Abstract Helium is the second most abundant element in the Universe. It is the only known substance that can exist in liquid state at absolute zero. There are two stable isotopes of helium, fermionic ³He and bosonic ⁴He. At sufficiently low temperatures, both isotopes undergo a phase transition into a superfluid state. These superfluids are usually characterised by their ability to flow without resistance, but this is by no means their only remarkable property. In this thesis, we study theoretically superfluid ³He. The work consists of two separate projects. First, we study the effect of a quantised vortex line to spin dynamics of the superfluid. We find that the interplay between the vortex and the magnetisation of the liquid generates spin waves, dissipating energy. We find that the theoretically predicted energy dissipation is in agreement with experimental data, implying that spin-wave radiation can be an important mechanism of magnetic relaxation in superfluid ³He. Second, we study the drag force acting on an object moving through zero-temperature superfluid at a constant velocity. The drag arises if momentum is transferred from the object to the fluid. At low velocities, no such mechanism exist and thus the drag vanishes. If the velocity exceeds the Landau velocity \(v_L\), it becomes possible for the object to create quasiparticle excitations that could, in principle, transfer momentum away from the object. Thus, \(v_L\) has been generally assumed to be the critical velocity, that is, the velocity above which the drag force starts to increase rapidly towards the normal-state value. We find that this is not necessarily the case. Objects much larger than the superfluid coherence length modify the superfluid flow field around them. The spatial variation of the flow field can shield the object, preventing quasiparticles from transferring momentum away from the object. This leads to a critical velocity greater than \(v_L\). / Original papers The original publications are not included in the electronic version of the dissertation. Laine, S. M., & Thuneberg, E. V. (2016). Calculation of Leggett–Takagi Relaxation in Vortices of Superfluid ³He-B. Journal of Low Temperature Physics, 183(3–4), 222–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-016-1516-x Kuorelahti, J. A., Laine, S. M., & Thuneberg, E. V. (2018). Models for supercritical motion in a superfluid Fermi liquid. Physical Review B, 98(14). https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.98.144512 http://jultika.oulu.fi/Record/nbnfi-fe2018112148794 Laine, S. M., & Thuneberg, E. V. (2018). Spin-wave radiation from vortices in ³He−B. Physical Review B, 98(17). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.98.174516 http://jultika.oulu.fi/Record/nbnfi-fe2019092630083

The economic viability of the three original U. S . television networks, ABC, CBS, and NBC, is threatened by emerging competition, excessive regulation, and the proliferation of new broadcasting and telecommunications technologies. This is a significant problem because United States viewers have depended upon free, diverse, broadcast television programming for more than forty years. This programming has traditionally been provided to viewers at no charge, unlike costly pay-per-view, direct broadcast satellite systems, cable television, backyard or rooftop television satellite receiving dishes, video programming via the Regional Bell Operating Companies (video Dialtone), wide and local area computer networks, or the Internet. Each network's survival depends upon its strategies in the areas of new technologies and political action with regard to regulation. Moreover, the three original networks are healthier than they may appear because the financial takeovers that occurred in 1985-1986 provided each with financial strength and strong corporate leadership.

La datation des carbonates est un enjeu important en géosciences car ces minéraux sont présents dans tous les grands cycles superficiels terrestres. Actuellement, l’âge de formation des cristaux de calcite de failles peut être déterminé par la méthode de déséquilibre U-Th ou par la méthode U-Pb. La potentialité de la méthode (U-Th-Sm)/He a été envisagée à partir des premiers résultats de diffusion de l’hélium dans les carbonates (Copeland et al. 2007) qui montrent que l’hélium est rétentif à basse température, inférieure à 70°C. Le développement de cette méthode nécessite une identification des propriétés cristallochimiques et du comportement de la calcite afin de discuter la validité des âges obtenus. Une zone de déformation au contact d’une faille normale du fossé d’effondrement de Gondrecourt à Augeville (Est du bassin de Paris) et des cristaux de calcite géodique des argilites de Tournemire (Aveyron) ont été étudiés. Une étude pétrographique et géochimique (analyse des isotopes stables δ18O et δ13C et des éléments mineurs et traces) a permis d’identifier les phases de remplissage de la zone de déformation d’Augeville. Sur les phases de remplissages une étude cristallographique par DRX (diffraction des rayons X) et ATG (analyse thermogravimétrique) a permis d’identifier les propriétés mécaniques de la calcite à différentes températures. Des expériences de diffusion de l’hélium ont été conduites selon un protocole différent de celui de Copeland et al. (2007) : temps de chauffage inférieur à 12 heures au lieu de paliers de chauffage de plusieurs heures à semaines. Des datations (U-Th-Sm)/He ont été réalisées sur toutes les phases de remplissage de la zone de déformation ainsi que sur les cristaux géodiques de Tournemire. Les résultats pour Gondrecourt mettent en évidence une zone de déformation à remplissage calcitique pluriphasée qui marque chaque étape de l’évolution tectonique de la zone. Il s’agit majoritairement de remplissages de brèches hydrauliques à brèches chaotiques avec, pour finir, la mise en place de filons. Sur ces minéralisations les résultats cristallochimiques montrent que lorsqu’ils sont soumis à une température croissante, de température ambiante à 400°C, ou sur le long terme à 200°C, il y a un accroissement du nombre de microfissures qui aboutit à la formation de clivage. L’évolution cristallochimique sous l’effet de la température présente des modifications structurales pour chacune des phases étudiées. Les expériences de diffusion dépendent de ces microfissures et de cette évolution microstructurale. Ces résultats mettent en évidence les mécanismes de diffusion de l’hélium dans la calcite à travers de multiples domaines de diffusion différents de la taille du grain. Ces domaines de diffusion dépendent de l’état microstructural de l’échantillon. Les résultats de datation (U-Th-Sm)/He présentent une large dispersion de 0,1 Ma à 35 Ma pour la zone de déformation de Gondrecourt et de 0,4 Ma à 20 Ma pour les cristaux géodiques de Tournemire. La variation des âges est en partie liée à la position des cristaux de calcite dans la succession paragénétique qui entraine un continuum de fracturation qui génère de multiples domaines de diffusion dans les cristaux de calcite. / Carbonate dating is a major issue in geosciences due to their widespread terrestrial environments presence . Precipitation ages determination are actually provide by U-Th disequilibrium series for young <1 Ma carbonates crystal and/or U-Pb method for older samples. In addition, Copeland et al. (2007) have proposed the development of (U-Th-Sm)/He dating method based on retentive helium behavior at surface temperature, conclusion issue of their first diffusion coefficients determined on carbonates samples. In this thesis work, the intention was to get an identification of crystallo-chemical properties and behavior of helium in calcite to date samples by (U-Th-Sm)/He and finally discuss the validity of this method. Deformation zones in contact to the normal fault of the Gondrecourt trench close to Augeville (eastern side of Basin of Paris) and calcite crystals geodic Tournemire argillites (Aveyron) were studied. Petrographic and geochemical couples studies (analysis of stable isotopes δ18O and δ13C and minor and trace elements) have allow the filling phases identification of the Augeville deformation zone. Based on the filling phases results, a crystallographic study by XRD (X-ray diffraction) and TGA (Thermogravimetric analysis) have been performed to identify the mechanical properties of calcite at different temperatures. Then, diffusion experiments on natural helium were conducted using a protocol differing than Copeland et al. (2007): heating time less than 12 hours instead of heating stages from hours to weeks. (U-Th-Sm)/He analyses were performed on all filling phases of the deformation zone and on the crystal geodes of Tournemire. Results for Gondrecourt samples show a deformation zone that marks several calcitic fillings corresponding to each stage of the tectonic evolution of the area. Calcite filling mainly corresponds to breccia and/or vein fillings which have precipitated approximatively in the same time. Crystallochemical results of these samples, show an increased number of microcracks leading to the formation of cleavage when samples are subjected to temperature increasing, from room temperature to 400 °C, or several days the long term at 200 °C. The crystallochemical evolution under the effect of temperature exhibits structural modifications for each studied phase. Diffusion experiments depend on these microcracks abundance and the microstructural evolution. These results emphasize the mechanisms of helium diffusion in calcite across multiple diffusion domains at different grain size. These multiple diffusion domains are linked to microstructural state of the sample. The results of dating (U-Th-Sm)/He ages show a wide dispersion of 0.1 to 35 Ma for the deformation zone Gondrecourt and from 0.4 to 20 Ma for Tournemire crystal geodes. Ages variation are partly related to the calcite crystals position in the paragenetic sequence. When a mineral undergoes deformations it becomes less retentive.

O sucesso da fecundação e da sustentação do desenvolvimento embrionário subseqüente é dependente de atributos espermáticos relacionados à qualidade seminal. A produção in vitro de embriões em bovinos é uma ferramenta fundamental para a aceleração do ganho genético do rebanho, porém o uso comercial depende diretamente da melhoria do sistema de produções in vitrode embriões a um baixo custo. Técnicas que proporcionem melhoria da qualidade seminal possibilitando um incremento na produção in vitro de embriões e ainda a um baixo custo possuem apelo econômico. O laser de baixa potência emite ondas eletromagnéticas com efeitos biológicos. Este efeito é dependente dos parâmetros de irradiação e do tipo celular alvo. Trabalhos avaliando o laser de baixa potência em amostras seminais sugerem que seja utilizado para melhorar os atributos espermáticos e, conseqüentemente, a produção in vitro de embriões. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do laser de baixa potência sobre a viabilidade espermática e averiguar o efeito desta estimulação na produção in vitro de embriões bovinos. Para isso, amostras comerciais de sêmen criopreservado foram descongeladas e submetidas à irradiação com laser He-NE. No experimento 1 foram testadas as potências de 0; 5; 7,5 e 10mW, por 5 ou 10 minutos de tratamento. As amostras de sêmen foram avaliadas imediatamente após a irradiação e após 30 minutos de incubação. Foram verificadas possíveis interações duplas (Potência*Duração do Tratamento, Potência*Tempo e Duração do Tratamento*Tempo) e tripla (Potência*Duração do Tratamento*Tempo). No experimento 2 foi avaliado o efeito da melhor combinação potência X duração dos tratamentos utilizados no Experimento 1, para irradiar o sêmen utilizado para a produção in vitro de embriões. O laser de baixa potência apresentou efeito sobre diversos atributos relacionados à viabilidade espermática. Este efeito foi dependente da potência e da duração do tratamento. Nas condições experimentais, a potência de 5mW com duração de 10 minutos de aplicação sugere efeitos positivos no aumento na viabilidade espermática. No entanto, o tratamento de espermatozóides nesta potência e duração do tratamento, não apresenta incremento nas taxas de produção nem na qualidade embrionária. / Success of fertilization and the maintenance of subsequent embryo development rely on sperm attributes related to seminal quality. The in vitro production of bovine embryos is an essential tool for genetic gain in the herd. However, its commercial use directly depends on improvement of the production system at a low cost. Inexpensive techniques which provide an increase of seminal quality, allowing the increment of in vitro production of embryos are of great interest to cattle breeding. Low-power laser emits electromagnetic waves with biological effects. These effects are dependent of irradiation parameters and target cell type. Studies with seminal samples irradiated by low potency laser suggest its use to improve several sperm features and, therefore, in vitro production of embryos. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of low potency laser on sperm viability and fertilization ability of irradiated sperm. Briefly, in Experiment 1, samples of frozen/thawed commercial semen were subjected to He-NE laser irradiation. Laser potencies of 0, 5, 7.5 or 10mW were tested for 5 or 10 min of treatment. Samples were evaluated immediately and 30 min after irradiation. Double (Potency*Treatment length, Potency*Time and Treatment length*Time) and triple interactions (Potency*Treatment length*Time) were assessed. Afterwards, in Experiment 2, the effect of the best combination of potency and exposure length on in vitro production of embryos was verified. Low potency laser affected several semen attributes related to sperm viability. This effect was dependent on laser potency and the length of treatment. In the experimental conditions tested in this study, 5mW potency combined to 10 min of exposure had appeared to have positive effect of increasing sperm viability. However, 5mW potency laser for 10 min sperm irradiation did not improve in vitro embryo production rates and bovine embryo quality.

Dans le cadre de ce travail, une méthode chimique, la voie « polymère précéramique », a été mise en œuvre pour générer des (nano)composites céramiques à matrice de carbure, carbonitrure et nitrure de silicium et contenant des (nano)cristaux à base de métaux de transition (Ti ou Zr). Ces matériaux ont été préparés sous forme d’objets massifs. Cette thèse consiste tout d’abord en un premier chapitre de bibliographie décrivant les (nano)composites, la méthode de préparation mise en œuvre dans ce manuscrit ainsi que les matériaux visés et leur application, principalement dans le domaine de l’énergie nucléaire et solaire à concentration. L’étude consiste dans un deuxième chapitre à décrire les méthodes de synthèse mises en jeu dans notre étude ainsi que les différentes techniques de caractérisation mises en œuvre pour caractériser les précurseurs de départ, les matériaux au cours de leur élaboration et les matériaux finaux. Le chapitre 3 s’est intéressé à l’élaboration des (nano)composites autour du système Si-C-Ti, pouvant notamment entrer dans la composition de gaines à combustible au sein des réacteurs nucléaires à fission de génération IV. Ces matériaux ont été élaborés à partir de mélanges de nanopoudres à base de titane et d’un polycarbosilane hyperbranché, l’allylhydridopolycarbosilane (AHPCS). Les nanopoudres à base de titane jouent le rôle de charges passives/actives dans l’AHPCS pour s’opposer au retrait volumique que subit le polymère lorsque celui-ci est pyrolysé sous argon à 1000°C. Des objets massifs sont élaborés par moulage. Une étude détaillée du comportement à la pyrolyse des différentes formulations est faite et les matériaux finaux ont été caractérisés structuralement. Une étude préliminaire en implantation hélium de ces matériaux est réalisée. Dans le chapitre 4, nous nous sommes intéressés au même système en travaillant plus particulièrement la chimie de polymères précéramiques. L’objectif a été de synthétiser des polymères dit à « source unique » (=polytitanocarbosilanes) qui, par des traitements thermiques appropriés, conduisent à des (nano)composite dans lesquels des nanocristaux de carbure de titane (nc-TiC) sont dispersés dans une phase amorphe ou cristallisée de carbure de silicium sans phases secondaires comme dans l’approche détaillée au chapitre 3. Ces polymères ont été synthétisés pour être adaptés à la conception d’objets massifs par compactage à chaud puis traitement thermique des compacts polymères. Les matériaux finaux ont alors été caractérisés par différentes techniques afin de sélectionner les paramètres opératoires, allant de la synthèse des polymères à leur conversion en céramique, conduisant aux (nano)composite souhaités (e.g. matrice amorphe de carbure de silicium) avec les propriétés visées (e.g. comportement sous implantation Helium). Dans un cinquième chapitre, l’étude est plus fondamentale et vise à suivre la même démarche de chimiste que le chapitre 4 pour synthétiser des polymétallocarbosilazanes qui sont des précurseurs des systèmes carbonitrures et nitrures de type Si-N-M-(C) (M = Ti, Zr). Une étude de l’effet de la nature du polymère sur les propriétés des (nano)composites est notamment entreprise par RMN du solide, analyse thermogravimétrique et diffraction des rayons X. Une étude préliminaire d’application de ces matériaux en énergie solaire à concentration est proposée. / In the present work, the Polymer Derived Ceramics (PDCs) route has been investigated to prepare silicon carbide (SiC), silicon carbonitride (SiCN) and silicon nitride (Si3N4) matrix (nano)composites in which transition metal-containing (nano)phases (Ti or Zr) are distributed. This approach has been applied to produce bulk materials. In the first chapter, we develop a literature review on the definition and the different types of nanocomposites, the different strategies to prepare them with a particular focus on the PDCs route and the targeted applications in the nuclear and concentrating solar system energy field. In a second chapter, the synthesis experimental protocols and the various methods to characterize the materials at each step of their preparation have been described. The third chapter focuses on the Si-C-Ti compositional system which displays potential to be used in the fuel cladding of the 4th generation of nuclear fission reactor. The precursors are prepared by mixing titanium (Ti)-based nanofillers and a hyperbranched polycarbosilane named allyhydridopolycarbosilanes (AHPCS) to be cast into a green compact then pyrolyzed to generate bulk (nano)composites which represent multiphase materials according to the composition of the nanofillers. In particular, the active behavior of Ti nanopowders into the AHPCS significantly limit the volume shrinkage of the polymer during its pyrolysis at 1000°C under argon to form (nano)composites composed of titanium carbide, titanium silicide and silicon carbide phases. Their structure has been investigated in details and a preliminary study on helium implantation has been done on these materials. In the chapter IV, we considered the same system. Here, our objective was to focus on the chemistry of preceramic polymers to prepare single-source precursors called polytitanocarbosilanes. We investigated their chemistry and structure by solid-state NMR as well as their pyrolysis behavior by thermogravimetric analyses up to 1000°C under argon. Amorphous materials were generated at 1000°C. Titanium carbide nanocrystals precipitated during a further heat-treatment up to 1600°C in a silicon carbide matrix. Dense pieces were prepared by warm-pressing of polytitanocarbosilanes followed by pyrolysis of the green compact. Helium implantation tests have been done and compared with the results gained in chapter 3. In the fifth chapter, we followed the same strategy, with a more fundamental aspect, for (nano)composites prepared in the Si-N-M-(C) (M=Ti, Zr). The effect of the polymetallocarbosilazane formulation on the (nano)composite properties has been investigated by solid-state NMR analysis, thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction. The structural evolution of these materials has been investigated up to 1600°C under ammonia and nitrogen atmosphere. The final materials represent nanocomposites of the type nc-TiN/a-Si3N4 with nc, nanocrystals and a being amorphous after a pyrolysis at 1400°C. By increasing the temperature up to 1600°C, the matrix crystallized. The effect of zirconium instead of titnanium has been investigated. A preliminary study on the potential of these materials as solar absorber for concentrating solar power (CSP) is reported.

O sucesso da fecundação e da sustentação do desenvolvimento embrionário subseqüente é dependente de atributos espermáticos relacionados à qualidade seminal. A produção in vitro de embriões em bovinos é uma ferramenta fundamental para a aceleração do ganho genético do rebanho, porém o uso comercial depende diretamente da melhoria do sistema de produções in vitrode embriões a um baixo custo. Técnicas que proporcionem melhoria da qualidade seminal possibilitando um incremento na produção in vitro de embriões e ainda a um baixo custo possuem apelo econômico. O laser de baixa potência emite ondas eletromagnéticas com efeitos biológicos. Este efeito é dependente dos parâmetros de irradiação e do tipo celular alvo. Trabalhos avaliando o laser de baixa potência em amostras seminais sugerem que seja utilizado para melhorar os atributos espermáticos e, conseqüentemente, a produção in vitro de embriões. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do laser de baixa potência sobre a viabilidade espermática e averiguar o efeito desta estimulação na produção in vitro de embriões bovinos. Para isso, amostras comerciais de sêmen criopreservado foram descongeladas e submetidas à irradiação com laser He-NE. No experimento 1 foram testadas as potências de 0; 5; 7,5 e 10mW, por 5 ou 10 minutos de tratamento. As amostras de sêmen foram avaliadas imediatamente após a irradiação e após 30 minutos de incubação. Foram verificadas possíveis interações duplas (Potência*Duração do Tratamento, Potência*Tempo e Duração do Tratamento*Tempo) e tripla (Potência*Duração do Tratamento*Tempo). No experimento 2 foi avaliado o efeito da melhor combinação potência X duração dos tratamentos utilizados no Experimento 1, para irradiar o sêmen utilizado para a produção in vitro de embriões. O laser de baixa potência apresentou efeito sobre diversos atributos relacionados à viabilidade espermática. Este efeito foi dependente da potência e da duração do tratamento. Nas condições experimentais, a potência de 5mW com duração de 10 minutos de aplicação sugere efeitos positivos no aumento na viabilidade espermática. No entanto, o tratamento de espermatozóides nesta potência e duração do tratamento, não apresenta incremento nas taxas de produção nem na qualidade embrionária. / Success of fertilization and the maintenance of subsequent embryo development rely on sperm attributes related to seminal quality. The in vitro production of bovine embryos is an essential tool for genetic gain in the herd. However, its commercial use directly depends on improvement of the production system at a low cost. Inexpensive techniques which provide an increase of seminal quality, allowing the increment of in vitro production of embryos are of great interest to cattle breeding. Low-power laser emits electromagnetic waves with biological effects. These effects are dependent of irradiation parameters and target cell type. Studies with seminal samples irradiated by low potency laser suggest its use to improve several sperm features and, therefore, in vitro production of embryos. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of low potency laser on sperm viability and fertilization ability of irradiated sperm. Briefly, in Experiment 1, samples of frozen/thawed commercial semen were subjected to He-NE laser irradiation. Laser potencies of 0, 5, 7.5 or 10mW were tested for 5 or 10 min of treatment. Samples were evaluated immediately and 30 min after irradiation. Double (Potency*Treatment length, Potency*Time and Treatment length*Time) and triple interactions (Potency*Treatment length*Time) were assessed. Afterwards, in Experiment 2, the effect of the best combination of potency and exposure length on in vitro production of embryos was verified. Low potency laser affected several semen attributes related to sperm viability. This effect was dependent on laser potency and the length of treatment. In the experimental conditions tested in this study, 5mW potency combined to 10 min of exposure had appeared to have positive effect of increasing sperm viability. However, 5mW potency laser for 10 min sperm irradiation did not improve in vitro embryo production rates and bovine embryo quality.

No description available.

Coronavírus bovino (BCoV) é o agente causador de doença, tanto entérica como respiratória em bovinos, mas até agora existem controvérsias sobre a relação genealógica entre as amostras de BCoV em diferentes tecidos. Neste estudo, amostras de fezes e secreções nasais de 14 vacas de um mesmo rebanho apresentando simultaneamente disenteria epizoótica e doença respiratória foram estudados quanto a presença de BCoV. As amostras virais detectadas tiveram tanto o gene de espícula (S) como o gene hemaglutinina-esterase (HE) parcialmente sequenciados. Para o gene HE, foram obtidas 12 sequências de secreções nasais e 12 de amostras de fezes e para o gene S, foram obtidas 14 sequências de secreções nasais e 12 de amostras de fezes, com 100% de identidade nucleotídica para cada gene para as amostras deste estudo. Estes resultados apresentam algumas divergências com estudos anteriores os quais relatam que linhagens diferentes de BCoV podem ser esperados em casos de disenteria e doença respiratória em vacas, pois linhagens com sequências idênticas dos genes S e HE podem não mostrar diferenças em relação tropismo pelos diferentes tecidos. Sequências completas de duas amostras brasileiras de BCoV mostram que o já descrito padrão filogeográfico baseado no sequenciamento do gene S parcial foi mantido, foram encontradas substituições de aminoácidos específicos. / Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is the causative agent of both enteric and respiratory disease in cattle, but hitherto there were some controversy on the genealogic relationship amongst strains from these different tissues. In this study, samples of feces and nasal secretions of 14 cows from a same herd simultaneously presenting epizootic dysentery and respiratory disease were screened for BCoV and the strains detected had both the spike (S) and hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) genes partially sequenced. For HE gene, 12 sequences from nasal secretions and 12 from fecal samples were obtained and for S gene, 14 sequences from nasal secretions and 12 from fecal samples were obtained, with 100% nucleotide identities for each gene for the strains of this study. These results have some disagreements with previous reports which try to put forward that divergent BCoV strain should be expected in cases of dysentery and respiratory disease in cows, showing that strain with identical S and HE sequences might show no differences in tropisms. Complete S gene sequences of two Brazilian BCoV strains show that the already described phylogeographic pattern based on partial S gene is sustained, though specific amino acids subtitutions are found.

L'implantation d'hydrogène à forte dose est utilisée dans le procédé Smart Cut(tm) afin de transférer des couches de silicium assez épaisses (>200 nm) sur un autre substrat. En utilisant l'implantation à très basse énergie, la co-implantation d'H et d'He pour des doses totales bien plus faibles que celles requises lorsque l'hydrogène est implanté seul ouvre la voie à un transfert de couches beaucoup plus minces (< 50 nm). Cependant, les phénomènes mis en jeu ainsi que les mécanismes responsables de l'interaction, près de la surface libre du wafer, entre l'H et l'He, et les interstitiels et les lacunes qu'ils génèrent, restent à ce jour largement incompris. Dans ce travail, nous avons tout d'abord déterminé l'effet de la réduction des énergies d'implantation d'H et d'He sur la formation et le développement, lors d'un recuit, des cloques qui se forment à partir de micro-fissures en l'absence d'un raidisseur collé à la plaque implantée. Une approche basée sur la comparaison entre les caractéristiques dimensionnelles des cloques obtenues expérimentalement et la simulation par éléments finis, nous a permis de déterminer la pression et la quantité d'He et d'H2 hébergées dans ces cloques. En comparant ces résultats avec les doses d'ions implantées, nous avons pu mettre en évidence l'absence d'exo-diffusion d'He et d'H lors d'un recuit quelle que soit la distance entre la surface et les profils d'ions implantés, qui montre une forte efficacité des cloques à préserver les molécules. Nous avons pu identifier, puis expliquer, la différence en efficacité de coalescence des cloques en fonction de leurs positions en profondeur en la reliant à la variation de l'augmentation d'énergie élastique des cloques par rapport à leur surface. Nous avons ensuite étudié le rôle du dommage ionique, c'est-à-dire des défauts résultants de la co-implantation d'He et d'H, sur la formation et l'évolution thermique de la microstructure du silicium implanté. Cette étude a été menée soit en fonction de l'ordre d'implantation, soit en fonction de la position nominale en profondeur du profil d'He par rapport au profil d'H, soit en fonction du ratio entre les doses d'implantation d'He et d'H. Nous avons montré que la distribution en profondeur de l'H n'est jamais affectée par la co-implantation d'He. L'He est toujours piégé dans la zone où le dommage est maximal. Lorsque le dommage est maximal dans la zone du profil d'H, l'He y diffuse et y est piégé dans des nano-bulles et/ou des microfissures. Mais si le dommage généré dans la zone où est distribué l'He est supérieur à celui généré autour du profil d'H, l'He reste piégé en dehors du profil d'H dans des nano-bulles. L'He contenue dans des nano-bulles, quelle que soit leur distribution en profondeur, ne contribue pas à la pressurisation des cloques ce qui ralenti la coalescence des cloques. Finalement, nous avons pu proposer différents scénarii permettant de rendre compte des similarités et des différences mises en évidence tant avant recuit qu'après recuit, à basse ou plus haute température selon le type d'implantation réalisé. / The high dose hydrogen ion implantation is used in the Smart Cut (tm) process to transfer relatively thick (i.e. >200 nm) Si layers from a donor substrate onto a host material. Hydrogen and helium co-implantation at low energies for a much lower total fluence opens the way for transferring extremely thinner (i.e. <50 nm) layers. However, the phenomena and the mechanisms responsible for the interaction, close to a wafer surface, between H, He, silicon interstitials and vacancies they generate remain poorly understood. First, we studied the effect of reducing the ion energies during both H and He implantations onto the formation and the development of blisters during annealing. Blisters were formed from the micro-cracks since a stiffener was not bonded to the implanted wafer. An approach, based on the comparison between experimentally obtained size characteristics of blisters with the finite element method simulations, allowed us to deduce the pressure inside blister cavities and the fraction of the implanted fluences used to pressurize them. We showed that even when implanted at very low energy, H and He atoms do not exo-diffuse out of the implanted region during annealing. We were able to identify, and then relate the efficiency of blister coalescence to a variation in the elastic energy of blisters as a function of their depth position. In a second part, we studied the role of the damage, produced by He and H coimplantation, on the formation and the thermal evolution of the microstructure of the implanted silicon. These investigations were realized as a function of either the order of co-implantation, or the nominal position of the He profile with respect to the H one, or the ratio between He and H fluences. We showed that the H depth distribution was never affected by He co-implantation. Helium was always trapped at the depth where the damage was maximum. When the damage was highest within the H profile, He diffused and was trapped there in the nano-bubbles and /or the blister cavities. However, when the damage was higher within the He profile than within the H one, He remained trapped in the nano-bubbles outside the H profile. Helium contained in the nano-bubbles, whatever their depth distribution, did not contribute to a pressurization of blister cavities that slowed down their coalescence. Finally, we have proposed various scenarios accounting for the similarities and the differences evidenced both before and after annealing at low or higher temperatures depending on the type of realized implantation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-10-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:04:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ribeiro_mcs_dr_rcla.pdf: 2488984 bytes, checksum: 03d50e477260abf1ff5efba31498aa81 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Neste trabalho são apresentados os resultados obtidos por meio de análises geomorfológicas (Mapa de Níveis de Paleosuperfícies) e termocronológicos (traços de fissão em apatitas e U-Th/He em apatitas) ao longo da Serra do Mar nos setores (1), (2), (3) e (4). As correlações entre as analises geomorfológicas e termocronológicas evidenciaram uma geológica e geomorfológica compreendida entre o Cretáceo Superior e Paleoceno, demonstrando que a evolução das morfologias que compõem a área de estudo estiveram associadas a eventos tectônicos e sucedidos por uma intensa atividade erosiva. De acordo com as datações realizadas utilizando termocronômetros com temperatura de fechamento distintas, estes indicaram que as configurações dos relevos que compõem a Serra do Mar não podem ser associadas apenas aos efeitos das atividades erosivas (recuo de escarpa) e isostáticas, para poderem explicar a homogeneidade entre as idades de traços de fissão e (U-Th)/He em apatitas, sem a presença da atuação tectônica soerguendo e desnivelando parte destes relevos. / In this paper the results obtained geomorphological analysis (Map of levels of Palaeosurfaces) and thermochronogical analysis (apatite fission-track and UTh/ He). The correlation between the geomorphologica and the thermochronological analysis evidenced a geological and geomorphological evolution from the Upper Cretaceous to the Palaeocene, showing that the evolution of the morpholoies composing the study area were associated to tectonics events and preceded by intense erosive activity. According to the datings done using thermocronometers with distinct closing temperatures the configuration of the relieves that compose the Serra do Mar can not be associated only to the effects of the erosive (escarpment retreate) and isostatic activities but also to the tectonic motion uplifting and unlevelling part such morphologies, in order to explain the homogeneity between the ages of the fission-track and U-Th/He of apatites.