Paralleling recent increased public awareness of transgender issues, gender nonconforming youth are coming out at increasingly earlier ages. It is important to understand the impact that family acceptance or family rejection has on the health outcomes of transgender young people, who are at increased risk of discrimination, prejudice, harassment, victimization, violence, and possible mental health issues and who are understudied. This understanding can be framed within the minority stress model and Carl Rogers' theory of self, which provide insight into how minority groups experience negative reactions from both society and an internalized sense of congruence. The purpose of this descriptive, cross-sectional, quantitative study was to measure the levels of negative health behaviors between transgender young adults who felt they had the support of their parents for their gender identity and those who did not. Data from 96 young transgender adults, between 18 and 25 years of age recruited through LGBT and transgender community organizations, were analyzed using correlation and logistic regression. Results showed significant relationships between the perception of parental support and suicidal ideation, number of suicide attempts, and illicit drug use. Findings from this study could contribute to positive social change by informing families, schools, health care providers, mental health practitioners, and policy makers about the significance of affirmative support for transgender youth. Quantifiable data regarding the impact of parental responses to a young person's gender identity could lead to the development of programs and policies leading to improved health outcomes for transgender youth.

<p>Arbetsmiljön är en av de viktigaste bestämningsfaktorerna för vår hälsa. Fysiskt ansträngande arbete så som tunga lyft, monotona rörelser samt exponeringar för olika kemiska ämnen kan leda till ökad risk för ohälsa. Brandmän har jämfört med många andra yrkesgrupper annorlunda förutsättningar i sitt arbete, förutom att bekämpa bränder rycker de ut även ut vid exempelvis vid bil- och kemikalieolyckor samt vid djurräddning. I deras arbetsmiljö blir de utsätta för bland annat psykiska, fysiska och kemiska hälsorisker exempelvis genom bränder, bil- och kemikalieolyckor, som kan leda till olika former av cancer och andra fysiska skador/sjukdomar. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur brandmän upplever de hälsorisker som kan förekomma i deras arbetsmiljö. Kvalitativa intervjuer har genomförts med brandmän på brandstationer i Västerås och Kolbäck. De intervjuade brandmännen har en positiv syn på sin arbetsmiljö och har inte upplevt några hälsoproblem under deras tid som brandmän. De intervjuade anser att deras hälsa kommer att bli bättre och bättre i samband med den fysiska träning de bedriver för att klara arbetet de utför. Det finns en liten medvetenhet om de hälsorisker som kan förekomma och brandmännen försöker i den mån det är möjligt att följa de säkerhetsrutiner som finns.</p> / <p>Work environment is one of the key determinants of our health. Physically strenuous work such as heavy lifting, repetitive movements, and exposures to various chemicals can lead to increased risk of illness. Firefighters have compared to many other professions other prerequisites in their work. Except for fighting fires they also go out, in example for car- and chemical accidents as well as for animal rescue. They are in their work environment exposed, among other things, to mental, physical and chemical risks by, for example fires, car- and chemical accidents, which can lead to various forms of cancer and other physical injuries/diseases The aim of this study was to examine how firefighters perceive the health risks that may occur in their work. Qualitative interviews with firefighters at fire stations in Västerås and Kolbäck has been used as method for this study. The interviewed firefighters have a positive sight on their work environment and have not experienced any health problems during their time as firefighters. They believe that their health will be better and better related to the physical training they undertake in order to cope with the work they perform. There is small awareness of the health risks that may occur and the firefighters are trying as far as possible to comply with the existing security measures.</p>

Medan cigarettrökning och bruk av rökfri tobak under flera decennier har varit föremål för studier som visat att tobak är skadligt för hälsan, är vattenpiperökning är ännu ett outforskat område. Det har sedan 1990-talet blivit allt mer populärt att röka vattenpipa men kunskaper om dess utbredning, skadlighet och vilka risker som finns förknippade med användning är ännu bristande. Den forskning som finns tyder på liknande hälsoeffekter som vid cigarettrökning vilket skapar oro för att vattenpiperökning kan vara ett hot mot folkhälsan. Syftet med denna studie var att kartlägga förekomst, vanor, köns- och åldersskillnader gällande vattenpiperökning bland studenter på lärarprogrammet, samt redogöra för deras uppfattningar kring riskerna med vattenpiperökning. En enkät med 14 frågor delades ut till totalt 90 studenter vid lärarprogrammet på ett svenskt universitet. Av dessa svarade 52 att de provat att röka vattenpipa och 38 att de inte provat. Undersökningen visade även att vattenpipa inte röks ofta och inte heller på regelbunden basis. Endast lärarstudenter ingick i urvalet och inga slutsatser kan dras om andra studentgrupper. För att utöka kunskaperna om vattenpiperökning bland studenter behövs mer forskning och framtida i studier bör mer varierade studentgrupper studeras. / While the harm caused by cigarettes and smokeless tobacco has been confirmed in many studies during the past decades, waterpipe use is still a field that needs more research. Since the 1990’s waterpipe smoking has increased and more knowledge is needed to examine how widespread the use is and to examine health risks that can be associated with waterpipe smoking. Research suggests that the health effects might be similar to cigarette smoking, which leads to concern that waterpipe smoking may be a public health issue. The purpose of this study was to account for prevalence, habits, gender and age differences in waterpipe smoking among students in the teacher program and account for their perceptions about risks with smoking waterpipe. A questionnaire consisting of 14 questions was collected from 90 students at a Swedish university. Of these students 52 had tried smoking waterpipe at least once and 38 had not tried. Waterpipe was not smoked often or on a regular basis. One factor that might have affected the results was primarily the sample, since only students in the teacher program were included in the population. For further knowledge about water pipe use among Swedish students more research is needed, more studies should be performed and with a wider range of students.

Arbetsmiljön är en av de viktigaste bestämningsfaktorerna för vår hälsa. Fysiskt ansträngande arbete så som tunga lyft, monotona rörelser samt exponeringar för olika kemiska ämnen kan leda till ökad risk för ohälsa. Brandmän har jämfört med många andra yrkesgrupper annorlunda förutsättningar i sitt arbete, förutom att bekämpa bränder rycker de ut även ut vid exempelvis vid bil- och kemikalieolyckor samt vid djurräddning. I deras arbetsmiljö blir de utsätta för bland annat psykiska, fysiska och kemiska hälsorisker exempelvis genom bränder, bil- och kemikalieolyckor, som kan leda till olika former av cancer och andra fysiska skador/sjukdomar. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur brandmän upplever de hälsorisker som kan förekomma i deras arbetsmiljö. Kvalitativa intervjuer har genomförts med brandmän på brandstationer i Västerås och Kolbäck. De intervjuade brandmännen har en positiv syn på sin arbetsmiljö och har inte upplevt några hälsoproblem under deras tid som brandmän. De intervjuade anser att deras hälsa kommer att bli bättre och bättre i samband med den fysiska träning de bedriver för att klara arbetet de utför. Det finns en liten medvetenhet om de hälsorisker som kan förekomma och brandmännen försöker i den mån det är möjligt att följa de säkerhetsrutiner som finns. / Work environment is one of the key determinants of our health. Physically strenuous work such as heavy lifting, repetitive movements, and exposures to various chemicals can lead to increased risk of illness. Firefighters have compared to many other professions other prerequisites in their work. Except for fighting fires they also go out, in example for car- and chemical accidents as well as for animal rescue. They are in their work environment exposed, among other things, to mental, physical and chemical risks by, for example fires, car- and chemical accidents, which can lead to various forms of cancer and other physical injuries/diseases The aim of this study was to examine how firefighters perceive the health risks that may occur in their work. Qualitative interviews with firefighters at fire stations in Västerås and Kolbäck has been used as method for this study. The interviewed firefighters have a positive sight on their work environment and have not experienced any health problems during their time as firefighters. They believe that their health will be better and better related to the physical training they undertake in order to cope with the work they perform. There is small awareness of the health risks that may occur and the firefighters are trying as far as possible to comply with the existing security measures.

Traditional liquid coolants used in metal machining are known to contain chemical carcinogens that could present serious health risks for machine operators and have inherent waste disposal concerns on the environment. In lessening these adverse effects, the manufacturing industry continually seeks to develop machining techniques incorporating liquid-less (dry) methods or environmentally benign coolants. Air-jet cooling is widely regarded as a viable alternative for liquid coolants in machining processes. This thesis proposes a novel air jet cooling arrangement, and assesses its thermal effectiveness and operational compatibility for specific requirements in metal cutting operation. For tests, steel rods were machined on a standard lathe workbench at selected cutting depth, feed and speed. Type 1040 steel, which is commonly used in automobile industry, was chosen as work piece material. Instead of traditional liquid coolant, a specially designed compressed air jet is used to dissipate heat generation in the cutting zone at the tool tip. The tool tip is presented orthogonally to the work piece to maintain conformity with relevant established cutting tool theories. A special air jet configuration based on a Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube was designed and developed for cooling the cutting zone and tool tip. The tool tip temperatures were measured by installing thermocouples at strategic locations on the tool piece and recorded on a data-logger for a range of cutting depths, feeds and speeds. The cutting power was measured with a power meter attached to the electrical power supply to the lathe. For comparison purposes, tests were also conducted with conventional single-nozzle air jets in place of the vortex-tube jets, using traditional liquid coolant and without any cooling applied to the tool tip. / A thermal vision camera was also deployed for selected tests to ascertain the temperature characteristics at the tool tip. The data was analysed to establish the thermal characteristics at the tool tip with vortex tube air jet, conventional air jet and no air jet cooling. The measured temperatures and cutting data were used to make assessments on cooling efficiency of jets used and surface finish quality of work piece. Estimates of tool life were made from the cutting theory to determine the effectiveness of the cooling systems used in the machining process. It is found that the proposed vortex tube based air jet cooling arrangement provides a highly efficient heat removal mechanism for metal cutting and delivers thermal cooling performance very much comparable to traditional liquid coolants without the inherent chemical exposure risks to machine operators and harmful impact on the environment. With the proposed air jet cooling, the tool life is very much unchanged and the surface finish quality of work piece shows no significant change while savings will realise though lesser dependency on liquid coolant requiring careful disposal and associated costs.

This diploma thesis focuses on influences that arise from changes in global bioclimatic conditions and further affect human health and health. The most common in the literature bioclimatic factors affecting human health are the sun radiation, air temperature, precipitation, snow, wind and soil temperature. In most cases, one agent does not act alone but together with others. The work deals not only with health risks as a result of global changes at present, it also gives examples from the past and the forecast of the global climate of our planet in the near future.

xii, 150 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / Environmental regulations are increasingly subjected to benefit-cost analysis as an aid to decision-making in policy. Economic benefits are most appropriately measured by the tradeoffs of other goods and services that people are willing to make to obtain reductions in risks to their lives and health. The measure of willingness to pay ( WTP ) allows for this comparison. These benefits from risk reductions are likely to vary systematically by characteristics of the individual, including the number and ages of children present in the household, and by the type of health threat under consideration. In chapter one of this dissertation, I write a brief introduction. In the second chapter, I examine an important methodological issue--the extent of "scenario adjustment" in a Stated Preference ( SP ) conjoint choice experiment in the context of a household survey concerning health risk reductions. Scenario adjustment occurs when respondents assume that a substantive alternative in a choice set, in their own particular case, will be different than the survey instrument describes. This is a potential source of bias in SP research similar to scenario rejection, but harder to detect. I analyze the impact of scenario adjustment on WTP and suggest a possible correction. In the third chapter, I address the empirical question of patterns in adults' WTP for health risk reductions. I find that demand is influenced by the presence of children, the numbers of children in different age brackets currently in the household, and, for health risks with latency periods, by the prospect of children still being present when a parent's ill health begins or death occurs. In chapter four, I find systematic differences in WTP for health risk reductions across different types of major health threats, such as Alzheimer's disease versus heart attacks. I also look for evidence of a cancer premium due to the dread factor associated with the prospect of cancer. The health threats considered include chronic heart disease, sudden heart attacks, five types of cancers, respiratory disease, stroke, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and traffic accidents. In chapter five, I conclude. This dissertation includes previously unpublished co-authored material. / Committee in charge: Trudy Cameron, Chairperson, Economics; William Harbaugh, Member, Economics; Robin McKnight, Member, Economics; Ronald Mitchell, Outside Member, Political Science

Submitted by Maria Creuza Silva (mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-10-03T19:07:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO ALANE COSTA. 2007.pdf: 387309 bytes, checksum: 9b41b294a412134650907230a3a2833b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Creuza Silva (mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-10-07T13:53:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO ALANE COSTA. 2007.pdf: 387309 bytes, checksum: 9b41b294a412134650907230a3a2833b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-07T13:53:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO ALANE COSTA. 2007.pdf: 387309 bytes, checksum: 9b41b294a412134650907230a3a2833b (MD5) / Diversas transformações têm ocorrido no cenário econômico internacional, repercutindo de maneira significativa sobre o mercado de trabalho, acarretando, dentre outros aspectos, um avanço das ocupações precárias e informais. No Brasil, os reflexos dessas transformações repercutem sobre o mercado de trabalho através do aumento do desemprego, e da queda da qualidade dos empregos, evidente no crescimento da participação dos trabalhadores no setor informal da economia. Em Salvador, o número de empregados sem carteira assinada tem crescido, caracterizando a precarização do emprego nessa área urbana. Geralmente, os trabalhadores informais executam serviços mais arriscados e perigosos, apresentando maiores incidências de acidentes de trabalho e outros problemas de saúde. Diante desse contexto, a presente dissertação tem como objetivo compreender a construção dos significados e práticas culturais associados ao trabalho do vendedor ambulante - tradicionalmente inserido no setor informal da economia - além de suas ressonâncias no modo como esses trabalhadores interpretam e lidam com os possíveis riscos de acidentes e adoecimento. Trata-se de um estudo que apresenta uma abordagem socioantropológica e metodologia qualitativa. Participaram nove trabalhadores com quem foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade, guiadas por roteiros semiestruturados, além de observação participante no centro da cidade e na praia, com registros em diário de campo. A perspectiva adotada está norteada pela antropologia interpretativa de Geertz, empreendendo-se um esforço para evidenciar o sistema simbólico que perpassa esse grupo social. Os resultados demonstram que o trabalho como vendedor ambulante é descrito como desgastante e extremamente discriminado, podendo se converter em fonte de sofrimento devido à desvalorização e descrédito social que o acompanha, configurando-se numa atividade que não resulta de uma escolha, mas de fatores como desemprego, baixa escolaridade e qualificação profissional. O processo de trabalho varia de acordo com o tipo de mercadoria comercializada. Há o reconhecimento de que esse trabalho pode trazer consequências para a saúde tanto em relação às doenças, destacando-se o câncer de pele e as micoses, quanto aos acidentes de trabalho, principalmente, os cortes, as quedas e as queimaduras. Pode-se identificar a presença de riscos tradicionais, vinculados às específicas formas de adoecimento e tipos de acidentes vivenciados; riscos invisíveis, expressos, fundamentalmente, na desvalorização social; e os riscos relacionados às violências, sejam elas físicas, psicológicas ou morais. Esse estudo contribui, portanto, para um maior conhecimento sobre o trabalho do vendedor ambulante, destacando os problemas que atingem esse grupo ocupacional, fornecendo elementos para a formulação de políticas públicas adequadas.

This diploma thesis discusses alternative diets. The theoretical part of the work clarifies the possible reasons leading to the decision to eat an alternative diet, and also gives the forms of alternative diet and the possible risks arising from these diets, early human development is described here along with the diet during its individual periods. The practical part of the thesis, which was realised using the questionnaire survey method, endeavours to establish how much knowledge women have about alternative diets and also discusses the issue of preference of an alternative diet. The performed survey found that alternative diets are not significantly widespread among the respondents and therefore knowledge about them is insufficient, unfortunately even respondents who actually feed their children an alterative diet lack knowledge. On the basis of the established information a lecture was held on the topic of alternative diets, the purpose of which was to clarify the basic facts about alternative diets and spread knowledge about them.

In our republic, occupational exposure to asbestos has been restricted to jobs concerned with disposal of products, materials and buildings containing asbestos, and research work studying asbestos fibres. The reason consists in health risks as all kinds of asbestos belong to high-risk carcinogens. The asbestos fibre related diseases should be reported. All data connected are kept in the National Institute of Public Health (NIPH) in Prague. The purpose of this study was to find out how much people are aware of the risks related to asbestos and find people who suffered from asbestos dust-induced disease, i.e. mesothelioma of pleura. The quantitative method was used to summarise information on asbestos-induced disease occurence in 1970-2010 available in the National Institute of Public Health in Prague. Along with that, the work maps the population awareness of asbestos risks. The thesis itself can be divided into two parts. The first one contains information based on data collection while the other part deals with data of NIPH in Prague. Two hypotheses were predicted: Hypothesis H1: People are aware of the material containing asbestos. Hypothesis H2: People are aware of negative impact of asbestos on human health. Both hypotheses were proved. Three hypotheses were suggested in the other part: Hypothesis H3: Latency, the time between first exposure to manifestation of disease, is never less than 20 years. Hypothesis H4: Incidence of mesothelioma of pleura and peritoneum is higher in people aged 60-69. Hypothesis H5: Smoking affects the course of the disease negatively. Hypotheses H3 and H4 were proved. Hypothesis H5 cannot be neither proved or disproved. Although the number of smokers among mesothelioma patients was higher, there is no evidence of negative effect of smoking on the disease. To prove this hypothesis, the data colllection should be larger. Findings of the study proved the time of exposure to asbestos fibres does not affect the occurence of this disease. The findings can be used in further research studies.