Sur la base d’une enquête de terrain originale, réalisée sur une année scolaire, auprès de 6 collèges du Bas-Rhin, nous avons choisi de mettre les professeurs principaux de troisième au centre de notre recherche. Les professeurs principaux sont des acteurs privilégiés de l’orientation. Ce sont eux qui vont avoir un contact continu avec l’élève et ils sont sans nul doute les professionnels les mieux armés pour appréhender l’élève dans toute sa complexité et dans sa globalité. Ils sont ceux qui pourront l’orienter en continu et nouer un contact privilégié avec les familles.Ils sont également les porte-parole de l’ensemble de l’équipe éducative, participent, mènent les différents conseils de classe et peuvent donc peser ou influencer sur les décisions d’orientation. Néanmoins, ne nous y trompons pas, le rôle des professeurs principaux est plus complexe à tenir qu’il n’y paraît. Ils sont soumis à une somme de contraintes et de pressions formelles et informelles, explicites ou implicites, conscientes ou non. Face à ces constats, nous pouvons nous interroger sur : le rôle du professeur principal acteur majeur de l’orientation scolaire et producteur d’inégalités. / On the basis of an original field survey conducted over a school year, with 6 colleges in Bas-Rhin, we chose to place the Head teachers of the 4th year of high school (french 3eme) at the central point of our research. Head teachers are key actors in Educational guidance. They are the ones that will have continuous interactions with the Student and are undoubtedly the best prepared professionals to understand the Student in all its complexity and in its entirety. Head teachers will be the only referent to guide students and continuously forge close and privileged contacts with families. Moreover, they are also the spokesperson for the whole educational team, participate and lead various class councils and can therefore impact or influence on policy decisions. However, let us make no mistake, the role of head teachers is more difficult to hold than it seems. They are subject to a sum of constraints and to diverse aspects of pressure: formal and informal, explicit or implicit, conscious or unconscious. Given these facts, we can ask ourselves on the role of the head teacher as the main actor of Educational guidance and producer of inequalities.

This study is an investigation into the morale and motivation of Nigerian teachers. Due to the geographical and administrative vastness of Nigeria this study focuses on Abia State. Abia is one of the 36 States of Nigeria and it typifies the educational structure and practice of Nigeria The study involves teachers and students from two primary and two secondary schools from each of the educational zones in Abia (a total of 12 schools). A focus group of 37 headteachers across Abia State will also be studied and the views of a cross section of students (12 students from each secondary school) are sought. The background information on education in Nigeria and Abia State as well as the reasons for this study are discussed in the introduction. A review of the literature on morale and motivation in African countries and other international studies is presented. The study employs ethnographic multiple case study and focus group methods which included a semi-structured focus group interview, participant observation and a self-administered questionnaire. Research methods and findings are discussed and analysed and from these emerged a motivation model. The study concludes with a discussion and evaluation of the findings. Obviously, any research work of this magnitude would have its limitations. These will be discussed. Recommendations for future research and developments towards improving the morale and motivation of teachers in Nigeria would follow.

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The under-representation of women in positions of leadership in primary schools is common in many developing countries, raising issues of equity, social justice and sustainable development. Studies on gender and leadership have revealed that a number of barriers existed for women seeking positions of educational leadership. This includes social-cultural factors, the expectations of the society, as well as women’s perceptions of themselves, and of leadership. This study was concerned with the representation of women in leadership positions in Kenya’s rural primary schools. In particular, it explored the educational leadership experiences of women working in schools in the rural areas within Kajiado County. It sought strategies to enhance the participation of women in leadership roles in rural primary schools. The data were primarily gathered by means of qualitative methods. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with fifteen female head teachers drawn from public primary schools. Unstructured observation was done during visits to the schools, and during the interviews, field-notes were taken. The women gave rich descriptions of the various aspects of their work-lives within the context of sharing the challenges and strengths experienced in their careers. Secondary data were gathered by means of research, where the researcher reviewed the existing literature on women and leadership. The data that were collected were analyzed, categorized, synthesized and interpreted. The findings were presented in rich descriptions, which also included anecdotes from the participants. The key findings revealed administrative challenges, which included the grievances of the parents, limited resources, issues with accountability, time-management and the handling of difficult teachers. Personal challenges included wavering self-confidence, problems with trying to balance work and social lives, as well as home-work conflicts. The findings revealed the participants’ inadequate preparation for their leadership roles, and society’s initial skepticism on women’s school leadership. The study also revealed women’s reluctance to take up leadership positions, as was evidenced by their reluctance in applying for the positions.The study found that the participation of women in primary school leadership positions could be enhanced by means of attractive remuneration, effective mentoring, positive role-models, programmes for the preparation for leadership, and the assurance of limited geographical movement on promotion. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Education Management)

The under-representation of women in positions of leadership in primary schools is common in many developing countries, raising issues of equity, social justice and sustainable development. Studies on gender and leadership have revealed that a number of barriers existed for women seeking positions of educational leadership. This includes social-cultural factors, the expectations of the society, as well as women’s perceptions of themselves, and of leadership. This study was concerned with the representation of women in leadership positions in Kenya’s rural primary schools. In particular, it explored the educational leadership experiences of women working in schools in the rural areas within Kajiado County. It sought strategies to enhance the participation of women in leadership roles in rural primary schools. The data were primarily gathered by means of qualitative methods. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with fifteen female head teachers drawn from public primary schools. Unstructured observation was done during visits to the schools, and during the interviews, field-notes were taken. The women gave rich descriptions of the various aspects of their work-lives within the context of sharing the challenges and strengths experienced in their careers. Secondary data were gathered by means of research, where the researcher reviewed the existing literature on women and leadership. The data that were collected were analyzed, categorized, synthesized and interpreted. The findings were presented in rich descriptions, which also included anecdotes from the participants. The key findings revealed administrative challenges, which included the grievances of the parents, limited resources, issues with accountability, time-management and the handling of difficult teachers. Personal challenges included wavering self-confidence, problems with trying to balance work and social lives, as well as home-work conflicts. The findings revealed the participants’ inadequate preparation for their leadership roles, and society’s initial skepticism on women’s school leadership. The study also revealed women’s reluctance to take up leadership positions, as was evidenced by their reluctance in applying for the positions.The study found that the participation of women in primary school leadership positions could be enhanced by means of attractive remuneration, effective mentoring, positive role-models, programmes for the preparation for leadership, and the assurance of limited geographical movement on promotion. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Education Management)