Brazil’s highway network holds an extension of approximately 1.72 million kilometers, being regarded, thus, as the fourth longest one in the world, only behind the USA, India and China. It holds around 67% of the volume of transported loads in the Brazilian territory, which comes to be the main agricultural and industrial outflow system found yet - hazardous products and materials here included. Due to this expressive reality, accidents involving vehicles transporting chemical products have represented the greatest part of emergency services conducted by environmental agencies. For this reason, the subject here approached may serve as an instrument for the diagnosis of critical areas, which are subject to such kind of event in the range of five kilometers in the surroundings of BR 101 (highway) of Alagoas, which comprises 27 counties along a 237.066,70 hectares area where the combination of human, physical and environmental factors are present, which are causes for accidents involving dangerous loads being transported along this stretch and that also suffer because of them. From a geographical perspective, the present research deals with an unprecedented issue, once considered the shortage of scientific researches in the State of Alagoas. Before such context, aided by geoprocessing techniques and through the study of the investigative method of differentiation of areas, diffused by Richard Hartshorne and Alfred Hettner, whose premise is based on the chorographic perspective of the environment, integrating their constituent elements and getting to a synoptic view of reality, the main aim of this research revolved around creating a conceptual model of assessment and spatial analysis for the level of environmental risks to events that establish relation with accidents involving hazardous chemical products. For such, the algebra of maps, as a technique of integration of data, was used, based on the weighted average algorithm, which can be expressed by assigning weights and numerical grades to the information plans and their respective categories. The maps formulated for the integration were organized according to their thematic correlations in such a way that they would be molded unto the three components of the risk areas: hazard factors, vulnerability factors and exposed elements. As a final result, three risk classes were obtained: Low Risk (grades 3 and 4); Moderate Risk (grades 5 and 6) and High Risk (grades 7 and 8). The first one takes 13.24% of the analyzed area, whereas the second one claims a 76.28% portion of it, while the third one holds 10.45% of the whole analyzed area. By having these numbers linked to their locations, this research offers basic information support for the development of politics which aim at preventing and lightening damage to the environment. / A malha rodoviária do Brasil possui uma extensão de aproximadamente 1,72 milhão de quilômetros, sendo, portanto, considerada a quarta maior do mundo, ficando atrás apenas dos EUA, Índia e China. Ela concentra cerca de 67% do volume de cargas transportadas no território brasileiro, tornando-se assim no principal sistema de escoamento da produção agropecuário e industrial, incluindo os produtos perigosos. Em virtude dessa expressiva realidade, os acidentes envolvendo veículos transportadores de produtos químicos tem representado a maior parte dos atendimentos às emergências por parte dos órgãos ambientais. Por este motivo, o tema em questão se propõe servir como um instrumento de diagnóstico das áreas críticas sujeitas a esse tipo de evento em faixa de cinco quilômetros no entorno do trecho alagoano da rodovia BR-101, que abrange 27 municípios e abrange uma área de 237.066,70 hectares, identificando a combinação dos fatores físicos, humanos e ambientais que causam e sofrem, respectivamente, com a ocorrência de sinistros com cargas perigosas rodotransportadas. O estudo trata de um tema inédito a partir da ótica geográfica, dada a exiguidade de trabalhos científicos no Estado de Alagoas. Neste contexto, o objetivo principal da pesquisa foi elaborar um modelo conceitual de avaliação e análise espaciais dos graus de risco ambiental aos eventos relacionados com sinistros envolvendo produtos químicos perigosos, auxiliado por técnicas de geoprocessamento, avaliando o método investigativo de diferenciação de áreas difundido por Richard Hartshorne e Alfred Hettner, que tem por premissa a visão corográfica do meio, integrando os seus elementos constituintes, chegando a uma visão sinótica da realidade. Para isto, utilizou-se como técnica de integração de dados a álgebra de mapas, baseada no algoritmo da média ponderada, o qual se expressa através da atribuição de pesos e notas aos planos de informação e suas categorias, respectivamente. Os dados elaborados para a integração foram organizados de acordo com as suas correlações temáticas, de forma que fossem moldados aos três componentes das áreas de risco: fatores de periculosidade, fatores de vulnerabilidade e elementos expostos. Como resultado final obteve-se três classes de risco: Baixo Risco (notas 3 e 4); Médio Risco (notas 5 e 6) e Alto Risco (notas 7 e 8). A primeira, ocupa 13,24% da área estudada, enquanto que a segunda categoria abrange 76,28% e a terceira classe, apenas 10,45% da área total analisada. Com esses números associados as suas localizações, este estudo oferece subsídio com informações básicas para o desenvolvimento de políticas que visem a prevenção e a mitigação de prejuízos à saúde ambiental.

This thesis presents a summary of published data on forest fires and which during these fires are likely to arise and endanger human lives, especially professional firefighters. It also contains general information on fires and forests, but there are also listed the most common causes of this type of fire. It also deals with the knowledge of the public, both professional and lay, of substances generated during forest fires.

The Regulation No. 1907/2006 on registration, evaluation, authorisation and restriction of chemical substances and on establishment of the European Chemicals Agency, the so-called REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemical substances) came into effect on 1 June 2007. The purpose of the Regulation has been to ensure safe functioning of the market with chemical substances and preparations and protection of human health and environment against effects of toxic substances. After a complete implementation of the Regulation the only substances and preparations produced and used in the European Union will be those with known toxicological properties, including data about their impact on the health of future generations. The thesis focuses on the description of the REACH Regulation, schedule of its implementation and its potential benefits for the improved effectiveness of rescue and liquidation works performed by members of the Integrated Rescue Service (IZS). Due to very limited sources available at the early stage of REACH implementation, the method selected for the work was consultations with experts directly specializing in the REACH legislation, managers of pharmaceutical or chemical companies managing work with toxic substances and IZS members. Expert opinions have been collected about the legislation process and about the situation in the industry. The Fire Rescue Service uses databases Medis Alarm, Rozex Alarm, TEREX and Trins for planning and implementation of its interventions. In 2013 {--} 2020 I expect bigger quantities of data obtained within the REACH framework to be transmitted into those databases; in that period it will be necessary for the IZS members to become familiar with REACH and with the implemented methods of transmission of toxicological data and to be able to critically evaluate available databases when planning an intervention under conditions of a potential threat posed by toxic substances to the health of IZS members, to the population in the surroundings and to the environment. I recommend to start teaching REACH as a topic at specialized schools so that future graduates are familiar with REACH at least theoretically.

The thesis is aimed at the modeling of releases of hazardous substances to the designated software tools. The work consists of three parts. The first part is theoretical, which deals with hazardous substances and their legislation, accidents in industry, physical models of leakage and dispersion of hazardous substances and factors influencing their spread in the air and finally software tools. The second part, experimental, describes some software tools and their subsequent modeling. The third part is devoted to the results of modeling and analysis of selected software tools. The aim of the thesis is to analyze selected software tools for modeling the release of hazardous substances, to compare their explanatory power and potential use.

The goal of this research is to develop a mathematical model for determining a route that attempts to reduce the risk of low probability, high consequence accidents by trying to minimize the conditional expected risk given that an accident has occurred. However, if this were the only objective of the model, then poor decisions could result. Therefore, the model formulated is a bicriterion network optimization model that considers trade-offs between the conditional expectation of a catastrophic outcome and more traditional measure of risk dealing with the expected value of the consequence. More specifically, the problem we wish to address involves finding a path that minimizes the conditional expectation of a catastrophic outcome such that the expected risk is lesser than or equal to a pre-determined value, v. The value v, is user-prescribed and is prompted by the solution to the shortest path problem which minimizes the expected risk. Two approaches are investigated. First, we apply a suitable k-shortest path algorithm to rank the extreme points for which the objective function value remains lesser than or equal to v. This enables the selection of a best path with respect to the conditional expectation objective function Second, we develop a fractional programming branch-and-bound approach that IS more robust with respect to the selected value of v. A simple numerical example is provided for the sake of illustration, and the model is also tested using real data Both data acquisition issues as well as algorithmic computational Issues are discussed. / Master of Science

Univ., Diss.-2006--Jena, 2005. / Literaturverz. S. [622] - 644.

La maîtrise des risques d'incendie et d'explosion dans les procédés industriels repose sur une évaluation des conditions d'occurrence et des conséquences prévisibles de ces évènements. L'étude du retour d'expérience relatif aux accidents industriels impliquant des produits combustibles met souvent en évidence la méconnaissance des dangers des produits par les opérateurs et/ou une évaluation insuffisante ou incomplète des risques générés par le procédé exploité. Les évolutions réglementaires intervenues ces dix dernières années ont pour objectif de mieux identifier et gérer ces risques. Pour autant, afin de réduire la fréquence et la gravité de ces accidents, il est nécessaire d'améliorer encore la sécurité des procédés qui mettent en oeuvre des produits combustibles. C'est lorsque cette évaluation est la plus juste et réaliste que les mesures de prévention et de protection sont adaptées. Ceci nécessite avant tout de caractériser les dangers présentés par les produits stockés, transportés ou utilisés. Il est ensuite nécessaire de mieux identifier et gérer les risques induits. Les travaux effectués ont été consacrés en premier lieu à la caractérisation réglementaire des dangers physico-chimiques des substances et des mélanges, ainsi qu'à l'évaluation de l'aptitude des produits inflammables sous forme de gaz, de vapeur ou de poussière à générer des atmosphères explosives et à être enflammés. En second lieu, ces travaux se sont attachés à mettre en évidence les éléments essentiels du contexte réglementaire, normatif et méthodologique sur les thèmes des atmosphères explosives et de l'évaluation des risques associés et à développer une méthode d'étude du risque associé à la formation d'atmosphères explosives dans les installations industrielles compatible avec les exigences réglementaires applicables / Controlling fire and explosion hazards in industrial processes is based on occurrence conditions and the assessment of possible effects and consequences of these events. The feedback from industrial accidents involving combustible products often reveals an insufficient identification of products hazards and/or an incorrect or incomplete risk assessment of the processes by the operators. The regulatory evolutions in the past decade were aimed at better identification and management of these risks. Nevertheless, in order to reduce the frequency and the severity of these accidents, it is necessary to further improve the safety procedures concerning combustible materials. When this evaluation is the most accurate and realistic, prevention and protection measures are the most adequate. This requires an accurate hazard characterization of the products stored, transported or used. It is also necessary to better identify and manage the risks associated. This work has been devoted primarily to the regulatory characterization of physical and chemical hazards of substances and mixtures, as well as evaluating the ability of flammable gas, vapour or dust to form explosive atmospheres and an eventual ignition. Secondly, this work have attempted to highlight the key elements of the regulatory, normative and methodological context concerning explosive atmospheres and to develop a specific methodology allowing explosive atmospheres explosion risk assessment in industrial facilities, consistent with applicable regulatory requirements

Thesis (M.S.)--Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 2005. / Typescript (photocopy).

Neste trabalho estudam-se modelos matemáticos e computacionais do transporte de múltiplas espécies em cenários de contaminação subsuperficial, que constituem meios porosos saturados. Deste modo, combinam-se os efeitos de sorção em condições de equilíbrio e não-equilíbrio, representadas pelas isotermas do tipo de Freundlich, com os processos de biodegradação dados pelas cinéticas de Monod. Matematicamente, o problema é descrito por um sistema de equações diferenciais parciais não lineares de convecção-difusão-reação acopladas pelos termos de reação. Do ponto de vista numérico esta é a primeira vez na literatura que são tratadas sorções não-lineares em condições de equilíbrio e não-equilíbrio acopladas com biodegradação não linear no transporte fortemente convectivo de múltiplas espécies. Primeiramente, apresenta-se um algoritmo completamente acoplado, no sentido que em cada equação do sistema os operadores diferenciais são discretizados e resolvidos simultaneamente como um sistema completo. Em seguida, desenvolve-se um método de decomposição de operadores,o qual trata de uma maneira seqüencial os termos de elementos finitos estabilizado combinado com um esquema de diferenças finitas na aproximação das equações de transporte. Para tratar-se as não linearidades, em geral, foram usados algoritmos do tipo Newton-Raphson e um método de Runge-Kutta na segunda etapa de decomposição de operadores. Os diversos resultados obtidos das simulações computacionais demonstraram a eficiência das metodologias propostas, apresentando de forma clara a influência dos efeitos não lineares de sorção sobre a biodegradação na localização espacial e na forma da pluma. O conhecimento destas interações é bastante importante para ajudar nas escolhas de biorremediação in situ em regiões subsuperficiais contaminadas.

O presente trabalho visa contribuir para o encaminhamento de soluções, relativas ao gerenciamento de resíduos químicos em instituições de ensino e pesquisa e hospitalares. Estas instituições atuam, ou pelo menos devem atuar, como modelos das políticas de preservação ambiental e prevenção de riscos à saúde, com práticas sustentáveis e respaldadas nas normas vigentes, contribuindo para a formação de cidadãos comprometidos com a saúde ambiental e a qualidade de vida. O objetivo principal do trabalho foi caracterizar os compostos glutaraldeído, xileno e formaldeído, após o uso, oriundos de atividades de ensino e assistência à saúde, com vistas a propor melhorias no sistema de gerenciamento dos mesmos. A primeira etapa do trabalho envolveu o levantamento dos resíduos químicos gerados no hospital escola, em especial o xilol e o glutaraldeído, e no laboratório universitário de anatomia, especificamente o formaldeído em uso, quantificando-os e identificando o local de geração. Também foram avaliados o processo e o tratamento aplicados atualmente a cada um desses resíduos. Para a análise cromatográfica foram coletadas oito amostras mensais de glutaraldeído e xilol pós-uso no hospital escola e uma amostra de cada um dos cinco tanques em uso no laboratório universitário de anatomia, totalizando 16 amostras no hospital e 40 amostras no laboratório de anatomia. As degradações do glutaraldeído, xilol e formol foram de 9,19, 1,52 e 59,38 %, respectivamente. Como alternativa ao descarte convencional dos compostos de interesse sugere-se a reciclagem de solventes orgânicos. São apresentados também possíveis substitutos ao glutaraldeído, xilenos e formaldeído e uma proposta de melhorias de gerenciamento das substâncias. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2015-05-11T17:15:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Kira Lusa Manfredini.pdf: 2848598 bytes, checksum: 905fd594245f899daa737e6bb80b6aa8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-11T17:15:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Kira Lusa Manfredini.pdf: 2848598 bytes, checksum: 905fd594245f899daa737e6bb80b6aa8 (MD5) / The present work aims to contribute to finding solutions concerning the management of chemical waste in universities, research institutions and hospitals. These institutions act, or at least should act as models of policies for environmental preservation and prevention of health risks, supported in the current regulations, contributing to the formation of citizens committed to environmental health and quality of life. The main objective of the present work was propose alternatives for the current chemical waste management system, particularly the compounds glutaraldehyde, xylene and formaldehyde after use, in a higher education institution and in a hospital school, in order to support decision-making as to minimize the risks to human and environmental health from the use and disposal of the same. The first step of the study involved a survey of chemical waste generated in the hospital school, especially xylene and glutaraldehyde, and in the university laboratory of anatomy, especially formaldehyde in use, quantifying them and identifying the generation site, and the process and the treatment currently applied to each one of these residues, through local direct observations and survey information from the Environmental Sanitation Institute of the Caxias do Sul University. The next step was the characterization compounds glutaraldehyde, xylene and formaldehyde as the purity (compared to standard substances) in order to analyze the degradation by use and the need ou not of disposal. For this purpose were collected 8 monthly samples of glutaraldehyde and xylene, after use in the hospital school, and formaldehyde in the university laboratory of anatomy. Were present two proposals: a review of the current method of disposal of the compounds glutaraldehyde, xylene and formaldehyde and the replacement thereof by other, smaller environmental impact and health, analyzing advantages and disadvantages of proposals, based on the literature, studies and practices carried out by other institutions. The chromatographic analyzes showed that the compounds glutaraldeyde and xylene have very purity (only 9.19 and 1.52 % of degradation, respectively) and can be reused by the institution, while formaldehyde degradation was high (59.38 %). The proposed alternatives prove to be very advantageous, according to the results obtained in the present study. The recycling of the compounds evaluated, in turn, implies directly in reducing the volume of toxic and hazardous materials that the institution sends to the final disposal.