Le cadre général de la thèse concerne la valorisation sous forme de production d'énergie électrique de la chaleur présente à quelques kilomètres de profondeur (3 à 5 km), en général dans des milieux peu perméables et fracturés. Notre objectif principal est d'étudier le phénomène des microséismes induits relativement au refroidissement, en nous basant sur une expérience de terrain de longue durée, menée sur le site de Rosemanowes (Cornwall, UK). Pour cela nous avons procédé à la mise en place d'un outil de calcul, FRACAS, capable de simuler ce phénomène en introduisant une approche à double milieu thermique pour mieux simuler le refroidissement du réservoir dû à l'injection de fluide à long terme, responsable des nouveaux mécanismes de ruptures dus à la traction de la roche. Dans ce contexte nous avons introduit un nouvel algorithme pour prendre en compte les manifestations d'instabilités, un mécanisme de « stick-slip » avec prise en compte d'une friction statique et d'une friction dynamique. La possibilité d'induire des microséismes est ensuite étudiée à partir des données issues d'un site particulier, avec deux modèles 3D proposant des approches géométriques différentes, un modèle déterministe et un modèle stochastique, dont les propriétés géométriques et physiques ont été tirées des observations et travaux antérieurs effectués sur ce site de Rosemanowes. La simulation thermo-hydro-mécanique (THM) du modèle déterministe nous a permis de modéliser les échanges thermiques en régime transitoire dans le réservoir formé par le système de forages RH12/RH15 et d'estimer un ordre de grandeur des tractions d'origine thermique. Pour mieux étudier l'effet induit par la contraction des blocs de roche dans le temps nous utilisons le modèle 3D stochastique dont l'objectif principal est de simuler de façon plus réaliste la progression dans l'espace les ruptures en cisaillement. Avec ce modèle nous avons constaté l'apparition différée d'une activité et l'effet d'un cycle de pulses de pression, ce qui suggère un moyen d'atténuer les fortes magnitudes potentielles des ruptures en cisaillement dues au refroidissement. / The general framework of our research deals with the development of geothermal energy for electricity production using the heat stored in geological formations at depths ranging in 3 to 5 km, Generally the environment is poorly permeable and fractured. Our main objective is to study the phenomenon of induced micro-earthquakes in relation to the cooling of the rock. The work is based on field experiences including long duration tests, conducted on the Rosemanowes site (Cornwall, UK). For this, we proceeded to the development of a calculation tool, FRACAS, able to simulate this phenomenon by introducing a dual thermal approach to better simulate the cooling of the reservoir due to long term fluid injections, which might be responsible for new failure mechanisms due to the induced tractions. In this context, we introduced a new algorithm to describe shear in stabilities, a mechanism of "stick-slip" type with the consideration of static/dynamic friction coefficients. The possibility of inducing micro-seismicity is then studied using the in situ data base, with two 3D models offering different geometric approaches, a deterministic model and a stochastic model whose geometrical and physical properties were obtained from observations and previous work on this Rosemanowes site. The Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical (THM) simulation using the deterministic model has allowed us to calibrate the transient heat transfer in the reservoir formed by the drilling system RH12/RH15 and to give an estimate of tensile stress of thermal origin. To better study the effect induced by the contraction of the rock during time, we use the stochastic 3D model whose main objective is to simulate a more realistic spatial migration of shear ruptures. With this model we found a delayed onset of shear activity and discuss the effect of pressure step tests. The results suggest a way to mitigate the potential impact of shear ruptures due to cooling.

Práce se zabývá adaptivními filtry pro vizualizaci obrazů s vysokým rozlišením. V teoretické části je popsán princip činnosti konfokálního mikroskopu a matematicky korektně zaveden pojem digitální obraz. Pro zpracování obrazů je volen jak frekvenční přístup (s využitím 2-D a 3-D diskrétní Fourierovy transformace a frekvenčních filtrů), tak přístup pomocí digitální geometrie (s využitím adaptivní ekvalizace histogramu s adaptivním okolím). Dále jsou popsány potřebné úpravy pro práci s neideálními obrazy obsahujícími aditivní a impulzní šum. Závěr práce se věnuje prostorové rekonstrukci objektů na základě jejich optických řezů. Veškeré postupy a algoritmy jsou i prakticky zpracovány v softwaru, který byl vyvinut v rámci této práce.

One of the main objectives in digital imaging is to mimic the capabilities of the human eye, and perhaps, go beyond in certain aspects. However, the human visual system is so versatile, complex, and only partially understood that no up-to-date imaging technology has been able to accurately reproduce the capabilities of the it. The extraordinary capabilities of the human eye have become a crucial shortcoming in digital imaging, since digital photography, video recording, and computer vision applications have continued to demand more realistic and accurate imaging reproduction and analytic capabilities. Over decades, researchers have tried to solve the colour constancy problem, as well as extending the dynamic range of digital imaging devices by proposing a number of algorithms and instrumentation approaches. Nevertheless, no unique solution has been identified; this is partially due to the wide range of computer vision applications that require colour constancy and high dynamic range imaging, and the complexity of the human visual system to achieve effective colour constancy and dynamic range capabilities. The aim of the research presented in this thesis is to enhance the overall image quality within an image signal processor of digital cameras by achieving colour constancy and extending dynamic range capabilities. This is achieved by developing a set of advanced image-processing algorithms that are robust to a number of practical challenges and feasible to be implemented within an image signal processor used in consumer electronics imaging devises. The experiments conducted in this research show that the proposed algorithms supersede state-of-the-art methods in the fields of dynamic range and colour constancy. Moreover, this unique set of image processing algorithms show that if they are used within an image signal processor, they enable digital camera devices to mimic the human visual system s dynamic range and colour constancy capabilities; the ultimate goal of any state-of-the-art technique, or commercial imaging device.

By utilizing a Research through Design approach this master thesis studies how technological changes might affect professionals working in the motion picture industry, specifically; how the advent of HDR (High Dynamic Range) affects the colorist. The research questions formulated are the following; (1) How can color grading in HDR be approached? (2) What effect can HDR have on visual modality? (3) What specific affordances can HDR offer the colorist? (4) How can HDR affect the creative space of the colorist? Three of the research questions are derived from the theoretical framework applied in this master thesis; starting with the social semiotic implementation of the term modality (models of reality), the Gibsonian term affordance (possibilities for action and meaning making) and its use in communications research, and lastly; the concept of creative space in motion picture production. Analytic autoethnography was used to generate primary data by documenting the process of color grading a 13-minute short film, and also performing semistructured interviews with four colorists. Amongst other findings, this study found that HDR offers a wider range of modality expression than SDR (Standard Dynamic Range); regarding several visual modality markers. Four HDR-specific affordances were formulated; (1) color expandability, (2) highlight differentiability, (3) tonal rangeability, (4) brightness disturbability. Relating to the concept of creative space; the colorists expressed a concern that they will have to create multiple versions when delivering HDR, but not get a bigger budget for it, therefore having less time to spend on other aspects of color grading.

The thesis aims to improve treatment dose accuracy in brachytherapy using a high dose rate (HDR) Ir-192 stepping source and in external beam therapy using intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). For HDR brachytherapy, this has been achieved by investigating dose errors in the near field and the transit dose of the HDR brachytherapy stepping source. For IMRT, this study investigates the volume effect of detectors in the dosimetry of small fields, and the clinical implementation and dosimetric verification of a 6MV photon beam for IMRT. For the study of dose errors in the near field of an HDR brachytherapy stepping source, the dose rate at point P at 0.25 cm in water from the transverse bisector of a straight catheter was calculated with Monte Carlo code MCNP 4.A. The Monte Carlo (MC) results were used to compare with the results calculated with the Nucletron Brachytherapy Planning System (BPS) formalism. Using the MC calculated radial dose function and anisotropy function with the BPS formalism, 1% dose calculation accuracy can be achieved even in the near field with negligible extra demand on computation time. A video method was used to analyse the entrance, exit and the inter-dwell transit speed of the HDR stepping source for different path lengths and step sizes ranging from 2.5 mm to 995 mm. The transit speeds were found to be ranging from 54 to 467 mm/s. The results also show that the manufacturer has attempted to compensate for the effects of inter-dwell transit dose by reducing the actual dwell time of the source. A well-type chamber was used to determine the transit doses. Most of the measured dose differences between stationary and stationary plus inter-dwell source movement were within 2%. The small-field dosimetry study investigates the effect of detector size in the dosimetry of small fields and steep dose gradients with a particular emphasis on IMRT measurements. Due to the finite size of the detector, local discrepancies of more than 10 % are found between calculated cross profiles of intensity modulated beams and intensity modulated profiles measured with film. A method to correct for the spatial response of finite sized detectors and to obtain the

La poursuite de l'intégration de fonctions toujours plus complexes au sein d'un même circuit constitue un des principaux enjeux de la microélectronique. L'intégration tridimensionnelle par empilement de circuits (3D stacking) constitue une voie prometteuse pour y parvenir. Elle permet notamment de dépasser certaines limitations atteintes par les circuits actuels, plus particulièrement dans les circuits pour lesquelles les données sont distribuées et qui nécessitent des bandes passantes importantes. Néanmoins, à ce jour, très peu de travaux ont montré les avantages de l'intégration 3D, en particulier ceux s'appuyant sur des résultats expérimentaux et de circuits concrets notamment dans le domaine des imageurs. Le présent travail de thèse a eu pour objectif d'exploiter la technologie 3D dans le cadre des capteurs d'images et dépasser la preuve de concept présentée dans l'état de l'art afin d'apporter une analyse concrète des apports de cette technologie dans le domaine des imageurs visibles. Nous avons identifié, d'une part l'extension de dynamique qui requiert un traitement proche pixel, d'autre part la compression locale, destinée à adresser les problèmes d'intégrité du signal, bande passante et consommation qui deviennent critiques avec l'augmentation des formats des imageurs. Ce choix permet d'apporter une réponse à la limitation de la dynamique des capteurs d'images 2D actuels, tout en gardant une architecture classique des pixels et en adressant le problème de la réduction de la quantité de données à transmettre. Une nouvelle méthode de codage flottant par groupe de pixels a été proposée et implémentée. Le principe s'appuie sur l'adaptation du temps d'intégration par groupe de pixels via l'application d'un exposant commun au groupe. Le temps d'intégration est ajusté à l'image suivante. Un premier niveau de compression est ainsi réalisé par le codage mantisse-exposant proposé. L'implémentation de cette technique a été validée sur un démonstrateur 2D au détriment de pixels sacrifiés aveugles de chaque groupe de pixels, comportant l'électronique de génération des signaux de commande de la HDR. La technique d'extension de dynamique proposée est suivie d'une compression à base de DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform} permettant de réduire le flux de données en sortie de la puce imageur. Les deux niveaux de compression permettent d'atteindre des taux de compression élevés allant jusqu'à 93% en maintenant un PSNR de 30dB et une qualité d'image acceptable pour des post-traitements. Une étude théorique de l'apport de l'intégration 3D en termes de consommation a été élaborée. Enfin, un démonstrateur 2D a été réalisé en technologie CMOS 180 nm en vue de valider l'architecture grande dynamique proposée. L'utilisation de la technologie 3D, dans la suite des travaux, permet l'implémentation d'une boucle courte, devenue possible grâce aux interconnexions verticales sans sacrifier des pixels morts. Le traitement local proche du pixel et la réduction de la latence, du flux de données et de la consommation sont les apports majeurs de l'intégration 3D étudiés dans ce travail / With the increase of systems complexity, integrating different technologies together has become a major challenge. Another challenge has traditionally been the limitation on the throughout between different part of the system coming from the interconnections. If traditional two dimensional integration solutions like System In a Package (SIP) bring heterogonous technologies together there is still limitations coming from the restricted number and lengths of interconnections between the different system components. Three Dimensional stacking (3D), by exploiting short vertical interconnections between different circuits of mixed technologies, has the potential to overcome these limitations. Still, despite strong interests for the 3D concepts, there is no advanced analysis of 3D integration benefits, especially in the field of imagers and smart image sensors. This thesis study the potential benefits of 3D integration, with local processing and short feedback loops, for the realisation of a High Dynamic Range (HDR) image sensor. The dense vertical interconnections are used to locally adapt the integration time by group of pixels, called macro-pixels, while keeping a classic pixel architecture and hence a high fill factor. Stacking the pixel section and circuit section enables a compact pixel and the integration of flexible and versatile functions. High Dynamic Range values producing an important quantity of data, the choice has been made to implement data compression to reduce the circuit throughout. A first level of compression is produced by coding the pixel value using a floating format with a common exponent shared among the macro-pixel. A second level of compression is proposed based on a simplified version of the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). Using this two level scheme, a compression of 93% can be obtained with a typical PSNR of 30 dB. A validation of the architecture was carried out by the development; fabrication and test of a prototype on a 2D, 180 nm, CMOS technology. A few pixels of each macro-pixel had to be sacrificed to implement the high dynamic range control signals and emulate the 3D integration. The test results are very promising proving the benefits that will bring the 3D integration in term of power consumption and image quality compared to a classic 2D integration. Future realisations of this architecture, done using a real 3D technology, separating sensing and processing on different circuits communicating by vertical interconnection will not need the sacrifice of any pixel to adjust the integration time, improving power consumption, image quality and latency

HDR images have much wider range of luminance values, than photographs created and displayed in a standard 24-bit format. There are several ways to create images with high dynamic range, but this diploma thesis focuses just on one of them, and it is the method of composing out of series of standard photographs. The goal of the first part of the text consists of studying, understanding and eventually writing down the basic terms and knowledge in the subject of image composition and other processes, necessary to create HDR photographs. Next the procedure of creating images with high dynamic range, processing and converting them into viewable form, is described. The following chapter contains the design of the application, which creates this kind of photographs, and which is smoothly changing into its actual implementation afterwards. The process of experimenting and its results are presented and discussed firstly in their own chapter and secondly in the attachment. The conclusion contains the summary of the work and the options of possible expansion.

The theme of this master’s thesis is the real-time rendering of glare as seen through human eyes, as a post-processing effect applied to a first-person view in a 3D application. Several techniques already exist, and the basis for this project is a paper from 2009 titled Temporal Glare: Real-Time Dynamic Simulation of the Scattering in the Human Eye, by Ritschel et al. The goal of my project was initially to implement that paper as part of a larger project, but it turned out that there might be some opportunities to build upon aspects of the techniques described in Temporal Glare; in consequence these various opportunities have been explored and constitute the main substance of this project. / <p>Examensarbetet är utfört vid Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap (ITN) vid Tekniska fakulteten, Linköpings universitet</p>

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of the Master of Technology : Radiography, Durban University of Technology, 2014. / Research Aims The purpose of this study is to compare 2D HDR Brachytherapy planning and 3D HDR Brachytherapy planning in terms of dose distribution in order to accurately determine bladder and rectal doses. Further research questions were explored to determine whether relationships existed between Computer Tomography volumes and bladder and rectum dose. Methodology The 30 female patients that volunteered for the study were conveniently selected. Their age and ethnic group did not contribute to their selection. All participants were prepared for cervical HDR Brachytherapy. The Brachytherapy templates were computer generated and treatments were given based on the templates. They then had a Computer Tomography (CT) scan (3D data set) of the pelvis. The computer generated templates for 2D Brachytherapy planning were applied to the CT data set i.e. 2DBP. The plans were optimised to take into consideration the dose to the bladder and the rectum i.e. 3DBP. The 2DBP and the 3DBP were then evaluated in order to determine which method of planning yielded more acceptable dose distributions to the bladder and rectum. Results Significant differences in dose distribution were noted on comparison of 2DBP and 3DBP. A significant relationship was noted in respect of bladder mean dose and rectum mean dose. 3DBP proved to be more efficient in yielding lower mean dose to the bladder and the rectum. Whilst a significant relationship was noted in respect of bladder maximum dose, an insignificant relationship was noted for rectum maximum dose. Therefore, the efficiency of 3DBP to yield lower bladder maximum dose was established but its efficiency to yield lower rectum maximum dose is questionable. This has implications for the management of patients’ with cervical cancer who require cervical Brachytherapy. Recommendations It is imperative that imaging modalities be used for the accurate planning of cervical Brachytherapy. This study recommends that CT be used for HDR Brachytherapy planning by proving its greater efficiency compared to template planning.

Real-world radiance values can range over eight orders of magnitude from starlight to direct sunlight but few digital cameras capture more than three orders in a single Low Dynamic Range (LDR) image. We approach this problem using established High Dynamic Range (HDR) techniques in which multiple images are captured with different exposure times so that all portions of the scene are correctly exposed at least once. These images are then combined to create an HDR image capturing the full range of the scene. HDR capture introduces new challenges; movement in the scene creates faded copies of moving objects, referred to as ghosts. Many techniques have been introduced to handle ghosting, but typically they either address specific types of ghosting, or are computationally very expensive. We address ghosting by first detecting moving objects, then reducing their contribution to the final composite on a frame-by-frame basis. The detection of motion is addressed by performing change detection on exposure-normalized images. Additional special cases are developed based on a priori knowledge of the changing exposures; for example, if exposure is increasing every shot, then any decrease in intensity in the LDR images is a strong indicator of motion. Recent Superpixel over-segmentation techniques are used to refine the detection. We also propose a novel solution for areas that see motion throughout the capture, such as foliage blowing in the wind. Such areas are detected as always moving, and are replaced with information from a single input image, and the replacement of corrupted regions can be tailored to the scenario. We present our approach in the context of a panoramic tele-presence system. Tele-presence systems allow a user to experience a remote environment, aiming to create a realistic sense of "being there" and such a system should therefore provide a high quality visual rendition of the environment. Furthermore, panoramas, by virtue of capturing a greater proportion of a real-world scene, are often exposed to a greater dynamic range than standard photographs. Both facets of this system therefore stand to benefit from HDR imaging techniques. We demonstrate the success of our approach on multiple challenging ghosting scenarios, and compare our results with state-of-the-art methods previously proposed. We also demonstrate computational savings over these methods.