water availability, peanuts’ requirements are not the same over the cycle. Water shortage during the reproductive phase directly affects the formation and filling of pods, even in cultivars notoriously resistant to water deficit. According to some authors, which makes the peanut plant tolerant to environmental adversities are the morphological and physiological mechanisms that maintain the plant turgidity, even under low water availability conditions. Among those are cited changes in water ratios (stomatal behavior and osmotic adjustment) and the expansion of the root system for deeper and wetter soil areas. Faced with this adaptability, understanding the role of water deficit during the production cycle of culture is essential for adopting management strategies that enable secure production in areas prone to drought. In this work, four peanut genotypes of different growth habits were subjected to 21 days of water stress in a greenhouse. The planting was performed in pots containing sandy-loam texture soil, previously limed and fertilized. The experimental design was randomized with a bi-factorial 4x2 scheme (4 genotypes x 2 water treatments) with 10 repetitions. the water treatment were control (daily irrigation) and stress (irrigation suspension). The variables evaluated were difusive resistance, transpiration, leaf water potential, relative water content, proline content, chlorophyll content, root length, dry weight of pods, harvest index and stress tolerance index (STI). Under stress conditions, stomatal behavior was changed from the second week, when all genotypes significantly increased abaxial surface diffusive resistance and reduced sweating, highlighting the isoline LBM Branco Moita/08. The water potential of all genotypes was significantly reduced, being more expressive in isolines LBM-Branco Moita/08 and LBR-Branco Rasteiro/08 reaching more negative values. The LBM-Branco Moita/08 also had higher levels of proline and along with a BR 1 had the greatest expansion of the root system as adaptive way. In the production aspect, the LBM-Branco Moita/08 revealed the lowest reductions in weight of pods and harvest index when subjected to water deficit. Regarding the STI, values obtained with the cv. BR1 confirm its suitability for management in semi-arid environments; the strains LBR-Branco Rasteiro/08 and LBM-Branco Moita/08 also showed significant production performance in environments with water restriction. / O amendoim é uma das oleaginosas mais cultivadas no mundo. Para os países de clima semi-árido, o Brasil, por exemplo, o amendoim é uma importante alternativa para a agricultura devido à baixa exigência hídrica durante o ciclo e adaptação aos ambientes com altas temperaturas e radiação solar. Apesar da tolerância à baixa disponibilidade hídrica, as exigências do amendoim não são as mesmas ao longo do ciclo. A escassez de água durante a fase reprodutiva afeta diretamente a formação e o enchimento das vagens, mesmo em cultivares notoriamente resistentes ao déficit hídrico. Segundo alguns autores, o que torna a planta do amendoim tolerante às adversidades ambientais são os mecanismos morfológicos e fisiológicos que mantêm a turgescência das plantas, mesmo sob condições de baixa disponibilidade de água. Entre as mudanças já estão em relações hídricas (comportamento estomático e ajustamento osmótico) e a expansão do sistema radicular para as áreas mais profundas e úmidas do solo. Confrontados com esta capacidade de adaptação, a compreensão do papel do déficit hídrico durante o ciclo produtivo da cultura é essencial para a adoção de estratégias de manejo que permitam uma produção segura em áreas propensas à seca. Neste trabalho, quatro genótipos de amendoim de diferentes hábitos de crescimento foram submetidos a 21 dias de estresse hídrico em casa de vegetação. O plantio foi realizado em vasos contendo solo de textura franco-arenosa, previamente corrigido e adubado. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com um esquema bi-fatorial 4x2 (4 genótipos x 2 tratamentos de água), com 10 repetições. Os tratamentos hídricos foram: controle (rega diária) e estresse (suspensão de rega). As variáveis avaliadas foram: resistência difusiva, transpiração, potencial hídrico, teor relativo de água, teor de prolina, teor de clorofila, comprimento radicular, peso seco das vagens, índice de colheita e índice de tolerância ao stress (STI). Sob condições de estresse, comportamento estomático foi alterado a partir da segunda semana, quando todos os genótipos aumentaram significativamente a resistência difusiva da superfície abaxial e reduziram a transpiração, destacando a isolinha LBM-Branco Moita/08. O potencial de água de todos os genótipos foi significativamente reduzido, sendo mais expressivos em isolinhas LBM-Branco Moita/08 e LBR-Branco Rasteiro/08 atingindo valores mais negativos. A LBM-Branco Moita/08 também apresentou elevado acúmulo de prolina e, juntamente com um BR 1 teve a maior expansão do sistema radicular como forma de adaptação. No aspecto de produção, a LBM-Branco Moita/08 revelou as menores reduções no peso das vagens e índice de colheita, quando submetida ao déficit hídrico. Quanto ao STI, os valores obtidos com a cv. BR1 confirmar a sua aptidão para o manejo em ambientes semi-árido, as isolinhas LBR-Branco Rasteiro/08 e LBM-Branco Moita/08 também apresentaram desempenho significativo de produção em ambientes com restrição hídrica.

<p>Dissecting the soybean grain yield (GY) to approach it as a sum of its associated processes seems a viable approach to explore this trait considering its complex multigenic nature. Monteith (1972, 1977) first defined potential yield as the result of three physiological efficiencies: light interception (Ei), radiation use efficiency (RUE) and harvest index (HI). Though this rationality is not recent, few works assessing these three efficiencies as strategies to improve crops have been carried out. This thesis approaches yield from the perspective of Ei, RUE, and HI to better understand yield as the result of genetic and physiological processes. This study reveals the phenotypic variation, heritability, genetic architecture, and genetic relationships for Ei, RUE, and HI and their relationships with GY and other physiological and phenological variables. Similarly, genomic prediction is presented as a viable strategy to partially overcome the tedious phenotyping of these traits. A large panel of 383 soybean recombinant inbred lines (RIL) with significant yield variation but shrinkage maturity was evaluated in three field environments. Ground measurements of dry matter, photosynthesis (A), transpiration (E), water use efficiency (WUE), stomatal conductance (gs), leaf area index (LAI) and phenology (R1, R5, R8) were measured. Likewise, RGB imagery from an unmanned aircraft system (UAS) were collected with high frequency (~12 days) to estimate the canopy dynamic through the canopy coverage (CC). Light interception was modeled through a logistic curve using CC as a proxy and later compared with the seasonal cumulative solar radiation collected from weather stations to calculate Ei. The total above ground biomass collected during the growing season and its respective cumulative light intercepted were used to derive RUE through linear models fitting, while apparent HI was calculated through the ratio seeds dry matter vs total above-ground dry matter. Additive-genetic correlations, genome wide association (GWA) and whole genome regressions (WGR) were performed to determine the relationship between traits, their association with genomic regions, and the feasibility of predicting these efficiencies through genomic information. Our results revealed moderate to high phenotypic variation for Ei, RUE, and HI. Additive-genetic correlation showed a strong relationship of GY with HI and moderate with RUE and Ei when the whole data set was considered, but negligible contribution of HI on GY when just the top 100 yielding RILs were analyzed. High genetic correlation to grain yield (GY) was also observed for A (0.87) and E (0.67), suggesting increase in GY can be achieved through the improvement of A or E. The GWA analyses showed that Ei is associated with three SNPs; two of them located on chromosome 7 and one on chromosome 11 with no previous quantitative trait loci (QTLs) reported for these regions. RUE is associated with four SNPs on chromosomes 1, 7, 11, and 18. Some of these QTLs are novel, while others are previously documented for plant architecture and chlorophyll content. Two SNPs positioned on chromosome 13 and 15 with previous QTLs reported for plant height and seed set, weight and abortion were associated with HI. WGR showed high predictive ability for Ei, RUE, and HI with maximum correlation ranging between 0.75 to 0.80. Both directed and undirected multivariate explanatory models indicate that HI has a strong relationship with A, average growth rate of canopy coverage for the first 40 days after planting (AGR40), seed-filling (SFL), and reproductive length (RL). According to the path analysis, increase in one standard unit of HI promotes changes in 0.5 standard units of GY, while changes in the same standard unit of RUE, and Ei produce increases on GY of 0.20 and 0.19 standard units. This study presents novel genetic knowledge for Ei, RUE, HI and GY along with a set of tools that may contribute to the development of new cultivars with enhanced light interception, light conversion and optimized dry matter partitioning in soybean. This work not only complements the physiological knowledge already available with the genetic control of traits directly associated with yield, but also represents a pioneer attempt to integrate traditional physiological traits into the breeding process in the context of physiological breeding<br></p>

Submitted by Katiane Souza (katyane.souza@gmail.com) on 2016-05-10T23:58:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 9921638 bytes, checksum: a834abdc936f10724f5af992155abe56 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-10T23:58:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 9921638 bytes, checksum: a834abdc936f10724f5af992155abe56 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-07-31 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The coconut tree is an originary plant of southeastern Asian. Although the cultivation of this fruitbowl occurs predominantly in the Northeast region, currently, new regions of the country are exploring this culture. Coconut tree is the bigger economic expression in the income generation, feeding and a products variety. In relation to the fruit, few studies had been carried out relating development, harvest point and the water quality. Given the importance of the coconut cultivation and the expansion of the new areas planting with dwarf coconut tree, the aimed of this research was to evaluate the development of fruits of different dwarf cultivars aiming to get subsidies for the determination of more adjusted indices of harvest for the market to in natura and/or industrialized coconut water. To this, three experiments with Green Dwarf of Jiqui, Yellow of Malaysia, Yellow of Gramame, Red of Gramame, Red of Cameroon and Malaysia Red cultivars cultivated in an experimental area located at Unidade de Execução de Pesquisa da Embrapa Meio-Norte, in Parnaíba, Piauí state. In the first phase of the research, plants were selected at random and inflorescences that presented fertile flowers were marked, that is, fifteen days after the opening of the espata. After that, harvests since marking until the 210 days age were made. The analyses were carried out at Laboratório de Fisiologia e Tecnologia Pós-colheita da Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, in Fortaleza, Ceará state. Was used a completely randomized design in 6 x 10 factorial scheme with three composed replications with five fruits for plot. During the development, the fruits were evaluated about fresh and dry mass, color, diameter and length (fruit and internal cavity), solid endosperm thickness, volume and water mass. In the second and third phases of the research the water was evaluated in relation to soluble solids content (TSS), total soluble sugars (TSA), reducing sugar (AIR), trititable acidity (AT), pH, SST/AT ratio, turbidez, sensorial and mineral analysis. The period understood between 120 and 180 days, corresponded the biggest growth taxes of the fruit, increase in the fresh mass and final volume of water in almost all cultivars. The harvest of the fruits for the in natura and/or industrialized water consumption can be made between 180 and 210 days, after anteses, when the same ones reach the maximum growth with better quality of waters. The water of cultivars presented expressive calcium, sodium and phosphorus amounts, being potassium the mineral element more exported by the coconut fruit. / O coqueiro é uma planta originária do sudeste asiático. Embora o cultivo dessa fruteira ocorra predominantemente, na região Nordeste, atualmente, novas regiões do país estão explorando essa cultura. É uma das fruteiras de maior expressão econômica na geração de renda, alimentação e uma variedade de produtos. Em relação ao fruto, poucos estudos foram realizados correlacionando desenvolvimento, ponto de colheita e a qualidade da água. Dada a importância da cocoicultura e à expansão de novos plantios com novas cultivares de coqueiro Anão, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o desenvolvimento de frutos de diferentes cultivares de coqueiro Anã visando obter subsídios para a determinação de índices mais adequados de colheita para o mercado de água, in natura e/ou industrializada. Para tanto, foram realizados três experimentos com as cultivares Anão Verde do Jiqui, Amarelo da Malásia, Amarelo de Gramame, Vermelho de Gramame, Vermelho de Camarões e Vermelho Malásia cultivadas em uma área experimental localizada na Unidade de Execução de Pesquisa da Embrapa Meio-Norte, em Parnaíba, Piauí. Na primeira fase da pesquisa, plantas foram selecionadas ao acaso e marcadas as inflorescências que apresentavam flores fecundadas, ou seja, quinze dias após a abertura da espata. Em seguida, foram realizadas colheitas desde a marcação até aos 210 dias de idade. As análises foram realizadas no Laboratório de Fisiologia e Tecnologia Pós-colheita da Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, em Fortaleza-Ceará. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 6 x 10 com três repetições compostas de cinco frutos por parcela. Durante o desenvolvimento, os frutos foram avaliados quanto à massa fresca e seca, cor, diâmetro e comprimento (fruto e cavidade interna), espessura do endosperma sólido, volume e massa da água. Na segunda e terceira fases da pesquisa a água foi avaliada quanto aos teres de sólidos solúveis totais (SST), açúcares solúveis totais (AST), açúcar redutor (AR), acidez titulável (AT), pH, relação SST/AT, turbidez, análise sensorial e minerais. O período compreendido entre 120 e 180 dias correspondeu as maiores taxas de crescimento do fruto, aumento na massa fresca e volume final de água em quase todas as cultivares. A colheita dos frutos para o consumo de água in natura e/ou industrializada pode ser feita entre 180 e 210 dias, após a antese, quando as cultivares atingem o crescimento máximo com melhor qualidade de suas águas. A água das cultivares apresentou expressivas quantidades de cálcio, sódio e fósforo, sendo o potássio o elemento mineral mais exportado pelo fruto do coqueiro.