The aim of this study was to shed light on the influence of trauma on aspects of musicians’ music-making, particularly but not exclusively limited to its effects on emotional expression and memory during music performance and study. Effects on performers and teachers were considered, explicated and discussed in the light of the rapidly expanding body of knowledge about factors involved in psychological sequelae following exposure to traumatic event(s). Examples are given of how trauma has affected famous musicians and composers. Questionnaires sent to healthcare professionals and music teachers and four case study investigations illuminated specific signs of trauma. Findings underlined that, while responses to trauma are always of a very individual nature, these often particularly affected emotional expression and altered the perceived experience of emotions. Dissociative symptoms were found to affect memory and concentration. Trauma sequelae caused interference, drained energy levels, affected motivation, interpersonal relationships and self-esteem but also led to growth and trauma-catalyzed transformation. Anxiety and tension-related problems had pronounced effects on music performance and high levels of ‘stage fright’ were reported by previously traumatized participants. Trauma was shown to influence the career paths and decisions of musicians. As gleaned from the literature and research surveys, the following therapeutic approaches appear to be effective: Psychotherapy, trauma counselling, Cognitive-Behavioural therapy, hypnotherapy, EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing), EMI (Eye Movement Integration), pharmacological treatment, natural supplements, body therapies such as SE (Somatic Experiencing) and complementary techniques such as acupressure. Sound and music were identified by respondents and participants as playing an extremely beneficial role in the healing process. The possible benefits of incorporating alternative healing modalities are discussed, but it is made clear that this should only be used in conjunction with scientifically proven and thoroughly researched psychotherapeutic intervention strategies. This study’s results, appropriately disseminated, are intended to increase awareness and knowledge in performers and teachers, and enable particularly teachers to refer students to appropriate healthcare services in ways not risking further traumatization. Findings can assist healthcare professionals to better understand particular manifestations of trauma responses in musicians and enable them to intervene in more effective ways. / Thesis (DMus)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Music / unrestricted

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente estudo enquadra-se na linha de pesquisa Saúde e Diversidade Sociocultural na Amazônia-PROCISA/UFRR, a partir de um diálogo transdisciplinar, em que as ciências da saúde se aproximam da Antropologia, com foco na relação entre saúde, medicina e religião. Analisou-se como são construídos os itinerários terapêuticos, ou seja, como são formuladas as concepções que envolvem a saúde, a doença e o atendimento em uma comunidade religiosa composta de migrantes, na cidade de Boa Vista. Para tanto, discutiremos os aspectos culturais e identitários envolvidos no processo. Foi realizada uma pesquisa etnográfica e, ao mesmo tempo, colaborativa junto a essa comunidade, ancorada em uma instituição religiosa afro-brasileira chamada de Ilê Axe Yeye Olomir Olá, praticantes do candomblé, cuja nação é Kêtu, e tem como líder o pai-de-santo Dofono de Oxum, situada na periferia da cidade de Boa Vista. A pesquisa relata sobre os itinerários terapêuticos relacionados aos atendimentos em saúde das pessoas que participam desta comunidade, por meio da análise das concepções de mundo dos seus membros e, também, do estudo das trajetórias e percursos em busca da cura. Esboçamos uma classificação inicial dos principais esforços de cura no candomblé, limitada a nossa pequena amostra focal de pesquisa, mas através da qual analiso o processo de diagnóstico, de concepção saúde doença e tratamento, buscando compreender a relação estabelecida entre medicina, religião e saúde. Foram realizadas entrevistas com pais-de-santo, mães-de-santo, filhos e filhas-de-santo e pessoas que procuravam ajuda nos terreiros. Durante a trajetória de pesquisa pudemos observar a procura por serviços de cura em maior número de algumas patologias, a exemplo de depressão, dermatites e alcoolismo. Mas também, por que essas trajetórias em busca da saúde podem ser construídas articulando práticas profissionais, populares e familiares, com suas idas e vindas entre elas. / This study is part of the line of research in Sociocultural Diversity and Health Amazonia-PROCISA/UFRR, from a transdisciplinary dialogue in the health sciences approach of anthropology, focusing on the relationship between health, medicine and religion. Analyzed as therapeutic itineraries are constructed, ie, as the concepts are formulated involving health, illness and care in a religious community composed of migrants in the city of Boa Vista. Therefore, we will discuss the cultural and identity aspects involved in the process. We performed an ethnographic research and at the same time with this collaborative community, anchored in a religious institution african-brazilian called Ile Axe Yeye Olomir Hello, practitioners of Candomble, whose nation is Ketu, and is leader of the father- saint-Dofono of Oshun, situated on the outskirts of the city of Boa Vista. The survey reports on the therapeutic itineraries related to the health care of the people who participate in this community, through analysis of world views of its members, and also the study of the trajectories and routes in search of healing. Outline an initial classification of the main healing efforts in Candomble, limited to our small sample focal research, but through which I analyze the diagnostic process of designing health illness and treatment, in order to understand the relation between medicine, religion and health. Interviews were conducted with parents-in-saint, saint-mothers, sons and daughters-in-holy and people seeking help in the yards. During the course of research we have seen the demand for healing services in greater numbers of some diseases, like depression, dermatitis and alcoholism. But also, for those in search of health trajectories can be constructed linking professional practice, popular and familiar with their comings and goings between them.