Potato cyst nematodes (PCN), Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida, are economically important pests of potato (Solanum tuberosum) crops in potato growing regions worldwide. Integrated management is under threat, with effective nematicides increasingly being withdrawn on environmental and health grounds. Alternative strategies are urgently needed and trap cropping could be one of them. The non-tuber-bearing Solanum sisymbriifolium is regarded as an effective trap crop for PCN with strong hatching ability and immunity to PCN infection and has been used in the UK and The Netherlands. However, its mode of action is unknown. In order to shed light on the mode of action so that a novel control strategy could be identified, the interactions between G. pallida and S. sisymbriifolium were investigated using in vitro bioassays. In choice assays, G. pallida J2s were equally attracted to the roots of S. sisymbriifolium and to those of S. tuberosum. However, potato root diffusate (PRD), which is routinely used to induce PCN hatch, failed to attract G. pallida J2s in chemotaxis bioassays, indicating hatching factors (HFs) and soluble compounds present in PRD are not involved in attraction of G. pallida J2s to potato roots. The J2s invaded the roots of S. sisymbriifolium in large numbers but failed to develop further. To facilitate continuous observation of nematode development, a novel in vitro method was devised with the use of Pluronic F-127, which requires no sterilisation, and the life cycle of G. pallida was successfully observed in S. tuberosum roots. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses of defence related genes of S. tuberosum and S. sisymbriifolium infected with G. pallida revealed up-regulation of the chitinase gene (ChtC 2.1) at 3 days post inoculation in S. sisymbriifolium but not in S. tuberosum. Electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry analyses of root exudate extracts of the two Solanum species and subsequent bioassay-guided fractionation showed that the HF of S. sisymbriifolium differs from that of S. tuberosum. Previously, attention had been solely paid to the hatching ability of the root exudate of S. sisymbriifolium, but this study revealed for the first time that the aerial part extract possesses a significant hatching ability.

Se basant sur l'analyse de 11 et 8 traits morphométriques caractérisant le corps et le sac vitellin respectivement chez le brochet et la carpe commune, on a pu montrer un effet significatif du moment d'éclosion, variable selon l'espèce. Chez le brochet, les larves à éclosion précoce sont de plus petite taille à l'éclosion et possèdent un plus fort taux de croissance par comparaison aux larves qui éclosent plus tardivement. Chez la carpe commune, la morphométrie à l'éclosion est plus homogène mais le taux de croissance était meilleur chez les larves à éclosion tardive par comparaison aux larves qui ont éclos plus tôt. Ces effets diffèrent selon la stratégie de reproduction de l'espèce et pourraient être liés aux conditions environnementales et trophiques rencontrées pendant la saison de ponte. A l'éclosion, le corps des larves de brochet qui éclosent en premier (ME1) est plus petit (longueur totale: 8,1 mm ME1 vs 9,5mm ME3 ; p <0,05), les tissus sont moins abondants (poids sec 0,25 mg ind-1 ME1 vs 0,32 mg ind-1 ME3 ; p <0 ,05) moins énergétiques (5,98 J. ind-1 ME1 vs 8,46 J. ind-1 ME3 ; p <0,05) et contiennent moins de protéines (0,17 mg ind-1 ME1 vs 0,22 mg ind-1 ME3; p <0,05) alors que leur sac vitellin est plus important (poids sec 1,44 mg ind-1 ME1 vs 1,33 mg ind-1 ME3 ; p <0 ,05), plus énergétique (38,55 J. ind-1 ME1 vs 36,29 J. ind-1 ME3 ; p <0,05) et contient plus de protéines (0,98 mg ind-1 ME1 vs 0,90 mg ind-1 ME3; p <0,05) par comparaison aux larves qui éclosent à la fin de la période d'éclosion (ME3) / Based on the analysis of 11 and 8 morphometric variables of body and yolk sac for pike and common carp larvae, we have shown the existence of a significant hatching time effect dependent on the species. For pike, early hatched larvae have a smaller body size at hatch, faster growth rate and higher yolk use efficiency than late hatched ones. In carp, the initial morphometry of larvae at hatch is more homogenous but growth rate was higher in early late hatched larvae compared to larvae hatched earlier. At hatch, the body of early hatched pike larvae was smaller (total length: 8.1 mm HT1 vs 9.5mm HT3 ; p <0.05), their tissues were less abundant (dry weight 0.25 mg ind-1 HT1 vs 0.32 mg ind-1 HT3 ; p <0.05) less energetic (5.98 J. ind-1 HT1 vs 8.46 J. ind-1 HT3 ; p <0.05) with less protein content (0.17 mg ind-1 HT1 vs 0.22 mg ind-1 HT3; p <0,05) but yolk was more important (dry weight 1.44 mg ind-1 HT1 vs 1.33 mg ind-1 HT3; p <0.05) more energetic (38.55 J. ind-1 HT1 vs 36.29 J. ind-1 HT3 ; p <0.05) with higher protein content (0.98 mg ind-1 HT1 vs 0.90 mg ind-1 HT3; p <0.05) compared to larvae hatched at the end of the hatching period (ME3)

This theses deals with the storage length of artificially spawn of hard roes of Tench (Tinca tinca) during different temperatures at the time before the semen discharging and activation to fertilization, hatching and consequent survival of fish hatchery throughout changeover from the embryonic to larval life period (beginning of active food intake). Homogeneous assortment of hard roes obtained from hormonally induced artificial hatching of 6 spawners has been used for this experiment. Samples of hard roes were put into plastic bowls and covered, immediately after artificial hatching. Subsequently, they were placed into tempered, thermo-isolating containers with temperatures of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C. In time intervals of 0.5; 1; 1,5; 2; 3; 4; 6; 8 and 10 hours, a small amount of hard roes were taken away from each temperature (estimated 50 -100 pieces) and put into dry, glass beakers (in 3 repetitions in each temperature combination and length of storage). Subsequently, the semen discharging from 6 milters was carried out and activation by water was performed. Incubation took place in non-sticking environment. During the incubation, or more precisely during the consequent storage of embryos through temperatures between 19-20.5 °C, water was changed daily. Fertilization was evaluated 48 hours after fertilizing. Hatchery was determined 48 hours after beginning of hatching of first specimen. After changeover from embryonic to larval period of ontogenetic development, living food was offered to hatching fish (artemia sp.). Thereafter, the amount of hatched fish with filled intestines was counted. Ascertained values were depicted as a percentage from the total number of seeded hard roes as well as fertilized hard roes with the use of statistic methods (two factors Anovy with the repetition). The highest level (in statistic evaluation on the importance level alfa = 0.05) of hard roe hatchery was accomplished throughout the length of possession and temperature 1 hour/ 25 °C (68.0 +- 3.1 %). The high level of hatchery was maintained by hard roes stored for 2 hours, afterwards a gradual value decrease was registered. Similarly, that was achieved with hatching parameter, where the high level of hatching was achieved with hard roes possessed for the period of 3 hours (except temperature of 30 °C), afterwards the hatchery was decreased. Pursued survival and food intake parameters of hatched fish (from the practical point of view) confirmed above stated dispositions. The high hatchery from placed hard roes was maintained for 1.5 - 3 hours (except 30 °C), thereafter there was its gradual decrease. In the time of 8 hours (temperatures 5 - 20 °C), the survival of 1.2 +- 1.8 %, was found out, with the rest, the survival was nearly zero.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2014-09-26T18:41:07Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Itallo Conrado PDF.pdf: 1385053 bytes, checksum: 2683757eec44901652cc4f8c98297b4d (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-09-26T19:01:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Itallo Conrado PDF.pdf: 1385053 bytes, checksum: 2683757eec44901652cc4f8c98297b4d (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-26T19:01:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Itallo Conrado PDF.pdf: 1385053 bytes, checksum: 2683757eec44901652cc4f8c98297b4d (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-05 / This study aimed to assess the age of the breeder broiler and the machine type incubation on hatching parameters, the window hatch, embriodiagnosis and physical quality newborn chicks. We also evaluated the technique for measuring the conductance of the eggshell fragments using bark and also the correlation of the conductance values with parameters of incubation. In Experiment 1 was used in DBC design, and using DIC for embriodiagnosis. In a 2x3 factorial - multi-stage machines (MS) or single (SS) and ages of breeder (29w, 35w and 59w). In experiment 2 was randomized in DBC. In a 3x3 factorial scheme - region of the eggshell (blunt end, equator, pointy end) and ages of breeder (29w, 35w and 59w). The variables were subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared by quantitative and qualitative Tukey test (5%) and Kruskal-Wallis (5%) respectively, although the data for embriodiagnosis were subjected to Fisher's exact test (5%). In experiment 1 there was no interaction between treatments (P> 0.05), verifying, however, differences (P <0.05) for some of the results. The machine did not influence incubate the eggs hatch (P> 0.05). Arrays with older age (59w) had higher rates of infertility (6.84%) and lower hatching rates (88.26%). The early embryonic mortality (0-4 d) was higher (5.47%) in the eggs of breeders 59w. The hatch window was lower (P <0.05) for eggs incubated in SS. The weight of the eggs hatched followed the age pattern, influencing the weights of newborns. The chicks from SS machines had higher birth weight, weight and net weight of the shipment (P <0.05). Chicks from the SS had higher quality physical scores and length. For the results of experiment 2 there was no interaction between the treatments for conductance or shell thickness (P> 0.05). The breeders aged influenced conductance being greater in eggs from breeders of 59w (0.323 mg d1-1 torr), the region of the shell being affected conductance region of the thin edge was lower (0.024 mg d-1 torr -1). The shell thickness was similar peel breeders derived from 29w or 35w, being higher (P <0.05) the thickness found in egg shells breeders 59w. The largest thickness found in the region of the pointy tip (P <0.05). There was an interaction (P <0.05) for the porosity of the eggshell conductance and bark. Regardless of age, the tip region has a higher number of large pores. Regarding age, the wide end regions of the equator and exhibit significant increases (P <0.05) pores. Weak correlations were found between the average conductance of the shell eggs and incubation parameters. Weak correlations were also observed between the average thickness of the eggshell and incubation parameters. There was a strong positive correlation (P <0.05) between the average porosity of the shell eggs and some parameters of incubation. It was concluded that both machines offer conditions for embryonic development without affecting the hatching rate, however the physical quality of the chicks was better in newborns chicks from the single stage machine. Yet, the technique using fragments of eggshell can be used to measure the conductance of the shell. The porosity of the eggshell was better correlated with parameters of incubation. / Objetivou-se avaliar a idade da matriz pesada e o tipo de máquina de incubação sobre os parâmetros de eclosão, a janela de nascimento, o embriodiagnóstico e a qualidade física dos pintos neonatos. Avaliou-se também a técnica de mensuração da condutância da casca dos ovos utilizando fragmentos de casca e ainda a correlação dos valores de condutância com parâmetros de incubação. No experimento 1 foi utilizado delineamento em DBC, sendo utilizando DIC para o embriodiagnóstico. Em esquema fatorial 2x3 - máquinas de estágio múltiplo (EM) ou único (EU) e idades da matriz pesada (29s, 35s e 59s). No experimento 2 delineamento foi em DBC. Em esquema fatorial 3x3 – região da casca do ovo (ponta larga, equador, ponta fina) e idades da matriz pesada (29s, 35s e 59s). As variáveis foram submetidas à análise de variância e as médias quantitativas e qualitativas comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (5%) e Kruskal-Wallis (5%) respectivamente, ainda os dados de embriodiagnóstico foram submetidos ao exato de Fisher (5%). No experimento 1 não houve interação entre os tratamentos (P>0,05), verificando-se, entretanto, diferenças (P<0,05) para alguns dos resultados. A máquina de incubar não influenciou a eclosão dos ovos (P>0,05). Matrizes com idade mais avançada (59s) tiveram maiores taxas de infertilidade (6,84%) e menores taxas de eclosão (88,26%). A mortalidade embrionária inicial (0-4 d) foi maior (5,47%) nos ovos de matrizes de 59s. A janela de eclosão foi menor (P<0,05) para os ovos incubados em EU. O peso dos ovos incubados seguiu o padrão etário, influenciando os pesos dos neonatos. Os pintos oriundos de máquinas EU tiveram maiores peso ao nascimento, peso na expedição e peso líquido (P<0,05). Pintos oriundos do EU tiveram maior escore de qualidade física e comprimento. Para os resultados do experimento 2 não houve interação entre a os tratamentos para condutância ou espessura da casca (P>0,05). A idade das matrizes influenciou a condutância sendo maior nos ovos oriundos de matrizes de 59s (0,323 mg d-1 torr-1), a região da casca afetou a condutância sendo que a região da ponta fina foi menor (0,024 mg d-1 torr-1). A espessura da casca foi similar em cascas oriundas de matrizes de 29s ou 35s, sendo superiores (P<0,05) a espessura encontrada nas cascas dos ovos de matrizes de 59s. A maior espessura foi encontrada na região da ponta fina (P<0,05). Houve interação (P<0,05) para a porosidade da casca dos ovos e a condutância da casca. Independente da idade, a região da ponta larga apresenta maior número de poros. Em relação à idade, as regiões da ponta larga e do equador apresentam aumentos significativos (P<0,05) de poros. Foram encontradas correlações fracas entre a condutância média da casca dos ovos e os parâmetros de incubação. Também foram encontradas correlações fracas entre a espessura média da casca do ovo e os parâmetros de incubação. Houve correlação positiva forte (P<0,05) entre a porosidade média da casca dos ovos e alguns parâmetros de incubação. Foi possível concluir que ambas as máquinas oferecem condições para o desenvolvimento embrionário sem afetar a taxa de eclosão, entretanto a qualidade física dos pintos neonatos foi melhor nos pintainhos oriundos da máquina de estágio único. Ainda, a técnica que utiliza os fragmentos de casca dos ovos pode ser utilizada para mensurar a condutância da casca. A porosidade da casca dos ovos foi mais bem correlacionada com os parâmetros de incubação.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Animal Production)) --University of Limpopo, 2007 / Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of time of initiation of feeding after hatching and influence of dietary lysine and ascorbic acid supplementation on productivity, carcass characteristics and mortality of Ross 308 broiler chickens. The first experiment examined the effect of time of initiation of feeding after hatching and influence of dietary lysine supplementation during realimentation on productivity, carcass characteristics and mortality of Ross 308 broiler chickens during the winter period. Three hundred and sixty unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens with an initial weight of 30 ± 2 g per bird were assigned to twelve treatments with three replications of ten birds each in a 4 (times of initiation of feeding) x 3 (lysine supplemental levels) factorial, complete randomized design. At each time of initiation of feeding after hatching during the starter and grower stages, the diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous but with three different lysine supplementation levels. Lysine supplementation started three days after hatching. Time of initiation of feeding above 36 hours after hatching resulted in growth retardation and high mortality rate. More than 50 % of the birds died between one and three days of age when initiation of feeding after hatching was above 36 hours. However, the birds ‘caught-up’ at the latest within eight days of realimentation. This compensatory growth could be explained in terms of higher intakes. Lysine supplementation during realimentation reduced the number of days of ‘catch-up’ irrespective of time of initiation of feeding after hatching. Generally, the higher the level of lysine supplementation, the lower was the number of days of ‘catch-up’ upon realimentation. Thereafter, time of initiation of feeding after hatching and lysine supplementation had no effect (P>0.05) on live weight, feed intake, growth rate, feed conversion ratio, diet digestibility, nitrogen content of breast meat, dressing %, carcass characteristics and mortality of Ross 308 broiler chickens. The second experiment examined the effect of time of initiation of feeding after hatching and influence of dietary ascorbic acid supplementation on productivity, carcass characteristics and mortality of Ross 308 broiler chickens during the summer period. Six v hundred and seventy five unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens with an initial weight of 32 ± 2 g per bird were assigned to fifteen treatments with three replications of fifteen birds each in a 3 (times of initiation of feeding) x 5 (ascorbic acid supplemental levels) factorial, complete randomized design. Ascorbic acid supplementation started 3 days after hatching. An average of 18 % and 31 % of the birds died between one and three days of age when initiation of feeding after hatching was above 36 hours. However, the birds ‘caught-up’ within ten days of realimentation irrespective of time of initiation of feeding after hatching. This compensatory growth could be explained in terms of reduced maintenance requirement and possibly, increased efficiency of growth. Following ‘catch-up’, ascorbic acid supplementation during realimentation lowered (P<0.05) mortality rate and improved growth rates irrespective of time of initiation of feeding after hatching. Growth rate increased incrementally with increasing levels of ascorbic acid supplementation within each time of initiation of feeding after hatching. Improved growth rate in the ascorbic acid supplemented birds resulted in improved live weight in comparison with those without ascorbic acid supplementation at 21 days of age and continued until 42 days of age. Live weight increased incrementally with increasing levels of ascorbic acid supplementation within each time of initiation of feeding after hatching. Similarly, increasing ascorbic acid supplementation within each time of initiation of feeding after hatching increased dressing percentage and breast meat yield at 42 days old. However, ascorbic acid supplementation had no effect (P>0.05) on feed intake of the birds irrespective of time of initiation of feeding after hatching. In both experiments, mortality was positively and strongly correlated with time of initiation of feeding after hatching while live weight was negatively and strongly correlated with time of initiation of feeding after hatching. It is concluded that time of initiation of feeding above 36 hours after hatching is not desirable, mainly because of its effect on mortality. However, lysine supplementation in the diet of broiler chickens subjected to delayed initiation of feeding after hatching might play a key role in accelerating the rate of ‘catch-up’ growth response. vi It is also concluded that the beneficial effect of ascorbic acid supplementation could be exploited in reducing mortality rate and improving growth rates in broiler chickens subjected to delayed initiation of feeding after hatching. / the National Research Foundation

Foram realizados 4 experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar distribuições de nascimentos em função da idade da matriz, e as conseqüências de períodos prolongados de permanência das aves no nascedouro sobre seu futuro desempenho, procurando estabelecer novos manejos que busquem melhorias na qualidade do pintinho. Observou-se que a idade da matriz interferiu nas distribuições de nascimentos, sendo que embriões oriundos de matrizes velhas apresentam distribuição de nascimentos mais tardias, em relação a embriões oriundos de matrizes jovem e de idade intermediária. Constatou-se que a grande maioria das eclosões ocorreram até 485 horas de incubação, ou seja, 30 horas antes do prazo final de retirada. Partindo deste pressuposto, se poderia remover os pintos, pelo menos uma vez, antes de 510 horas de incubação, que é o período normalmente utilizado. Dessa forma, o período em que as aves ficariam sem alimento e água seria reduzido para a maioria dos pintos eclodidos. No entanto, os resultados deste estudo não mostram vantagem na adoção deste manejo, visto que pintos retirados precocemente do nascedouro não apresentaram vantagens de desempenho em relação a pintos submetidos a períodos de estresse de 12 e 24 horas dentro do nascedouro, para posterior alojamento. Matrizes velhas apresentam maior número de ovos inférteis e mortalidade embrionária total, resultando em menor percentual de eclodibilidade. A antecipação ou o retardamento da troca de dieta inicial por crescimento em função do peso do pinto ao alojamento, não se mostrou benéfica em termos de desempenho dos animais. No entanto, pode-se constatar que o peso ao alojamento foi determinante para o desempenho dos animais, resultando em diferença média de 174g, aos 42 dias, favoráveis às aves alojadas com um maior peso corporal. / Four experiences were made with the purpose of evaluating birth distribution related to the broiler breeder age and the consequences of the chick permanence in the hatchery for a long period on their future performance. Attempting to establish new handling to improve chick quality we observed that the broiler breeder age interfered in hatching distribution and the embryo from old broiler breeders present a later distribution in relation to the embryo from young broiler breeders and intermediate broiler breeders. We observed that most hatching occurred till 485 hours of incubation, that is, 30 hours before the final removing term. From this postulation, it would be interesting that the chick would be removed, at least once, before 510 hours of incubation, which is the used normal period. In this way, the period in which the chick will be without food and water will be reduced to the majority of the hatching chicks. Nevertheless, the results of this study do not show advantages in the adoption of this handling, since the chicks taken away early from the birthplace do not present performance advantages related to the chicks submitted to stress periods of 12 an 24 hours in the hatchery for posterior housing. Old broiler breeder present a great number of infertile eggs and total embryonic mortality resulting in a minor percentage of hatching. The anticipation or the retarding of the exchange of the initial diet in view of the growth due to the chick weight in housing was not advantageous in relation to the animal performance. Nevertheless, we evidence that the weight in housing was determinant for the animal performance resulting in a medium difference of weight of 174g at the day 42th, favorable to the chicks housed with a greater corporal weight.

Foram realizados 4 experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar distribuições de nascimentos em função da idade da matriz, e as conseqüências de períodos prolongados de permanência das aves no nascedouro sobre seu futuro desempenho, procurando estabelecer novos manejos que busquem melhorias na qualidade do pintinho. Observou-se que a idade da matriz interferiu nas distribuições de nascimentos, sendo que embriões oriundos de matrizes velhas apresentam distribuição de nascimentos mais tardias, em relação a embriões oriundos de matrizes jovem e de idade intermediária. Constatou-se que a grande maioria das eclosões ocorreram até 485 horas de incubação, ou seja, 30 horas antes do prazo final de retirada. Partindo deste pressuposto, se poderia remover os pintos, pelo menos uma vez, antes de 510 horas de incubação, que é o período normalmente utilizado. Dessa forma, o período em que as aves ficariam sem alimento e água seria reduzido para a maioria dos pintos eclodidos. No entanto, os resultados deste estudo não mostram vantagem na adoção deste manejo, visto que pintos retirados precocemente do nascedouro não apresentaram vantagens de desempenho em relação a pintos submetidos a períodos de estresse de 12 e 24 horas dentro do nascedouro, para posterior alojamento. Matrizes velhas apresentam maior número de ovos inférteis e mortalidade embrionária total, resultando em menor percentual de eclodibilidade. A antecipação ou o retardamento da troca de dieta inicial por crescimento em função do peso do pinto ao alojamento, não se mostrou benéfica em termos de desempenho dos animais. No entanto, pode-se constatar que o peso ao alojamento foi determinante para o desempenho dos animais, resultando em diferença média de 174g, aos 42 dias, favoráveis às aves alojadas com um maior peso corporal. / Four experiences were made with the purpose of evaluating birth distribution related to the broiler breeder age and the consequences of the chick permanence in the hatchery for a long period on their future performance. Attempting to establish new handling to improve chick quality we observed that the broiler breeder age interfered in hatching distribution and the embryo from old broiler breeders present a later distribution in relation to the embryo from young broiler breeders and intermediate broiler breeders. We observed that most hatching occurred till 485 hours of incubation, that is, 30 hours before the final removing term. From this postulation, it would be interesting that the chick would be removed, at least once, before 510 hours of incubation, which is the used normal period. In this way, the period in which the chick will be without food and water will be reduced to the majority of the hatching chicks. Nevertheless, the results of this study do not show advantages in the adoption of this handling, since the chicks taken away early from the birthplace do not present performance advantages related to the chicks submitted to stress periods of 12 an 24 hours in the hatchery for posterior housing. Old broiler breeder present a great number of infertile eggs and total embryonic mortality resulting in a minor percentage of hatching. The anticipation or the retarding of the exchange of the initial diet in view of the growth due to the chick weight in housing was not advantageous in relation to the animal performance. Nevertheless, we evidence that the weight in housing was determinant for the animal performance resulting in a medium difference of weight of 174g at the day 42th, favorable to the chicks housed with a greater corporal weight.

Different cryoprotectant media for cryopreservation of embryos has been tested on model species, i.e. common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and common tench (Tinca tinca). The aim of the study was to obtain such cryoprotectants, which will be acceptable for freezing embryos up to the temperature {--}196 oC. Cryoprotectants of 10 % and 20 % methanol or 10 % and 20 % glycerin have been tested on the tench for 21 minutes of incubation on embryos of four stages, meaning at 11, 17, 23 and 29-hrs after activation of gametes. The results showed that the tench embryos were most resistant either to low temperature and or to the application of cryoprotectants in the stage of 29-hrs post gametes activation. On the other hand lower resistances were obtained in the stage of 11-hrs post gamete activation. Embryos of carp 2, 6, 22, 24 and 42-hrs after gametes activation at temperature 18 and 22 oC have been used for testing of concentration series of cryoprotectant methanol and two solutions marked VS1 and VS2 after previous disruption of egg envelope in enzyme alcalaze solution. Results showed linear decreasing resistance of embryos depending on increasing concentration of cryoprotectant methanol. Hatching success even at highest concentration of solution VS1 and VS2 has not declined below 70 %. Achieved results with solution VS2 have been subsequently used for freezing of carp embryos by special methods in cryobiology {--} vitrification. First results showed up to 4 % success of survival after freezing of embryos at {$-$}196 oC.

Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2018-10-08T13:02:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Fernanda Vieira Castejon - 2017.pdf: 1633636 bytes, checksum: 5ac5b85abaf8273f5b10ebe5577fb0e0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Rejected by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com), reason: Olhe a data da defesa e publicação. on 2018-10-09T10:43:45Z (GMT) / Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2018-10-09T11:04:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese - Fernanda Vieira Castejon - 2017.pdf: 1633636 bytes, checksum: 5ac5b85abaf8273f5b10ebe5577fb0e0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-10-09T11:39:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese - Fernanda Vieira Castejon - 2017.pdf: 1633636 bytes, checksum: 5ac5b85abaf8273f5b10ebe5577fb0e0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-09T11:39:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese - Fernanda Vieira Castejon - 2017.pdf: 1633636 bytes, checksum: 5ac5b85abaf8273f5b10ebe5577fb0e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-12-15 / Two experiments aimed to evaluate the association between a nutritive gel and synbiotic, offered on different days and pharmaceutical formulations in face of the situations of pre-allotment fasting and sanitary challenge. At the first trial, the synbiotic supplementation associated to the nutritive gel were evaluated at the performance of broilers, nutrient metabolizability, intestinal histomorphometry, blood biochemistry, organ morphometry and carcass traits in chicks submitted to fasting. The treatments were: CN - negative control; G - nutritive gel in the hatchery; GS - synbiotic dissolved in the nutritive gel; GSS - synbiotic dissolved in the nutritive gel+synbiotic offered in drinking water on specific days and S - only synbiotic, on specific days, in the water. Significant differences were observed on 7, 21, 28 and 35 days of age, with higher values for the G, GS and GSS treatments, as well as higher metabolizable values for the ether extract. There were no differences of total intestinal length or segments, but the relative weight of some organs differed between treatments. Carcass yield were not influenced by the treatments. In the second experiment, the objective was to evaluate the synbiotic supplementation associated with nutritional gel in mortality, lesion scores, oocyst excretion, litter quality, zootechnical performance and organ morphometry in chickens challenged with E. acervulina, E tenella and E. maxima. The treatments were: CP - positive control; GSA - synbiotic dissolved in the nutritive gel in the hatchery and supply, of synbiotic in the water on specific days; GSR - synbiotic dissolved in the nutritive gel in the hatchery+ continuous use of synbiotic in the diet and SAL - anticoccidial salinomycin added in the diet. Higher absolute mortality in all treatments was observed in the third experimental week and higher total mortality was found in the CP group. No differences were found for intestinal lesions, oocyst excretion, pH and dry matter of the bed between treatments. Some differences were found between relative weight of organs at the ages evaluated. Better overall performance was observed in the SAL group. It is concluded that in the pre-accommodation fasting situation, the early supplementation of nutritive gel associated or not to the synbiotic can stimulate or contribute to the functional development of the gastrointestinal tract, which was reflected in better performance and metabolizability. Under the conditions of the second experiment, the same observed benefits of the use of the gel associated or not to the synbiotic were not observed, since no improvement could be verified in the evaluated parameters, so the use of anticoccidial in the diet should still be recommended. / Dois experimentos foram realizados com o objetivo de verificar os efeitos da associação entre um gel nutritivo fornecido no incubatório associado a um produto simbiótico frente às situações de desafios de manejo e sanitário. No primeiro experimento, avaliou-se a a suplementação de simbiótico associado ao gel nutritivo no desempenho de frangos de corte, metabolizabilidade, histomorfometria intestinal, bioquímica sanguínea, morfometria de órgãos e características de carcaça em pintos submetidos à jejum hídrico e alimentar no período pré-alojamento. Os tratamentos foram: CN – controle negativo; G – somente gel nutritivo no incubatório; GS – somente simbiótico dissolvido no gel nutritivo no incubatório; GSS - simbiótico dissolvido no gel nutritivo no incubatório e simbiótico ofertado na água de bebida, em dias específicos, e S – somente simbiótico, em dias específicos, na água dos animais. Diferenças significativas foram observadas no desempenho aos 7, 21, 28 e 35 dias de idade, em geral, com valores superiores para os tratamentos G, GS e GSS, assim como maiores valores de metabolizabilidade do extrato etéreo encontradas para os mesmos grupos. Não ocorreram diferenças no comprimento intestinal total ou segmentos, mas o peso relativo de alguns órgãos diferiram entre os tratamentos. As características de carcaça não foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos. No segundo experimento, objetivou-se avaliar a suplementação de simbiótico associado ao gel nutritivo comparados à salinomicina na mortalidade, escores de lesões, excreção de oocistos de Eimeria, qualidade da cama, desempenho zootécnico, histomorfometria intestinal e morfometria de órgãos em frangos desafiados com E. acervulina, E. tenella e E. maxima. Os tratamentos foram: CP - controle positivo; GSA – simbiótico dissolvido no gel nutritivo no incubatório e fornecimento, em dias específicos, de simbiótico na água; GSR – simbiótico dissolvido no gel nutritivo no incubatório associado ao uso contínuo de simbiótico na ração e SAL – anticoccidiano salinomicina adicionado na ração. Foi observado um aumento na mortalidade absoluta em todos os tratamentos na terceira semana experimental e maior mortalidade durante todo o período experimental no grupo CP. Não foram verificadas diferenças para lesões intestinais, excreção de oocistos, pH e matéria-seca da cama entre os tratamentos. Algumas diferenças foram encontradas entre peso relativo de órgãos nas idades avaliadas. Melhor desempenho zootécnico, de forma geral, foi observado no grupo SAL. Conclui-se que na situação de jejum pré-alojamento, a suplementação precoce de gel nutritivo associado ou não ao simbiótico pode estimular e/ou contribuir para o desenvolvimento funcional do trato-gastrintestinal, o que se refletiu em melhor desempenho e metabolizabilidade. Já nas condições do segundo experimento, os mesmos benefícios observados do uso do gel associado ou não ao simbiótico não foram observados, uma vez que não pôde ser verificado melhoria nos parâmetros avaliados, de forma que o uso de anticoccidiano na ração ainda deve ser recomendado.

Foram realizados 4 experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar distribuições de nascimentos em função da idade da matriz, e as conseqüências de períodos prolongados de permanência das aves no nascedouro sobre seu futuro desempenho, procurando estabelecer novos manejos que busquem melhorias na qualidade do pintinho. Observou-se que a idade da matriz interferiu nas distribuições de nascimentos, sendo que embriões oriundos de matrizes velhas apresentam distribuição de nascimentos mais tardias, em relação a embriões oriundos de matrizes jovem e de idade intermediária. Constatou-se que a grande maioria das eclosões ocorreram até 485 horas de incubação, ou seja, 30 horas antes do prazo final de retirada. Partindo deste pressuposto, se poderia remover os pintos, pelo menos uma vez, antes de 510 horas de incubação, que é o período normalmente utilizado. Dessa forma, o período em que as aves ficariam sem alimento e água seria reduzido para a maioria dos pintos eclodidos. No entanto, os resultados deste estudo não mostram vantagem na adoção deste manejo, visto que pintos retirados precocemente do nascedouro não apresentaram vantagens de desempenho em relação a pintos submetidos a períodos de estresse de 12 e 24 horas dentro do nascedouro, para posterior alojamento. Matrizes velhas apresentam maior número de ovos inférteis e mortalidade embrionária total, resultando em menor percentual de eclodibilidade. A antecipação ou o retardamento da troca de dieta inicial por crescimento em função do peso do pinto ao alojamento, não se mostrou benéfica em termos de desempenho dos animais. No entanto, pode-se constatar que o peso ao alojamento foi determinante para o desempenho dos animais, resultando em diferença média de 174g, aos 42 dias, favoráveis às aves alojadas com um maior peso corporal. / Four experiences were made with the purpose of evaluating birth distribution related to the broiler breeder age and the consequences of the chick permanence in the hatchery for a long period on their future performance. Attempting to establish new handling to improve chick quality we observed that the broiler breeder age interfered in hatching distribution and the embryo from old broiler breeders present a later distribution in relation to the embryo from young broiler breeders and intermediate broiler breeders. We observed that most hatching occurred till 485 hours of incubation, that is, 30 hours before the final removing term. From this postulation, it would be interesting that the chick would be removed, at least once, before 510 hours of incubation, which is the used normal period. In this way, the period in which the chick will be without food and water will be reduced to the majority of the hatching chicks. Nevertheless, the results of this study do not show advantages in the adoption of this handling, since the chicks taken away early from the birthplace do not present performance advantages related to the chicks submitted to stress periods of 12 an 24 hours in the hatchery for posterior housing. Old broiler breeder present a great number of infertile eggs and total embryonic mortality resulting in a minor percentage of hatching. The anticipation or the retarding of the exchange of the initial diet in view of the growth due to the chick weight in housing was not advantageous in relation to the animal performance. Nevertheless, we evidence that the weight in housing was determinant for the animal performance resulting in a medium difference of weight of 174g at the day 42th, favorable to the chicks housed with a greater corporal weight.