We obtained high-resolution Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE; R ∼ 20,000) and Very Large Telescope (VLT; R ∼ 45,000) spectra of the quasar HE 2347-4342 in order to study the properties of the intergalactic medium between redshifts z = 2.0 and 2.9. The high-quality optical spectrum allows us to identify approximately 850 H I absorption lines with column densities between N ∼ 5×1011 and 1018 cm-2. The reprocessed FUSE spectrum extends the wavelength coverage of the He II absorption down to an observed wavelength of 920 Å. Source flux is detected to rest-frame wavelengths as short as ∼237 Å. Approximately 1400 He II absorption lines are identified, including 917 He II Lyα systems and some of their He II Lyβ, Lyγ, and Lyδ counterparts. The ionization structure of He II is complex, with approximately 90 absorption lines that are not detected in the hydrogen spectrum. These features may represent the effect of soft ionizing sources. The ratio η = N(He II)/N(H I) varies approximately from unity to more than a thousand, with a median value of 62 and a distribution consistent with the intrinsic spectral indexes of quasars. This provides evidence that the dominant ionizing field is from the accumulated quasar radiation, with contributions from other soft sources such as star-forming regions and obscured active galactic nuclei, which do not ionize helium. We find an evolution in η toward smaller values at lower redshift, with the gradual disappearance of soft components. At redshifts z > 2.7, the large but finite increase in the He II opacity, τ = 5 ± 1, suggests that we are viewing the end stages of a reionization process that began at an earlier epoch. Fits of the absorption profiles of unblended lines indicate comparable velocities between hydrogen and He+ ions. For line widths bHe+He+ = ξbH, we find ξ = 0.95 ± 0.12, indicating a velocity field in the intergalactic medium dominated by turbulence. At hydrogen column densities N < 3 × 1012 cm-2, the number of forest lines shows a significant deficit relative to a power law and becomes negligible below N = 1011 cm-2.

abstract: Geochronology and thermochronology are valuable tools for investigating the synergy between the deformational and erosional processes that shape mountainous terrains. Though numerous techniques have been developed to probe the rate and timing of events within these settings, the research presented here explores how scientists can use fewer samples to produce richer data products with broader contextual importance. The beginning of this compilation focuses on establishing laboratory techniques to facilitate this goal. I developed a novel laser ablation ‘double dating’ (LADD) technique that rapidly yields paired U/Pb and (U-Th)/He dates for the accessory minerals zircon, titanite, and apatite. The technique obviates the need for geometric corrections typically applied during (U-Th)/He data reduction, enables the analysis of a broader spectrum of detrital crystals, and provides the opportunity for additional mapping and isotopic analyses that are traditionally challenging to procure and/or fraught with assumptions. Despite the technique’s promise, I also found it essential to weigh several considerations of relevance when attempting to date young (≤ Miocene) accessory minerals with low concentrations of U + Th. Consequently, I discuss the impact that such variables have on the magnitude of analytical imprecision and the data’s flexibility for geologic interpretation. Beyond the lab, I collected a suite of bedrock and detrital samples from small catchments draining the southeastern Sierra Nevada mountains of California. Using the techniques described above as well as conventional methods for (U-Th)/He zircon dating, I compared the utility of both bedrock and detrital approaches for extrapolating local exhumation histories. I additionally tested the ability to employ detrital datasets to extrapolate cooling histories that span from mineral crystallization to rock exhumation through the upper crust. Employing principal mode dates from a combination of zircon and apatite LADD dates and detrital hornblende 40Ar/39Ar dates, I was able to derive thermal models that demonstrate the existence of significant variability in the cooling histories of various intrusive units along the eastern Sierra Nevada. While these results only scratch the surface of what’s possible within the realm of detrital-based research, this contribution demonstrates the utility of expanding the temporal and spatial scope of traditional detrital methodologies. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Geological Sciences 2019

The Pacific-North American plate boundary is typified by transpression and convergence, yet the relationship between interplate deformation and long-term crustal shortening is not fully understood. The continuous belt of rugged topography that extends along the entire plate boundary is generally associated with oblique tectonic plate motion, strong interplate coupling, and terrane accretion, but relating plate boundary orogenesis to variations in plate geometry and behavior requires detailed case studies. The northern San Gabriel Mountains along the San Andreas fault and the Chugach-Kenai Mountains above the Aleutian subduction zone are located along highly tectonically active sections of the Pacific-North American plate boundary and have not been studied from the context of long-term landscape development. To determine whether mountain building along these sections of the plate boundary reflects recent, rapid exhumation as observed in bordering mountain belts, low-temperature thermochronometry and topographic analyses were applied to each area. In the northern San Gabriel Mountains, apatite (U-Th)/He ages are >10 Ma along narrow crystalline ridges topped by low-slope erosional surfaces located within ~5 km of the San Andreas fault zone. In the Chugach-Kenai Mountains, the youngest apatite (U-Th)/He ages (~5 Ma) are an order of magnitude older than those from the Yakutat collision zone to the east, despite the presence of a continuous swath of glaciated, rugged topography between the two areas. Exhumation rates inferred from these ages are <1 mm/yr, suggesting that there has been minimal recent denudation in the northern San Gabriel and Chugach-Kenai Mountains. The lack of evidence for recent mountain building in both of these case studies implies that interplate deformation is heterogeneous and that other factors (secondary structures, climate) besides plate kinematics and topographic character must be considered for understanding landscape development. / Ph. D.

The evolution of mountain landscapes is controlled by complex interactions between large-scale tectonic, surficial and climate conditions. Dominant processes are attributed to creating characteristic features of the landscape, but topographic features are the cumulative result of coupled surficial processes, each locally effective in a different climate or elevation regime. The focus of erosion by glacial, fluvial, or mass wasting processes is highly sensitive to small changes in boundary conditions, therefore spatial and temporal variability can be high when observed over short time scales. This work evaluated methods for dissecting the history of complex alpine landscapes to understand the role of individual processes influenced by changing climate and underlying bedrock. It also investigated how individual and combined mechanisms of surficial processes influenced the evolution of topography in the Teton Range in Wyoming. Detrital apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronology and cosmogenic radionuclide erosion rates were applied to determine spatial and temporal variability of erosion in the central catchments of the range. Spatial variability existed between the glacial and fluvial systems, indicating that sediment erosion and deposition by these processes was controlled by short-term variability in climate conditions. Effective glacial incision also controlled other processes, specifically enhancing rock fall activity and inhibiting fluvial incision. Short-term erosion rates were highly variable and were controlled by stochastic processes, particularly hillslope failures in response to slope oversteepening due to glacial incision and orientation and spacing of bedrock fractures. Erosion rates averaged over 10 ky time scales were comparable to long-term exhumation rates measured in the Teton Range. The similarity of spatial erosion patterns to predicted uniform erosion and the balance between intermediate and long-term erosion rates suggests the landscape of the Teton Range is approaching steady-state, but frequent stochastic processes, short-term erosional variability and coupled processes maintain rugged topographic relief. / Ph. D.

This thesis is focused on the design and implementation of binary low-density parity-check (LDPC) code decoders for high-speed modern communication systems. The basic of LDPC codes and the performance and bottlenecks, in terms of complexity and hardware efficiency, of the main soft-decision and hard-decision decoding algorithms (such as Min-Sum, Optimized 2-bit Min-Sum and Reliability-based iterative Majority-Logic) are analyzed. The complexity and performance of those algorithms are improved to allow efficient hardware architectures. A new decoding algorithm called One-Minimum Min-Sum is proposed. It reduces considerably the complexity of the check node update equations of the Min-Sum algorithm. The second minimum is estimated from the first minimum value by a means of a linear approximation that allows a dynamic adjustment. The Optimized 2-bit Min-Sum algorithm is modified to initialize it with the complete LLR values and to introduce the extrinsic information in the messages sent from the variable nodes. Its variable node equation is reformulated to reduce its complexity. Both algorithms were tested for the (2048,1723) RS-based LDPC code and (16129,15372) LDPC code using an FPGA-based hardware emulator. They exhibit BER performance very close to Min-Sum algorithm and do not introduce early error-floor. In order to show the hardware advantages of the proposed algorithms, hardware decoders were implemented in a 90 nm CMOS process and FPGA devices based on two types of architectures: full-parallel and partial-parallel one with horizontal layered schedule. The results show that the decoders are more area-time efficient than other published decoders and that the low-complexity of the Modified Optimized 2-bit Min-Sum allows the implementation of 10 Gbps decoders in current FPGA devices. Finally, a new hard-decision decoding algorithm, the Historical-Extrinsic Reliability-Based Iterative Decoder, is presented. This algorithm introduces the new idea of considering hard-decision votes as soft-decision to compute the extrinsic information of previous iterations. It is suitable for high-rate codes and improves the BER performance of the previous RBI-MLGD algorithms, with similar complexity. / Esta tesis se ha centrado en el diseño e implementación de decodificadores binarios basados en códigos de comprobación de paridad de baja densidad (LDPC) válidos para los sistemas de comunicación modernos de alta velocidad. Los conceptos básicos de códigos LDPC, sus prestaciones y cuellos de botella, en términos de complejidad y eficiencia hardware, fueron analizados para los principales algoritmos de decisión soft y decisión hard (como Min-Sum, Optimized 2-bit Min-Sum y Reliability-based iterative Majority-Logic). La complejidad y prestaciones de estos algoritmos se han mejorado para conseguir arquitecturas hardware eficientes. Se ha propuesto un nuevo algoritmo de decodificación llamado One-Minimum Min-Sum. Éste reduce considerablemente la complejidad de las ecuaciones de actualización del nodo de comprobación del algoritmo Min-Sum. El segundo mínimo se ha estimado a partir del valor del primer mínimo por medio de una aproximación lineal, la cuál permite un ajuste dinámico. El algoritmo Optimized 2-bit Min-Sum se ha modificado para ser inicializado con los valores LLR e introducir la información extrínseca en los mensajes enviados desde los nodos variables. La ecuación del nodo variable de este algoritmo ha sido reformulada para reducir su complejidad. Ambos algoritmos fueron probados para el código (2048,1723) RS-based LDPC y para el código (16129,15372) LDPC utilizando un emulador hardware implementado en un dispositivo FPGA. Éstos han alcanzado unas prestaciones de BER muy cercanas a las del algoritmo Min-Sum evitando, además, la aparición temprana del fenómeno denominado suelo del error. Con el objetivo de mostrar las ventajas hardware de los algoritmos propuestos, los decodificadores se implementaron en hardware utilizando tecnología CMOS de 90 nm y en dispositivos FPGA basados en dos tipos de arquitecturas: completamente paralela y parcialmente paralela utilizando el método de actualización por capas horizontales. Los resultados muestran que los decodificadores propuestos e implementados son más eficientes en área-tiempo que otros decodificadores publicados y que la baja complejidad del algoritmo Modified Optimized 2-bit Min-Sum permite la implementación de decodificadores en los dispositivos FPGA actuales consiguiendo una tasa de 10 Gbps. Finalmente, se ha presentado un nuevo algoritmo de decodificación de decisión hard, el Historical-Extrinsic Reliability-Based Iterative Decoder. Este algoritmo introduce la nueva idea de considerar los votos de decisión hard como decisión soft para calcular la información extrínseca de iteracions anteriores. Este algoritmo es adecuado para códigos de alta velocidad y mejora el rendimiento BER de los algoritmos RBI-MLGD anteriores, con una complejidad similar. / Aquesta tesi s'ha centrat en el disseny i implementació de descodificadors binaris basats en codis de comprovació de paritat de baixa densitat (LDPC) vàlids per als sistemes de comunicació moderns d'alta velocitat. Els conceptes bàsics de codis LDPC, les seues prestacions i colls de botella, en termes de complexitat i eficiència hardware, van ser analitzats pels principals algoritmes de decisió soft i decisió hard (com el Min-Sum, Optimized 2-bit Min-Sum y Reliability-based iterative Majority-Logic). La complexitat i prestacions d'aquests algoritmes s'han millorat per aconseguir arquitectures hardware eficients. S'ha proposat un nou algoritme de descodificació anomenat One-Minimum Min-Sum. Aquest redueix considerablement la complexitat de les equacions d'actualització del node de comprovació del algoritme Min-Sum. El segon mínim s'ha estimat a partir del valor del primer mínim per mitjà d'una aproximació lineal, la qual permet un ajust dinàmic. L'algoritme Optimized 2-bit Min-Sum s'ha modificat per ser inicialitzat amb els valors LLR i introduir la informació extrínseca en els missatges enviats des dels nodes variables. L'equació del node variable d'aquest algoritme ha sigut reformulada per reduir la seva complexitat. Tots dos algoritmes van ser provats per al codi (2048,1723) RS-based LDPC i per al codi (16129,15372) LDPC utilitzant un emulador hardware implementat en un dispositiu FPGA. Aquests han aconseguit unes prestacions BER molt properes a les del algoritme Min-Sum evitant, a més, l'aparició primerenca del fenomen denominat sòl de l'error. Per tal de mostrar els avantatges hardware dels algoritmes proposats, els descodificadors es varen implementar en hardware utilitzan una tecnologia CMOS d'uns 90 nm i en dispositius FPGA basats en dos tipus d'arquitectures: completament paral·lela i parcialment paral·lela utilitzant el mètode d'actualització per capes horitzontals. Els resultats mostren que els descodificadors proposats i implementats són més eficients en àrea-temps que altres descodificadors publicats i que la baixa complexitat del algoritme Modified Optimized 2-bit Min-Sum permet la implementació de decodificadors en els dispositius FPGA actuals obtenint una taxa de 10 Gbps. Finalment, s'ha presentat un nou algoritme de descodificació de decisió hard, el Historical-Extrinsic Reliability-Based Iterative Decoder. Aquest algoritme presenta la nova idea de considerar els vots de decisió hard com decisió soft per calcular la informació extrínseca d'iteracions anteriors. Aquest algoritme és adequat per als codis d'alta taxa i millora el rendiment BER dels algoritmes RBI-MLGD anteriors, amb una complexitat similar. / Català Pérez, JM. (2017). Design and implementation of decoders for error correction in high-speed communication systems [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/86152

Yes / Commentators and academics now refer to Higher Education (HE) as a market and the language of the market frames and describes the sector. Considerable competition for students exists and the marketplace is global as institutions compete for students not just from their own country, but from the lucrative international market. Universities are aware of the importance of their reputations, but to what extent are they utilizing branding activity to deal with such competitive threats? Can institutions with lower reputational capital compete for students by increasing their brand presence? This study provides evidence from research into social media related branding activity from 56 UK universities and considers the impact of this activity, in particular social media interaction and social media validation, on performance in terms of student recruitment. The results demonstrate a positive effect for the use of social media on brand performance, especially when an institution attracts a large number of Likes on Facebook and a high number of Followers on Twitter. A particularly strong and positive effect results when universities use social media interactively.

Long, linear, high-relief escarpments mark many of the world's passive margins. These Great Escarpments have been interpreted to be the result of isostatic flexure, parallel slope retreat, and divide migration which accompanies rifting. It is unclear whether all these escarpments share this origin. Also uncertain is whether these features are formed via stable, steady-state processes or by climatic shifts or tectonic rejuvenation. The Blue Ridge Escarpment, eastern North America's great escarpment, is no different. A number of hypotheses attempt to explain the Blue Ridge Escarpment. These include lithologic variation between Blue Ridge and Piedmont rocks, the distance to ultimate base level, as well as, escarpment retreat resulting from post/syn-rift warping or faulting. We approach this problem from two directions. The first involves topographic comparisons and geologic observations to recognize and track divide migration. The second approach uses U-Th/He thermochronometry along two scarp-normal transects. Topographic analysis used data extracted from DEMs to compare three zones - the Upland, the Piedmont and the scarp zone itself. Parameters such as relief, drainage density, hypsometry, and slope are often used as proxies for relative erosion rates and the degree of maturity of a landscape. Results from these analyses indicate that the Upland and Piedmont zones are distinct landscapes, sharing very few topographic similarities, yet neither appears significantly more erodible than the other. Examination of parameters in the proximity of the escarpment point toward more rapid erosion here. Field evidence of this rapid scarp erosion (and thus divide migration) lies in the presence of beheaded stream channels, cobble roundness, and clast provenance. U-Th/He thermochronometry is a low temperature technique that allows us to calculate when rock cooled below 60-70C. Temperature is used as a proxy for depth, from which we can extract an exhumation rate. This method allows us to further test scarp genesis hypotheses. Preliminary results show older ages (~160) from the Upland surface than on the Piedmont lowland (~100 Ma). This confirms that the Piedmont surface is distinct from the Upland and demonstrates that it has experienced greater erosion. There is also some indication that ages "jump" across the Bowens Creek/Brevard fault system. Lastly, the ages appear to become younger approaching the escarpment which is indicative of scarp migration. As these results are preliminary, more data is required to prove or disprove these conclusions. / Master of Science

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a formação e progressão de lesões periapicais induzidas experimentalmente em dentes de camundongos knockout para receptores toll-like 2 (TLR2 KO) comparados a animais wild-type (WT). As lesões periapicais foram induzidas nos primeiros molares inferiores de 28 camundongos WT e de 27 camundongos TLR2 KO. Decorridos 7, 21 e 42 dias da indução da lesão periapical, os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia em câmara de CO2, as mandíbulas foram removidas e submetidas ao processamento histotécnico. A seguir, cortes representativos foram corados com hematoxilina e eosina (HE), para descrição do tecido pulpar e das regiões apical e periapical, em microscopia óptica convencional, e mensuração da área das lesões periapicais, em microscopia de fluorescência. Espécimes sequenciais foram avaliados por meio de: histoenzimologia para a atividade da TRAP, para identificação de osteoclastos; coloração de Brown & Brenn, para localização de bactérias; e imunoistoquímica, para identificação de marcadores da osteoclastogênese (RANK, RANKL, OPG). Os resultados numéricos obtidos da análise morfométrica da extensão da área das lesões periapicais e do número de osteoclastos foram submetidos à análise estatística por meio dos testes não-paramétricos de Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis, utilizando o software SAS (Statistical Analysis System) for Windows versão 9.1.3. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Os resultados da coloração de Brown & Brenn e Imunoistoquímica foram expressos de maneira qualitativa. O grupo de animais WT apresentou diferença significante na extensão da área das lesões periapicais e no número de osteoclastos entre os períodos experimentais de 7 e 42 dias (p<0,05) e entre 21 e 42 dias (p<0.05). Por outro lado, no grupo de animais TLR2 KO, as diferenças para a extensão da área das lesões periapicais e número de osteoclastos foram encontradas entre os períodos experimentais de 7 e 21 dias (p<0,05) e entre 7 e 42 dias (p<0,05). Quando os períodos dos grupos foram comparados entre si, foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas entre todos os períodos experimentais, tanto para a análise morfométrica da extensão da área das lesões periapicais, quanto para o número de ostoclastos (p<0,05). A análise descritiva do tecido pulpar e das regiões apical e periapical, por meio da coloração de HE, bem como da localização das bactérias, por meio da coloração de Brown & Brenn, não mostrou diferenças entre os dois grupos de animais. Com relação à Imunoistoquímica, as marcações foram semelhantes entre os dois grupos de animais, exceto para as marcações de RANK, as quais não foram encontradas nas lesões periapicais do grupo de animais TLR2 KO. A partir das metodologias empregadas e dos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que na ausência do TLR2, os animais desenvolveram lesões periapicais significantemente maiores (com maior presença de osteoclastos) quando comparados aos animais WT, sugerindo o importante papel desse receptor na resposta imune e inflamatória do organismo no sentido de combater a infecção do sistema de canais radiculares e dos tecidos perirradiculares. / The aim of the present study was to characterize the formation and progression of periapical lesions experimentally induced in the teeth of toll-like receptors 2 knockout (TLR2 KO) mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Periapical lesions were induced in the lower first molars of 28 WT and 27 TLR2 KO mice. After 7, 21 and 42 of periapical lesion induction, the animals were euthanized in a CO2 chamber, and the mandibles were removed and subjected to histotechnical processing. Representative histological sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) for description of the features of the pulp tissue and the apical and periapical regions under conventional optical microscopy, and for determination of the size of the periapical lesions under fluorescence microscopy. Sequential specimens were evaluated by: TRAP histo-enzymology for identification de osteoclasts; Brown & Brenn staining for localization of bacteria; and immunohistochemistry for identification of osteoclastogenesis markers (RANK, RANKL, OPG). Data from the morphometric evaluation of the size of periapical lesions and the number of osteoclasts were subjected to statistical analysis by the nonparametric Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests, using the SAS (Statistical Analysis System) software for Windows version 9.1.3. A significance level of 5% was set for all analyses. Data from the Brown & Brenn staining and immunohistochemical analysis were displayed qualitatively. The group of WT mice presented statistically significant difference in the periapical lesion size and number of osteoclasts between the 7- and 42-day experimental periods (p<0.05) as well as between 21 and 42 days (p<0.05). On the other hand, in the group of TLR2 KO mice, significant differences in the periapical lesion size and number of osteoclasts were found between the 7- and 21-day experimental periods (p<0.05) as well as between 7 and 42 days (p<0.05). Comparison of the periods within each group revealed statistically significant differences among all experimental periods for the morphometric evaluation of the size of the periapical lesions and number of osteoclasts (p<0.05). Descriptive analysis of pulp tissue and apical and periapical regions by HE staining and localization of bacteria by Brown & Brenn staining did not show significant differences between the two groups of animals. The immunohistochemical results showed similar immunostaining in both groups of animals, except for RANK expression, which was not observed in the periapical lesions of the TLR2 KO mice. Based on the employed methodology and the obtained results it may be concluded that in the silence of TLR2, the animals developed superior size of periapical lesions (with higher presence of osteoclasts) compared to WT animals, suggesting the important role of this receptor during the immune and inflammatory response against the infection of root canal system and periapical tissues.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:14:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 5046450 bytes, checksum: bd56c31f5c1b1739dfc96f350ac77b34 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this work we discuss the importance of the quantum phases using the Aharonov-Bohm Effect for charged particles and neutral particles with magnetic dipole moment(Aharonov- Casher Effect) and electric dipole moment(He-McKellar-Wilkens Effect) and atoms with electric quadrupole moment. It takes advantage of the initial study of such systems to show the emergence of Landau levels in the dynamics of a particle in two situations: when the particle is charged and when it is neutral. In the case of a neutral particle is considered that it possesses electric dipole moment. In addition it is the first time which is approached a neutral atom with electric quadrupole moment. / Neste trabalho discutimos a importância das fases quânticas usando o Efeito Aharonov-Bohm para partículas carregadas e partículas neutras com momento de dipolo magnético (Efeito Aharonov-Casher) e momento de dipolo elétrico (Efeito He-McKellar-Wilkens), e átomos com momento de quadrupolo elétrico. Tira-se vantagem do estudo inicial de tais sistemas para mostrar a emersão de níveis de Landau na dinâmica de uma partícula em duas situações: quando a partícula está carregada e quando ela é neutra. No caso de uma partícula neutra é considerado que esta possui momento de dipolo elétrico. Além disso é a primeira vez que é abordado um átomo neutro com momento de quadrupolo elétrico.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a formação e progressão de lesões periapicais induzidas experimentalmente em dentes de camundongos knockout para receptores toll-like 2 (TLR2 KO) comparados a animais wild-type (WT). As lesões periapicais foram induzidas nos primeiros molares inferiores de 28 camundongos WT e de 27 camundongos TLR2 KO. Decorridos 7, 21 e 42 dias da indução da lesão periapical, os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia em câmara de CO2, as mandíbulas foram removidas e submetidas ao processamento histotécnico. A seguir, cortes representativos foram corados com hematoxilina e eosina (HE), para descrição do tecido pulpar e das regiões apical e periapical, em microscopia óptica convencional, e mensuração da área das lesões periapicais, em microscopia de fluorescência. Espécimes sequenciais foram avaliados por meio de: histoenzimologia para a atividade da TRAP, para identificação de osteoclastos; coloração de Brown & Brenn, para localização de bactérias; e imunoistoquímica, para identificação de marcadores da osteoclastogênese (RANK, RANKL, OPG). Os resultados numéricos obtidos da análise morfométrica da extensão da área das lesões periapicais e do número de osteoclastos foram submetidos à análise estatística por meio dos testes não-paramétricos de Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis, utilizando o software SAS (Statistical Analysis System) for Windows versão 9.1.3. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Os resultados da coloração de Brown & Brenn e Imunoistoquímica foram expressos de maneira qualitativa. O grupo de animais WT apresentou diferença significante na extensão da área das lesões periapicais e no número de osteoclastos entre os períodos experimentais de 7 e 42 dias (p<0,05) e entre 21 e 42 dias (p<0.05). Por outro lado, no grupo de animais TLR2 KO, as diferenças para a extensão da área das lesões periapicais e número de osteoclastos foram encontradas entre os períodos experimentais de 7 e 21 dias (p<0,05) e entre 7 e 42 dias (p<0,05). Quando os períodos dos grupos foram comparados entre si, foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas entre todos os períodos experimentais, tanto para a análise morfométrica da extensão da área das lesões periapicais, quanto para o número de ostoclastos (p<0,05). A análise descritiva do tecido pulpar e das regiões apical e periapical, por meio da coloração de HE, bem como da localização das bactérias, por meio da coloração de Brown & Brenn, não mostrou diferenças entre os dois grupos de animais. Com relação à Imunoistoquímica, as marcações foram semelhantes entre os dois grupos de animais, exceto para as marcações de RANK, as quais não foram encontradas nas lesões periapicais do grupo de animais TLR2 KO. A partir das metodologias empregadas e dos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que na ausência do TLR2, os animais desenvolveram lesões periapicais significantemente maiores (com maior presença de osteoclastos) quando comparados aos animais WT, sugerindo o importante papel desse receptor na resposta imune e inflamatória do organismo no sentido de combater a infecção do sistema de canais radiculares e dos tecidos perirradiculares. / The aim of the present study was to characterize the formation and progression of periapical lesions experimentally induced in the teeth of toll-like receptors 2 knockout (TLR2 KO) mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Periapical lesions were induced in the lower first molars of 28 WT and 27 TLR2 KO mice. After 7, 21 and 42 of periapical lesion induction, the animals were euthanized in a CO2 chamber, and the mandibles were removed and subjected to histotechnical processing. Representative histological sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) for description of the features of the pulp tissue and the apical and periapical regions under conventional optical microscopy, and for determination of the size of the periapical lesions under fluorescence microscopy. Sequential specimens were evaluated by: TRAP histo-enzymology for identification de osteoclasts; Brown & Brenn staining for localization of bacteria; and immunohistochemistry for identification of osteoclastogenesis markers (RANK, RANKL, OPG). Data from the morphometric evaluation of the size of periapical lesions and the number of osteoclasts were subjected to statistical analysis by the nonparametric Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests, using the SAS (Statistical Analysis System) software for Windows version 9.1.3. A significance level of 5% was set for all analyses. Data from the Brown & Brenn staining and immunohistochemical analysis were displayed qualitatively. The group of WT mice presented statistically significant difference in the periapical lesion size and number of osteoclasts between the 7- and 42-day experimental periods (p<0.05) as well as between 21 and 42 days (p<0.05). On the other hand, in the group of TLR2 KO mice, significant differences in the periapical lesion size and number of osteoclasts were found between the 7- and 21-day experimental periods (p<0.05) as well as between 7 and 42 days (p<0.05). Comparison of the periods within each group revealed statistically significant differences among all experimental periods for the morphometric evaluation of the size of the periapical lesions and number of osteoclasts (p<0.05). Descriptive analysis of pulp tissue and apical and periapical regions by HE staining and localization of bacteria by Brown & Brenn staining did not show significant differences between the two groups of animals. The immunohistochemical results showed similar immunostaining in both groups of animals, except for RANK expression, which was not observed in the periapical lesions of the TLR2 KO mice. Based on the employed methodology and the obtained results it may be concluded that in the silence of TLR2, the animals developed superior size of periapical lesions (with higher presence of osteoclasts) compared to WT animals, suggesting the important role of this receptor during the immune and inflammatory response against the infection of root canal system and periapical tissues.