Xenobiotic compounds, which are exclusively man made, are produced in large quantities every year and released to the environment. Besides, anaerobic sludge digestion offers advantage in co-treatment of hazardous substances produced by the industry. The performance of the digesters can be monitored by modeling efforts. In this study, Anaerobic Digestion Model No.1 (ADM1) was calibrated, and validated for full-scale digester, lab-scale digester, and lab-scale digester seeded with totally different anaerobic biomass than that of full-scale digester. The model xenobiotic compound, a mono azo dye RO107, was co-treated with sewage sludge in an anaerobic digester. High removal efficiencies as 98% was found for azo dye at standard operating conditions of anaerobic digesters. The digester performance was not effected from azo dye or its reduction products. The dye reduction mechanism was modeled by biochemical mechanism due to unspecific enzymes and by chemical mechanism due to sulfide reduction. Some of the dye metabolites were suggested to be degraded by aerobic biotreatment. The anaerobic reduction metabolites of RO107 were identified as 2-(4-aminophenylsulfonyl) ethanol and 2,5-diamino-4-formamidobenzenesulfonic acid, and sulfanilic acid.

Hazardous waste management demands detailed planning due to the risks posed by hazardous wastes on public and environment and high investments required. This study aims to provide a framework that leads Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) in planning of hazardous waste facilities to be built. This framework considers the facility and transport cost along with impacts of hazardous waste management. The linear optimization models for several scenarios are developed in order to evaluate possible approaches in management of hazardous wastes. During cost calculations economy of scale principle is considered. Estimation of impact includes not only population impact but also environmental impact for which a methodology is developed in the scope of this study. This methodology considers the effect of hazardous waste transportation on lakes, rivers, dams, seashores, forests and agricultural areas, which are defined as vulnerable environmental elements. Evaluation of the results suggests that establishment of designated hazardous waste facilities with co-incineration practices and use of transfer stations give most satisfactory outcome. Co-incineration practices decrease incineration costs, which has the highest contribution to overall cost while transfer stations provide great improvement in total impact. Locations for recovery, treatment, incineration facilities and landfills are selected. These selections both confirm decisions made in the past regarding existing locations and become suggestions for locations for new facilities. It is observed that integrated facilities are favored. The importance of countrywide planning should also be underlined. It is believed that results of this study provides a basis to evaluate possible alternatives for further improvement of hazardous waste management system in Turkey that would be most useful to MoEF.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1998. / Trademark symbol follows Chemchar in title. Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaf 130). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1998. / Trademark symbol follows Chemchar in title. Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaf 130). Also available on the Internet.

The most significant problem of the tanning industry is waste generation. The presence of chromium in leather waste represents a potential hazard due to the possibility of Cr(III) being converted to its toxic state, Cr(VI). The treatment of chrome-tanned leather waste described in this research occurs in three phases: dechroming; isolation of gelatin, and application of the gelatin produced in the finishing of leather. Chrome-tanned shavings were dechromed and subsequently used for the production of gelatin. Gelatin was isolated from dechromed shavings in a one-step process, through thermal and chemical hydrolysis, using the hydrolytic agents ammonia, sodium hydroxide and acetic acid. The gelatin obtained through thermal hydrolysis exhibited better properties, in terms of gel strength, melting point, swelling and thermal properties, than the gelatin obtained through chemical hydrolysis and the former process was more cost-effective in terms of time, chemicals and waste production. The use of gelatin may be limited by its poor mechanical properties. The introduction of chemical modifications, using the crosslinking agents glutaraldehyde (GTA), oxazolidine II, ethylene glycol cliglycidyl ether (epoxy compound), hexamethylene dii socyanate (HMDC) and I -ethyl-3 -(3 -dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC), improved the performance in terms of strength and stability of the gelatin: oxazolidine and ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether are the most suitable since they confer plasticising properties in addition to stabilising the gelatin. A plasticiser (glycerol) was added into the matrix network of gelatin, increasing its flexibility. The isolated gelatin and a mixture of gelatinlglycerol were compared in use as a replacement for the commercial protein binder, casein, for glazed finishing. The finishing formulations were crosslinked with epoxy compound and oxazolidine. Physical tests carried out on the finished product showed promising results, with the gelatin/epoxy formulation showing potential for application. Ihe potential fbr gelatin isolated from chrome shavings to he produced as a high-added value material lor new applications in the future, such as a component tor finishing Formulations in the leather industry, was demonstrated

Aim of the study. To determine the main criteria of motivation about the participation of society in disposal of hazardous substances and assess the efficiency of hazardous domestic waste in Lithuania. Objectives. 1. To analyse the system of disposal of hazardous substances in Kaunas and Lithuania. 2. To analyse the influence upon toxins that are hazardous to humans and harmful to the environment. 3. To assess the informativity and motivation of society in case of recycling the waste. Methods of research. Research – the anonymous questionnaire survey in which participated 200 families. 15 questions form in this anonymous survey were used. 10 class of “Aušros” gymnasium pupils parents were questioned. The statistic analyses of data was carried out by SSPS program package. Results. Only 14.5% residents in Kaunas deliver the waste of hazardous household substances to storage station, 85% to dump, to seweragne and environment. About 29% of respondents would like special stations for waste of hazardous substances, 60% think that containers is the best way out of situation. 99% of respondents in Kaunas having knowledge about harm of hazardous substances, would like to have containers near their homes for waste of hazardous substances. It shows that they don’t know what kind of danger can effect toxic substances being storaged in waste containers near their homes. The biggest motivation for recycling the waste is reduce the pollution -77% residents in Kaunas say, but only... [to full text]

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 105-107).

O consumo e a degradação dos recursos naturais no ritmo em que está sendo realizado pode comprometer seriamente a sobrevivência das gerações futuras. Neste contexto, uma das atividades onde a boa prática operacional poderia fazer diferença no que diz respeito aos impactos ao meio ambiente é o transporte, setor que merece destaque, pois tem grande participação nas práticas impactantes para o meio ambiente, dada a quantidade de produtos que são movimentados. A indústria química utiliza em larga escala os serviços logísticos oferecidos por terceiros para armazenar, manusear e transportar matérias-primas, intermediários e produtos químicos industrializados. Com objetivo de reduzir riscos envolvidos nos serviços logísticos de produtos químicos, foi criada uma ferramenta denominada Sistema de Avaliação de Saúde, Segurança, Meio Ambiente e Qualidade - SASSMAQ, utilizada como ferramenta de avaliação compulsória para os serviços logísticos prestados a esse setor. Das questões abordadas pelo SASSMAQ 16% estão relacionadas aos cuidados ambientais, sendo 14% classificadas como mandatórias. A questão a ser analisada por esta pesquisa é de tentar identificar, por meio de um estudo de caso voltado ao transporte de produtos perigosos, se não poderiam ter mais elementos que indicariam a possibilidade de inserir indicadores ambientais no SASSMAQ. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo de caso utilizando trinta e quatro caminhões durante o processo de carga-transporte-descarga visando identificar, por meio de dados gerados durante quatro anos, quais as possíveis ações a serem realizadas tendo como foco a prevenção da poluição e minimização da utilização de recursos não renováveis. Os dados coletados foram gerados desde a aquisição dos caminhões até o final de vida produtiva e sua baixa no sistema, sendo considerados o abastecimento, revisões, manutenções corretivas e preventivas, trocas de pneus, testes de ruídos e opacidade, geração de resíduos sólidos e líquidos produzidos durante este período de análise. Como resultado pretende-se identificar oportunidades de inserção de parâmetros que possam auxiliar na formatação de indicadores de ecoeficiência e que também possam ser propostos no SASSMAQ. / The consumption and degradation of natural resources at the current rate being held may be seriously compromising the survival of future generations. In this context, one of the activities where good operating practice could make a difference with regard to the impacts on the environment is the transportation sector, which is noteworthy since a large role in impacting practices for the environment, given the amount of products are moved. The chemical industry uses large-scale logistics services offered by third parties for storing, handling and transporting raw materials, intermediates and industrial chemicals. SASSMAQ used as a compulsory assessment tool for logistics services to this sector - aiming to reduce risks involved in logistics services for chemicals, a tool called Assessment System Health, Safety, Environment and Quality was created. The subjects addressed by SASSMAQ 16% are related to environmental care, 14% are classified as mandatory. The question to be addressed by this research is trying to identify, through a case study focused on the transportation of dangerous goods, it could not have more elements that indicate the possibility of including environmental indicators SASSMAQ. Thus, a case study using thirty-four trucks during the load-haul-dump was performed to identify, through data generated during four years what possible actions to be undertaken with a focus on pollution prevention and minimizing the use of nonrenewable resources. Data were generated from the acquisition of trucks by the end of their productive life and low in the system, being considered supplies, reviews, corrective and preventive maintenance, tire changes, noise and opacity tests, generation of solid and liquid waste produced during this analysis. As a result we intend to identify opportunities for insertion of parameters that can assist in formatting eco-efficiency indicators and can also be offered on SASSMAQ.

O consumo e a degradação dos recursos naturais no ritmo em que está sendo realizado pode comprometer seriamente a sobrevivência das gerações futuras. Neste contexto, uma das atividades onde a boa prática operacional poderia fazer diferença no que diz respeito aos impactos ao meio ambiente é o transporte, setor que merece destaque, pois tem grande participação nas práticas impactantes para o meio ambiente, dada a quantidade de produtos que são movimentados. A indústria química utiliza em larga escala os serviços logísticos oferecidos por terceiros para armazenar, manusear e transportar matérias-primas, intermediários e produtos químicos industrializados. Com objetivo de reduzir riscos envolvidos nos serviços logísticos de produtos químicos, foi criada uma ferramenta denominada Sistema de Avaliação de Saúde, Segurança, Meio Ambiente e Qualidade - SASSMAQ, utilizada como ferramenta de avaliação compulsória para os serviços logísticos prestados a esse setor. Das questões abordadas pelo SASSMAQ 16% estão relacionadas aos cuidados ambientais, sendo 14% classificadas como mandatórias. A questão a ser analisada por esta pesquisa é de tentar identificar, por meio de um estudo de caso voltado ao transporte de produtos perigosos, se não poderiam ter mais elementos que indicariam a possibilidade de inserir indicadores ambientais no SASSMAQ. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo de caso utilizando trinta e quatro caminhões durante o processo de carga-transporte-descarga visando identificar, por meio de dados gerados durante quatro anos, quais as possíveis ações a serem realizadas tendo como foco a prevenção da poluição e minimização da utilização de recursos não renováveis. Os dados coletados foram gerados desde a aquisição dos caminhões até o final de vida produtiva e sua baixa no sistema, sendo considerados o abastecimento, revisões, manutenções corretivas e preventivas, trocas de pneus, testes de ruídos e opacidade, geração de resíduos sólidos e líquidos produzidos durante este período de análise. Como resultado pretende-se identificar oportunidades de inserção de parâmetros que possam auxiliar na formatação de indicadores de ecoeficiência e que também possam ser propostos no SASSMAQ. / The consumption and degradation of natural resources at the current rate being held may be seriously compromising the survival of future generations. In this context, one of the activities where good operating practice could make a difference with regard to the impacts on the environment is the transportation sector, which is noteworthy since a large role in impacting practices for the environment, given the amount of products are moved. The chemical industry uses large-scale logistics services offered by third parties for storing, handling and transporting raw materials, intermediates and industrial chemicals. SASSMAQ used as a compulsory assessment tool for logistics services to this sector - aiming to reduce risks involved in logistics services for chemicals, a tool called Assessment System Health, Safety, Environment and Quality was created. The subjects addressed by SASSMAQ 16% are related to environmental care, 14% are classified as mandatory. The question to be addressed by this research is trying to identify, through a case study focused on the transportation of dangerous goods, it could not have more elements that indicate the possibility of including environmental indicators SASSMAQ. Thus, a case study using thirty-four trucks during the load-haul-dump was performed to identify, through data generated during four years what possible actions to be undertaken with a focus on pollution prevention and minimizing the use of nonrenewable resources. Data were generated from the acquisition of trucks by the end of their productive life and low in the system, being considered supplies, reviews, corrective and preventive maintenance, tire changes, noise and opacity tests, generation of solid and liquid waste produced during this analysis. As a result we intend to identify opportunities for insertion of parameters that can assist in formatting eco-efficiency indicators and can also be offered on SASSMAQ.

The current thesis aims to analyze the approaches to the definition of emergency zones in Russia and the Czech Republic. The main goal is to conduct a literature search on this issue and describe different approaches to emergency zones. The practical part includes an assessment of the definition of emergency zones in the case of hazardous chemicals leakage, which is most often the cause of industrial accidents.